Green Analytical Chemistry最新文献

{"title":"Eco-friendly HPTLC method for Trifluridine and Tipiracil determination: Quality-by-design meets green analytical chemistry","authors":"Amruta Balekundri ,&nbsp;Eknath D. Ahire ,&nbsp;Rakesh U. Shelke ,&nbsp;Dinesh D. Rishipathak ,&nbsp;Sanjay J. Kshirsagar","doi":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100234","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100234","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, necessitating efficient treatment strategies and accurate analytical methods. This study presents a green analytical approach using a Quality by Design (QbD)-assisted high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for the simultaneous quantification of trifluridine (TRI) and tipiracil (TIP) in pharmaceutical formulations. Chromatographic parameters were optimized using a Central Composite Design (CCD) under Response Surface Methodology (RSM), with solvent volume and chamber saturation time identified as critical factors. The optimized method yielded reliable Rf values of 0.64 for TIP and 0.91 for TRI. Validation per ICH Q2 (R1) guidelines confirmed excellent linearity (R² = 0.9944 for TIP and R² = 0.9988 for TRI), low detection limits (0.0011 µg/mL for TIP and 0.0022 µg/mL for TRI), and high precision (intra-day %RSD &lt;0.74, inter-day %RSD &lt;0.92). Robustness testing demonstrated minimal variability in Rf values (%RSD &lt;0.28). Environmental sustainability was assessed using ComplexGAPI, AGREE, and BAGI tools. The developed method achieved an AGREE score of 0.81, an Eco-Scale score of 86, and a BAGI score of 80, highlighting its eco-friendliness and practical applicability. This study demonstrates an efficient, precise, and environmentally sustainable analytical method for TRI and TIP quantification, aligning with green chemistry principles and ensuring minimal environmental impact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100594,"journal":{"name":"Green Analytical Chemistry","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143577334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid and greener vortex-assisted deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for spectroscopic determination of Hg in fuels","authors":"Mxolisi J. Kiwanuka ,&nbsp;Philiswa N. Nomngongo ,&nbsp;Nomvano Mketo","doi":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100236","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100236","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mercury is considered a global pollutant and occurs naturally at trace levels in fuel oils such as crude oil and its derivatives. The former is released into the environment during the processing of these energy sources. Due to its high toxicity, there is a global concern regarding human exposure to this element. Three distinct deep eutectic solvents (choline chloride + ethylene glycol, choline chloride + levulinic acid, and betaine + levulinic acid) were synthesized and characterized using Fourier Transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for the preconcentration of Hg in fuel oils prior to quantification using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Multivariate optimization tools were used for the optimization of the vortex-assisted deep eutectic solvent based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (VA-DES-DLLME) procedure. The optimum conditions for the newly developed method were 4.5 pH, 5 mins extraction time, 164 µL extractant volume and 665 µL disperser solvent. The optimized method was validated using NIST SRM 2778 with certified mercury concentration of 38.98 µg/kg ± 1.10 µg/kg. The method provided enrichment factor (EF), precision (%RSD), and limit of detection (LOD) of 234, 2.3 %, and 0.025 µg/L, respectively. Additionally, the newly developed method demonstrated good accuracy 97–99.9 %. The newly developed method was successfully applied in real crude oil, kerosene, diesel, and gasoline. The concentrations obtained were 0.390 ± 0.01–0.510 ± 0.09 µg/g for crude oil samples, 0.308 ± 0.05–0.402 ± 0.05 µg/g for gasoline samples, 0.370 ± 0.35–0.510 ± 0.080 µg/g for diesel oil samples and 0.09 ± 0.09–0.098 ± 0.02 µg/g for kerosene samples. The environmental impact of the newly developed method was assessed using AGREEprep software and a score of 0.72 was obtained.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100594,"journal":{"name":"Green Analytical Chemistry","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143527332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A green method for the determination of PFAS in environmental water matrices: Dispersive solid phase extraction using MOF NH2-UiO-66 and high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis","authors":"Styliani Petromelidou ,&nbsp;Vasileios Alampanos ,&nbsp;Amina Haj-Yahya ,&nbsp;Theodore Lazarides ,&nbsp;Dimitra A. Lambropoulou","doi":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100235","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100235","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A rapid and efficient method was developed for the extraction of nine per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from environmental water samples. The method utilizes a metal-organic framework (MOF)-assisted dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) approach, employing the amino-functionalized Zr(IV) MOF NH2-UiO-66. Analytical determination was performed using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC<img>HRMS).