Forage & Grazinglands最新文献

{"title":"The Alfalfa Yield Gap: A Review of the Evidence","authors":"Michael P. Russelle","doi":"10.1094/FG-2013-0002-RV","DOIUrl":"10.1094/FG-2013-0002-RV","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Knowledge of feasibly attainable crop yields is needed for many purposes, from field-scale management to national policy decisions. For alfalfa (<i>Medicago sativa</i> L.), the most widely used estimates of yield in the US are whole-farm reports from the National Agriculture Statistics Service, which are based on the farmer's estimates of total production. These reports combine establishment-year and production-year harvests, which may inadvertently reduce yield expectations for production-year stands. However, some reported yields were unrealistically high, indicating a previously unreported problem with forage yield reports. This article presents new summaries of information from the small-plot to the whole-farm scale, which support the conclusion that dry hay yields (13% moisture) greater than 8 tons/acre are feasible under irrigation in the West and yields greater than 6 tons/acre are feasible under nonirrigated conditions in many states in the East. There is a yield gap of 2- to threefold between average and top-tier producers in most states. Bridging that gap should greatly improve farm profitability and availability of the product.</p>","PeriodicalId":100549,"journal":{"name":"Forage & Grazinglands","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122548272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"No-Till Seeding Chicory into Bermudagrass Sod Results in Poor Chicory Stands in South Central Oklahoma","authors":"James Rogers,&nbsp;Shawn Norton,&nbsp;Jagadeesh Mosali","doi":"10.2134/FG-2012-0161-BR","DOIUrl":"10.2134/FG-2012-0161-BR","url":null,"abstract":"I n the southern plains of the United States, introduced and native warm-season perennial grasses are the major forages (6). Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] is one of the most important warm-season perennial introduced forages (3). Bermudagrass goes dormant at the occurrence of the irst killing frost in the fall and remains dormant until ater the last spring frost (3). his creates a deicit in bermudagrass forage availability for grazing livestock (7). his gap in forage availability for livestock can be illed by establishing cool-season annual grasses as monocultures (8) or interseeding them into bermudagrass pastures (3), hay feeding, or a combination of all. Reliable coolseason perennial forages to help ill this deicit are lacking. Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), a deep rooted, herbaceous cool-season perennial (5–7 yr) herb is native to Europe, Western and Central Asia, North Africa, and South America but not North America (2). It is used as a leaf vegetable, salad crop, or fructose crop, and its roots are used as a cofee substitute (4). ‘Grasslands Puna’ chicory was the irst chicory developed and released for forage production (9). Chicory produced suicient forage quantity for September harvest in Kentucky (2). In Oklahoma, chicory produced grazeable early fall forage (September–October) over a 2-yr study (13). Chicory forage typically has been reported as having crude protein (CP) and in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) of 15.8 and 85.3%, respectively (10). An Oklahoma chicory grazing study reported pregrazing average CP content of 18.7% and IVDMD of 70.9% (13). Steer average daily gains in Mississippi were reported ranging from 2.36 to 2.69 lb/day over a 3-yr grazing study (5). Successful clean till establishment of chicory has resulted from late spring, early summer (1,2,13), or September (5) plantings. Chicory was no-till seeded in March into existing pastures as part of a ive-species mixture in Pennsylvania but stands declined from 54% of the total biomass to 0% in 3 yr (11). Information on the no-till establishment of chicory into existing bermudagrass is lacking. Using chicory as early fall forage could complement bermudagrass production and chicory’s perennial growth habit Published in Forage and Grazinglands DOI 10.2134/FG-2012-0161-BR © 2014 American Society of Agronomy and Crop Science Society of America 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison, WI 53711","PeriodicalId":100549,"journal":{"name":"Forage & Grazinglands","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2134/FG-2012-0161-BR","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131661305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhances in Crude Protein and Effects on Fermentation Profile of Corn and Forage Sorghum Silage with Addition of Cowpea","authors":"Francisco E. Contreras-Govea,&nbsp;Dawn M. VanLeeuwen,&nbsp;Sangu V. Angadi,&nbsp;Mark A. Marsalis","doi":"10.1094/FG-2013-0622-01-RS","DOIUrl":"10.1094/FG-2013-0622-01-RS","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study was conducted to assess nutritive value of corn (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) and forage sorghum [<i>Sorghum bicolor</i> (L.) Moench] silage when ensiled with different proportions of cowpea [<i>Vigna unguiculata</i> (L.) Walp.]