Green Analytical Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Agri-food waste biochar-based green vial wall sorptive extraction: Downscaled portable device for steroids in fresh and brackish water samples","authors":"Francesca Merlo,&nbsp;Lorenzo Tassi,&nbsp;Chiara Milanese,&nbsp;Antonella Profumo,&nbsp;Andrea Speltini","doi":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100298","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100298","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A biochar-based vial wall sorptive extraction (VWSE) was developed for multiclass steroid determination in waters. Coupling biochar with this user-friendly but still undervalued extraction technique provided a green sample preparation functional to HPLC-MS/MS quantification. Among the biochar samples prepared from different vegetal wastes, the most promising in terms of sorption affinity was obtained by pyrolysis of pumpkin peels under optimized conditions (650 °C, 4 h), which yielded a sorbent endowed with polar groups. After immobilization on the inner wall of small sampling tubes, the uptake of steroids was first investigated in potable water. The coated vial provided good extraction efficiency (90 min orbital shaking) not only for sex steroids but also for glucocorticoids (logP 1.9–2.5) possibly due to interaction with biochar oxygenated groups. The uptake of the 17 targets joined to pre-concentration allowed determination of these contaminants at environment-relevant concentrations, using only 10 mL samples. The possibility of sampling and extraction on-site in the same container coupled with the good sorption behaviour followed by quick (10 min) and exhaustive elution in 2.5 mL ethanol, a safe and green solvent, make the procedure green, with a streamlined workflow showing good throughput (15 samples treated simultaneously). Recoveries in the range ∼65 %-120 % (40 %-108 % for glucocorticoids) were obtained in tap, lake, river, lagoon water and wastewater treatment plant effluent samples, with inter-day inter-batch device-to-device RSD &lt; 19 % (<em>n</em> <em>=</em> <em>3</em>). The coated-vial was reusable for at least 20 samples contributing to the positive greenness scores obtained through specific metrics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100594,"journal":{"name":"Green Analytical Chemistry","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100298"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145096804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen vs. Helium as carrier gases in GC-MS/MS for pesticide residue analysis: a comparative evaluation","authors":"Víctor Cutillas,&nbsp;José Antonio Martínez-Martínez,&nbsp;Carmen Ferrer,&nbsp;Amadeo R. Fernández-Alba","doi":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100300","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100300","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a comprehensive comparison between helium and hydrogen as carrier gases in gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) for multiresidue pesticide analysis. Using a shared instrumental platform, method parameters were carefully adapted for each carrier gas to maintain equivalent chromatographic efficiency, including adjustments to column dimensions, flow rates, and oven temperature programs. Method performance was evaluated in terms of chromatographic resolution, sensitivity, matrix effects, and regulatory reliability across tomato, pepper, and zucchini matrices. Hydrogen demonstrated faster analysis times and improved resolution in several cases, particularly in separating matrix interferences. However, helium consistently offered higher sensitivity, especially at lower concentrations. At 2 µg/kg, helium enabled the identification of over 90 % of compounds in most matrices, while hydrogen remained below 55 %. Matrix effect evaluations showed slightly better results with helium, though both gases provided acceptable performance, with most compounds falling within the negligible effect range. A proficiency test sample further validated the method, confirming that both gases produced results within acceptable z-score limits. Overall, hydrogen proved to be a viable and sustainable alternative for routine applications, though helium remains preferable when ultra-trace sensitivity or method robustness under stricter regulatory conditions is required.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100594,"journal":{"name":"Green Analytical Chemistry","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100300"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145220951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green solvents in microextraction of pharmaceuticals: Application and comparison of deep eutectic solvents and ionic liquids","authors":"Sahar Shokouh ,&nbsp;Seyed Mosayeb Daryanavard ,&nbsp;Foad Mashayekhi Suzaei ,&nbsp;Adrián Fuente-Ballesteros ,&nbsp;Chalermpong Saenjum","doi":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100296","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100296","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forward-looking, sustainable, and green approaches in analytical chemistry have become a significant topic worldwide. This has attracted considerable attention from scientists in improving methods for analyzing a broad area of analytes and samples, such as pharmaceuticals in biological matrices. These enhancements generally adhere to principles of Green Chemistry (GC) and Green Analytical Chemistry (GAC). To align with these principles, utilizing green materials and solvents, such as deep eutectic solvents (DESs) and ionic liquids (ILs), has proven to be highly effective in