</div><div>Key parameters influencing the extraction efficiency, including extraction time, elution time, and sample volume, were systematically optimized. Based on the results, the optimal conditions were determined to be 15 min of extraction, 5 min of elution, and a sample volume of 10 mL. The method's accuracy, repeatability, and linearity were thoroughly validated, demonstrating robust performance. Recoveries exceeded 70 % with relative standard deviations (RSDs) below 20 %, and the method achieved detection limits ranging from 4 to 95 ng L⁻¹. Additionally, the reusability of the MOF material was evaluated, showing that it could be reused up to three times without significant loss in efficiency.</div><div>Before application to real samples, the \"green\" attributes of the newly developed MOF-based dSPE-LC<img>HRMS method were assessed using the ComplexMoGAPI index. The evaluation yielded a total score exceeding 75, categorizing the method as eco-friendly. The method's efficacy was further validated using various environmental water matrices with different levels of complexity, including runoff water, river water, seawater, and wastewater effluent.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100594,"journal":{"name":"Green Analytical Chemistry","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100235"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143509819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Which extraction technique is the best for LC × LC analysis of bioactive compounds from European medicinal plants: Conventional or sustainable extraction techniques?","authors":"Katharina Wetzel ,&nbsp;Tatyana Tishakova ,&nbsp;Marvin Häßler ,&nbsp;T. Niedenthal ,&nbsp;Juan F. Ayala-Cabrera ,&nbsp;Lidia Montero ,&nbsp;Oliver J. Schmitz","doi":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100233","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100233","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing interest in medicinal plants calls for further information about the extraction and chemical composition of potential bioactive compounds. Extraction is the most essential part of generating highly bioactive herbal remedies by isolating and preconcentrating bioactive compounds while, nowadays, the greenness of the method needs to be considered and improved. In this approach, different plant parts such as flowers, berries, and barks from <em>Sambucus nigra</em> L., a plant that has been studied for two decades for its promising hepatoprotective activity were investigated. Conventional and sustainable extraction techniques (infusion, magnetic-assisted extraction, ultrasound assisted extraction, and microwave-assisted extraction) were optimized for the recovery of bioactive compounds from these plant parts considering the greenness of the method as well as the total phenolic content, the antioxidant activity and the extraction yield. The parameters solvent-to-plant ratio, time, temperature, water-ethanol ratio as solvent and microwave power were optimized by an experimental design according to the extraction technique. The profile of the bioactive compounds of each plant part and extraction method was evaluated by LC × LC and hyphenated to tandem mass spectrometry for identification purposes. Compared to previously reported green extraction techniques, all four optimized methods were able to obtain similar results by being less time consuming, yielding good greenness values and were suited for high-throughput analysis. MAE proved to be the best of the investigated methods in terms of greenness and efficient extraction of bioactive compounds and will therefore play a significant role in future research applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100594,"journal":{"name":"Green Analytical Chemistry","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100233"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eco-friendly and stability-indicating HPTLC method for the estimation of Carvedilol in pharmaceutical dosage forms: A greenness assessment using NEMI scale, AGREE, and White Analytical Chemistry","authors":"Vibhuti A. Rabadiya ,&nbsp;Nehal Shah ,&nbsp;Ashok H Akabari","doi":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100237","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100237","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A robust, sensitive, and ecofriendly stability-indicating HPTLC method was developed for the quantification of carvedilol (Coreg tablets) and validated. The method was optimized to avoid carcinogenic solvents, employing a mobile phase of toluene, isopropanol, ammonia (7.5:2.5:0.1, v/v/v), ensuring sharp and symmetric peaks with minimal tailing. The separation was attained on a silica gel 60F254 TLC plate, using ascending development up to 75 mm at room temperature. The developed method demonstrated excellent linearity in the range of 20–120 ng/band with a R² value 0.995. Forced degradation studies revealed the effective separation of carvedilol (Coreg tablets) and degradant, with an Rf value of 0.44 ± 0.02 for the parent compound. Carvedilol (Coreg tablets) was found to be stable under neutral, photolytic, and thermal conditions, while significant degradation was observed under acidic, alkaline, and oxidative stress conditions. The proposed method was useful to the assay of three brands of carvedilol (Coreg tablets) tablets, yielding results between 99 % and 101 % of the labelled claim. Greenness assessment using NEMI scale, AGREE software, Eco scale assessment, GAPI and white analytical chemistry highlighted the method's environmental benefits, surpassing published chromatographic methods. The simplicity, accuracy, and eco-friendly nature of the developed method make it an ideal choice for tedious quality control and stability studies of carvedilol (Coreg tablets).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100594,"journal":{"name":"Green Analytical Chemistry","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100237"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143577335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Protocol for the upgraded high-throughput SPME system for biocompatible in vitro extraction from small volume for metabolomics and pharmaceutical assays","authors":"Paulina Szeliska ,&nbsp;Karol Jaroch ,&nbsp;Bartłomiej Charemski ,&nbsp;Kübra Kahremanoğlu ,&nbsp;Enes Çetin ,&nbsp;Ezel Boyaci ,&nbsp;Barbara Bojko","doi":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100238","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100238","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents an updated application of Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) technology for high-throughput, time-course metabolomic analysis in <em>in vitro</em> cell culture models. SPME, a versatile and minimally invasive sample preparation technique, was integrated with 96-well plate systems to enhance metabolomic profiling while maintaining cell viability. The proposed SPME-lid system was used to evaluate employed SPME fibers with miniaturized polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-based coatings.</div><div>The innovative SPME-lid system enables in-incubator sampling, preserving optimal cell growth conditions and permitting repeated extractions from the same culture over time. Experiments demonstrated the biocompatibility of the SPME coatings and their negligible influence on key cellular parameters. This approach's time-course analysis revealed shifts in metabolite levels, showcasing its potential for biochemical and drug development studies. Furthermore, the method aligns with green chemistry principles, reducing solvent and plastic consumption, and was evaluated with a 0.75 AGREEprep score for sustainability.</div><div>This protocol represents a significant advancement in metabolomic methodologies, providing a scalable, eco-friendly solution for comprehensive metabolomic profiling in pharmaceutical and toxicological research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100594,"journal":{"name":"Green Analytical Chemistry","volume":"13 ","pages":"Article 100238"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143592642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Cr (VI) released by leather samples using smartphone-based colorimetry for on-site determination and miniaturization as greener preparation strategy","authors":"Prisco Prete ,&nbsp;Sonia Acocella ,&nbsp;Adriano Intiso ,&nbsp;Raffaele Cucciniello","doi":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100232","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100232","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work a lab-on-a-smartphone platform for on-site and rapid assessment of Cr (VI) released by leather samples has been proposed. In comparison with the reference method (BS EN ISO 17,075–1:2017) the newly developed one permits to reduce the amount of extractant solution up to 10 mL (100 mL for the reference method) through a miniaturization step. The released Cr (VI) was determined after the reaction with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide using a smartphone equipped with Photometrix®. This approach achieves LOD = 0.0202 µg mL^-1 and LOQ = 0.0612 µg mL^-1 very closed to the reference method which allows the adoption of this miniaturized method for analysis of real samples. The analyses were carried out on Cr-tanned leather samples with encouraging results favouring the on-site determination which will be further explored as quality control test in the leather industry. The developed method permits to reduce environmental impacts, determined by using both AGREE and AGREEprep, related to Cr (VI) determination in terms of produced waste and energy consumption allowing the process of an higher number of samples as a function of time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100594,"journal":{"name":"Green Analytical Chemistry","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143480293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photocatalysis of dyes: Operational parameters, mechanisms, and degradation pathway","authors":"Shi Nin Tan,&nbsp;Mei Lian Yuen,&nbsp;Ros Azlinawati Ramli","doi":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100230","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100230","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photocatalysis is an advanced oxidation process (AOP) that has significant attention to the degradation of organic pollutants. Although most literature on photocatalysis mainly focuses on the basic photocatalytic mechanisms, photocatalyst designs, and operational parameters, this research aims to delve deeply into the various process parameters and mechanisms under different conditions. It explores intermediates produced by dye photocatalysis and the proposed degradation pathways. This review systematically analysed relevant literature based on various databases, studying various process parameters and mechanisms as well as utilising analytical techniques (spectroscopy and chromatography) to synthesise key themes and findings in photocatalysis. This review revealed significant advancements in photocatalysis, highlighting the photocatalytic process has 4 domain steps in degradation pathways, including demethylation, ring shortening, ring opening, and mineralisation. Previous studies indicated the emergence of new peaks at 331 nm and 370 nm in UV–Vis analysis for MB, while hypsochromic shifts for RhB were attributed to the processes of demethylation and de-ethylation, respectively. In short, this review underscores the potential of dye photocatalysis to revolutionise green analytical practices and emphasises the importance of sustainable