making analytical chemistry approaches more environmentally friendly. Building on these principles, we consider specific applications of green solvents in microextraction techniques by analyzing published studies, which have focused on developing solid-phase and liquid-phase microextraction of pharmaceuticals, using DESs and ILs in biological samples. Here, we explored the applicability of these green solvents in microextraction approaches and examined how the analytical results might be affected. We also focused on the different types of DESs and ILs, their characteristics, their ecotoxicity and biodegradability. Furthermore, we examined the advantages and disadvantages of these solvents, addressing both aspects common to all microextraction methods and those specific to individual approaches. Finally, we highlighted the current challenges in this field and outlined future perspectives to overcome them.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100594,"journal":{"name":"Green Analytical Chemistry","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100296"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145027129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green metrics and quality by design tool evaluated UPLC content determination method for Sparsentan in formulation sample","authors":"Satyajit Raj Nethekar ,&nbsp;Phani Raja Kanuparthy ,&nbsp;Bhukya Vijay Nayak ,&nbsp;Leela Prasad Kowtharapu ,&nbsp;Rambabu Gundla ,&nbsp;Naresh Kumar Katari ,&nbsp;Sreekantha B Jonnalagadda","doi":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100310","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100310","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sparsentan (SRN) is an endothelin and angiotensin II receptor antagonist indicated to reduce proteinuria in adults with primary immunoglobulin a nephropathy at task of rapid disease progression. In this study, we developed and validated a method to determine SRN in pharmaceutical dosage form using a reverse phase-UPLC technique. The specificity of the method was achieved in analytical column ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 analytical column [1.7 µm, 2.1 mm X 150 mm] using 0.1% Trifluoroacetic acid (pH 4.0) and Methanol in the ratio of 65:35 v/v as a mobile phase. The flow rate was 0.3 mL/min. The column temperature was 42 °C and the sample compartment temperature was 5 °C. The injection volume was 1 µL, detection was carried out at 263 nm in UV, and the total run time was 3.0 min. The method was found to be linear from LOQ to 150 % concentration level, the correlation coefficient value found 0.9995. The recovery was performed from 50% to 150% level concentration and mean recovery was found 99.19 % to 100.54%. The method precision data resulted 0.3%. The samples were made for forced degradation under hydrolysis, oxidation, thermal and photolytic conditions. Method robustness studied with QbD tool. The degradation and validated study results indicate its stable nature. The method was validated according to the ICH guidelines and found to be specific, linear, rugged, robust and accurate. Method greenness studied with advanced metrics GAPI, NEMI, Eco-scale and AGREE.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100594,"journal":{"name":"Green Analytical Chemistry","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100310"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145571776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in sustainable pretreatment techniques for mass spectrometry analysis of environmental pollutants","authors":"Feng Li ,&nbsp;Xiaohua Qi ,&nbsp;Qiang Ma ,&nbsp;Xuesong Feng","doi":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100309","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100309","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rapid pace of industrialization and urbanization worldwide has intensified pollutant emissions, posing serious threats to ecosystems and human health. Although mass spectrometry (MS) has become a central tool in environmental analysis owing to its high sensitivity and selectivity, sample pretreatment remains a major bottleneck, largely because of the limitations of conventional methods. In response, a range of novel green pretreatment techniques has emerged. This review systematically examines the integration of green pretreatment strategies with MS for environmental pollutant analysis, and highlights innovations in green solvents (natural and synthetic), green adsorbents (bio-based and engineered), solvent-free extraction techniques, and automation. Representative examples include natural deep eutectic solvents, supercritical carbon dioxide, cellulose-based materials, metal-organic frameworks, solid-phase microextraction, and magnetic solid-phase extraction. When coupled with automated systems, these approaches significantly improve the sensitivity, accuracy, and sustainability of trace pollutant analysis across complex environmental matrices. Green pretreatment strategies also demonstrate considerable practical utility in soil, water, and air monitoring, providing robust data for environmental risk assessment and pollution control. Looking ahead, the automated and intelligent integration of green pretreatment techniques with MS will further advance sustainable environmental monitoring.