approaches in analytical methodologies, focusing on innovative and eco-friendly analytical methods aligned with the scope of the journal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100594,"journal":{"name":"Green Analytical Chemistry","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100230"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143488670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"One-step extraction for a high throughput multiresidue analysis of chiral and achiral pesticides in milk","authors":"Massimo Giuseppe De Cesaris ,&nbsp;Giulia Bertini ,&nbsp;Chiara Dal Bosco ,&nbsp;Nina Felli ,&nbsp;Elena Lucci ,&nbsp;Lorenzo Antonelli ,&nbsp;Salvatore Fanali ,&nbsp;Alessandra Gentili","doi":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100229","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100229","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pesticides are among the potential contaminants of cow's milk, but the literature is lacking in methods aimed at the analysis of chiral pesticides even if many of them are massively used as racemates. Owing to the different toxicity and biodegradation rate of enantiomers, their analysis is a urgent need in a fundamental staple such as milk, especially because it is a food highly consumed by children. The following work describes a high throughput method for the simultaneous analysis of eleven pesticides, five out of which are racemic mixtures of optical isomers and one is an equimolar mixture of geometric isomers. The extraction procedure allows one to process 18 milk samples per hour thanks to its quickness and ease, albeit the matrix complexity. Two approaches, typically applied for protein precipitation separately (lowering of the medium dielectric constant with cold acetonitrile and salting out effect with ammonium sulphate), were combined to maximize protein removal. The salting out phenomenon also promoted the water/acetonitrile separation and favoured the analyte transfer into the organic phase. After evaporation, the reconstituted extracts were analysed by enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatography combined with dual-polarity tandem mass spectrometry, allowing the complete separation of seventeen chromatographic peaks in a 15-min run. The method was then validated following the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC and its updates. Absolute recoveries, evaluated at three fortification levels, spanned between 69.4 and 88.5 %. The intra-day and inter-day precision was lower than 10.5 % and 17.5 %, respectively. Besides decision limits and detection capabilities, limits of detection (0.011–1.622 μg/kg) and limits of quantitation (0.103–3.770 μg/kg) were also calculated. Calibration curves were built in matrix, in a linear dynamic range between 0.1–60 μg/kg, with determination coefficients higher than 0.9924. The method was finally evaluated with four metrics (AgreePrep, BAGI, SPMS, complexMo-GAPI) and compared with other methods from the literature, showing higher analytical standards, throughput and practicability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100594,"journal":{"name":"Green Analytical Chemistry","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100229"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative efficiency of soxhlet and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) methods for dioxin/furan analysis in ash samples: A green chemistry perspective","authors":"Xuan Hung Nguyen ,&nbsp;Duc Nam Vu ,&nbsp;Quang Minh Bui ,&nbsp;Quang Trung Nguyen ,&nbsp;Anh Tuan Nguyen","doi":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100227","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.greeac.2025.100227","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Soxhlet extraction method was developed several hundred years ago, remains the standard method for dioxin/furan extraction today. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), a modern technique, was designed to address some of the limitations of Soxhlet extraction, including longer extraction times, excessive solvent use, and limited automation. Fly ash and bottom ash samples collected from an aluminum scrap smelter were analyzed for dioxins and furans using both ASE and Soxhlet methods, followed by analysis on HRGC/HRMS equipment. The TEQ values of PCDD/Fs in the fly ash and bottom ash samples were found to be 3,689 ng TEQ/kg and 13.7 ng TEQ/kg, respectively. The congeners OCDF, OCDD, and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD were the most dominant in the fly ash samples. The recovery efficiency of the spiked 13C isotope standards and native standards, used to assess the extraction efficiency, was high and met the requirements set forth in US EPA 1613b method. Deviations in the results for the 17 dioxin/furan congeners in the fly ash and bottom ash samples extracted by the two methods ranged from -15.5 % to 25.6 % and -15.0 % to 32.9 %, respectively, both of which fall within the acceptable range according to AOAC guidelines for method performance. ASE extraction, performed under high temperature and pressure conditions, yields faster extraction times, reduced solvent usage, enhanced operator safety, lower energy consumption, and higher automation compared to Soxhlet extraction. The green score assessment results using AGREE Prep software indicate that the ASE extraction method is more environmentally friendly and safer than Soxhlet extraction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100594,"journal":{"name":"Green Analytical Chemistry","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100227"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143463741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}