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100594,"journal":{"name":"Green Analytical Chemistry","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100309"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145571775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seed-directed growth of gold nanostars on paper via inkjet-printing for the development of a sensitive glucose sensor","authors":"Inmaculada Ortiz-Gómez ,&nbsp;Francisco Calderón Celis ,&nbsp;José Manuel Costa-Fernández ,&nbsp;Carlos Fernández-Lodeiro ,&nbsp;Carlos Lodeiro ,&nbsp;Javier Fernández-Lodeiro","doi":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100305","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100305","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a reliable, biodegradable, and cost-effective colorimetric glucose sensor developed through the <em>in situ</em> growth of nanostar-shaped gold nanostructures on a paper-based analytical device (PAD). Gold seeds were precisely deposited onto cellulose fibers via inkjet printing, enabling controlled growth through a seed-mediated approach, with adenosine monophosphate (AMP) acting as a morphology-directing agent. The localized and controlled growth of these nanostructures within the cellulose matrix ensures a uniform nanocatalytic surface, while maintaining the scalability and reproducibility required for low-cost sensor fabrication. The optimized PAD exhibited a homogeneous plasmonic surface, allowing for sensitive glucose detection through visible color changes. A linear response was achieved over a glucose concentration range of 1 to 200 µM, with a detection limit of 0.56 µM, highlighting its potential for Point-Of-Care (POC) diagnostic applications. The resulting PAD also offers a portable and multifunctional platform for colorimetric glucose analysis. Furthermore, its practical design and robust performance enable real-time glucose monitoring using only a smartphone to capture the PAD’s color change and correlate it with the glucose concentration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100594,"journal":{"name":"Green Analytical Chemistry","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100305"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145362330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proof-of-concept testing of passive sampling of sewer gas for VOC Vapors using the waterloo membrane sampler™","authors":"Todd McAlary ,&nbsp;Ainsley Inglis ,&nbsp;Brent G. Pautler ,&nbsp;Heidi Hayes","doi":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100303","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100303","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sewer gas ingress to houses has recently been identified as a pathway of potential human health concern for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as chlorinated solvents and petroleum hydrocarbons at or near regulated contaminated sites. This is a relatively new field of assessment and raises questions regarding monitoring methods. This article provides data to compare a passive sampling alternative to active grab samples for sewer headspace VOC vapor monitoring. Passive sampling has several potential advantages, including fewer sampling events needed compared to active grab sampling for confident assessment of time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations, reducing the carbon footprint. The Waterloo Membrane Sampler™ (WMS™) has a hydrophobic membrane to limit interference attributable to water vapor and small size to enable deployment through holes in maintenance covers without lifting the cover. This paper describes a proof-of-concept field trial conducted in three events. The WMS™ results show good precision and reproducibility and reasonable accuracy, considering temporal variability throughout the sampling period was not explicitly determined. Furthermore, collection of longer-duration TWA samples has less susceptibility to bias from temporal variability compared to active grab samples. The WMS™ data showed much lower reporting limits than the TO-15 full scan analysis and quantified several compounds that were not detected by the TO-15 full scan analysis. The WMS™ also showed good durability over extended sample durations in a humid environment, with no special considerations for security, ease of use, shipping, storage and handling, and comparable cost to the active sampling method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100594,"journal":{"name":"Green Analytical Chemistry","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100303"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145325774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An eco-friendly UV-spectrophotometric quantification of a spectrally overlapping mixture of felodipine and metoprolol in a pharmaceutical formulation: Evaluation of whiteness and greenness","authors":"Mariam Wasim Beniamin ,&nbsp;Maha Abdelmonem Hegazy ,&nbsp;Ahmed Emad El Gendy ,&nbsp;Lubna Ahmed Kormod","doi":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100311","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100311","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>According to the World Health Organization, cardiovascular diseases remain the world's leading cause of death. Beta blockers like metoprolol and calcium channel blockers like felodipine are commonly used in combination to enhance cardiovascular outcomes. Therefore, there is a pressing need for straightforward, eco-friendly techniques to quantify these compounds in their binary mixture.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>This work aims to develop and validate UV-spectrophotometric methods for the simultaneous determination of the selected compounds, overcoming the highly overlapping features and spectral interferences in the binary mixture.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Namely, the proposed methods are Ratio-Derivative, Mean-Centering, Ratio-Difference, and Dual-Wavelength Spectrophotometry.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>For the validation of the four methods according to the ICH guidelines, linearity was achieved over concentration ranges of 0.30–15.00 µg/mL for felodipine and 0.40–22.00 µg/mL for metoprolol, with correlation coefficients of 0.9999. The detection and quantitation limits were below 0.12 µg/mL and 0.42 µg/mL, respectively. Mean recoveries ranged between 99.38 % and 100.00 %, and the RSD% values were all &lt;2 %, confirming excellent accuracy and precision. The methods were found robust against ±1 nm wavelength variations.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The developed methods were successfully applied for simultaneous quantification of the studied compounds in the pharmaceutical dosage form without interference from excipients. Four green metrics assessed the impact on the environment: AGREE, MoGAPI, AGSA, and CaFRI. Also, the whiteness and applicability of methods were assessed using RGB-fast and CACI methods, respectively. The proposed methods' simplicity, low cost, and greenness offer reliable, eco-friendly, and sustainable alternatives for the routine analysis of this combination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100594,"journal":{"name":"Green Analytical Chemistry","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100311"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145571777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Portable HS-SPME-GC-MS combined with machine learning for onsite detection of huanglongbing-infected navel orange leaves at high-altitude environments","authors":"Jiafan Yang ,&nbsp;Jianfeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Wenqi Mo ,&nbsp;Ximeng Liu ,&nbsp;Xuan Liu ,&nbsp;Yang Yang ,&nbsp;Bin Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100297","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100297","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Huanglongbing (HLB) remains one of the most destructive diseases threatening global citrus production, with its impact exacerbated in diverse altitudinal environments where environmental conditions can influence disease progression and diagnostic accuracy. In this study, we applied headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to analyze volatile profiles of orange leaves from healthy and asymptomatic HLB-infected trees at different altitudes. A comprehensive machine learning (ML) framework, comprising random forest, logistic regression, XGBoost, support vector machine, and Ensemble classifier, was then used to achieve accurate discrimination between infection states and to identify altitude-dependent shifts in key metabolites such as limonene, 3-carene, and citronellal. The results revealed that the abundance of HLB-infected metabolites varied with altitude, indicating that environmental factors should be considered when selecting robust biomarkers for disease diagnosis. This portable analytical platform enables rapid and reliable detection of HLB under varying environmental conditions, providing a practical tool for precision agriculture and advancing the understanding of citrus metabolic responses to biotic (HLB) and abiotic (altitude) stresses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100594,"journal":{"name":"Green Analytical Chemistry","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100297"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145049128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green sampling of gas-phase volatile organic compounds using time-weighted average solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography - mass spectrometry: A critical review","authors":"Shokouh Haddadi ,&nbsp;Jacek A. Koziel ,&nbsp;Bulat Kenessov","doi":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100302","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100302","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Time-weighted average solid-phase microextraction (TWA-SPME) is a solvent-free passive sampling technique increasingly applied to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) monitoring in air. This review critically examines the theoretical foundations of TWA-SPME based on Fick’s laws of diffusion, highlights optimization of SPME coating, diffusion path length, and sampling duration, and compares quantification strategies based on both theoretical modeling and empirical calibration. Applications across ambient and indoor air, vehicle exhaust, industrial emissions, and clinical environments demonstrate their versatility and sensitivity relative to conventional sorbent-based methods. A greenness evaluation using the AGREEprep tool confirmed strong TWA-SPME alignment with green sampling preparation principles, particularly through elimination of solvents, low waste, and high operator safety. Challenges such as adsorption on metallic components and coating saturation are discussed alongside mitigation strategies and device refinements. Emerging designs and simulation-based models improve performance predictability and sampling efficiency under diverse environmental conditions. Comparisons with emerging alternatives such as thin-film SPME and needle trap devices highlight the unique advantages of TWA-SPME in robustness, simplicity, and reproducibility. Overall, TWA-SPME represents an environmentally friendly, accurate, and practical approach to VOC sampling, with growing relevance in environmental monitoring and occupational exposure assessments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100594,"journal":{"name":"Green Analytical Chemistry","volume":"15 ","pages":"Article 100302"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145266964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}