. Corn and forage sorghum were harvested at the ½ milk line and late dough stages of kernel maturity, respectively, and cowpea was harvested at a vegetative stage in two consecutive years at New Mexico State University (NMSU), Agricultural Science Center at Clovis. All three crops were chopped using a conventional chopper. The main crops, corn and forage sorghum, were mixed with cowpea at main crop:cowpea ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100%. For each mixture, 1.1 lb of fresh material was vacuum sealed in a plastic bag and fermented for an average of 127 days, four bags per mixture. In both crops, crude protein (CP) increased as proportion of cowpea increased in the mixture. In addition, pH, lactic acid, and total acids increased in both crops when cowpea was added. Silage with 100% cowpea had the highest pH and lowest lactic acid concentration. It is concluded that mixing cowpea with corn and forage sorghum for silage increased CP concentration of the mixture. Additional research is needed to assess mixtures that produce silage with more desirable fermentation characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":100549,"journal":{"name":"Forage & Grazinglands","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1094/FG-2013-0622-01-RS","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121961764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Productivity of Annual and Perennial Cool-Season Grasses Established in Warm-Season Pasture by No-till Overseeding or By Conventional Tillage and Sowing","authors":"P. W. Bartholomew","doi":"10.1094/FG-2013-0621-01-RS","DOIUrl":"10.1094/FG-2013-0621-01-RS","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the southern Great Plains (SGP), perennial pasture grasses offer a source of cool-season forage that does not incur costs and risks associated with production of annual cool-season forages. However, persistence and lifetime productivity of perennial cool-season grasses may be compromised by the high temperatures and soil moisture deficits common in the summer months in the SGP. Tall fescue (TF) cultivars Texoma MaxQII (TMQ), Flecha (FLE), and Kentucky 31 (K31) and annual ryegrass cultivar Marshall (IRG) were no-till overseeded into existing unimproved warm-season pasture or were sown into a tilled seedbed. Effects of cultivar and establishment method on pasture production and persistence of tall fescue were evaluated. Tillage prior to planting increased cool-season grass yield, compared with no-till overseeding, but the effect on total annual forage production was generally negative. TMQ was the most productive of TF cultivars tested with a mean increase of 53% over K31. Annual ryegrass produced the greatest 3-year total yield of cool-season grasses tested. TF cultivars, including summer-dormant FLE, did not survive beyond a fourth growing season. The total yield over three years of unmodified warm-season pasture was only surpassed on treatments where IRG was overseeded into existing warm-season pasture.</p>","PeriodicalId":100549,"journal":{"name":"Forage & Grazinglands","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1094/FG-2013-0621-01-RS","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133789361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forage Characteristics of Bahiagrass Pastures Overseeded with ‘Ubon’ Stylosanthes","authors":"J. M. B. Vendramini,&nbsp;M. L. Silveira,&nbsp;A. D. Aguiar,&nbsp;L. Galzerano,&nbsp;A. L. Valente,&nbsp;P. Salvo","doi":"10.1094/FG-2013-0528-01-RS","DOIUrl":"10.1094/FG-2013-0528-01-RS","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Overseeding warm-season legumes into warm-season perennial grass pastures is an option to improve forage quality and reduce the use of commercial N fertilizer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ‘Ubon’ stylo (<i>Stylosanthes guianensis</i> var. <i>vulgaris</i> × var. <i>pauciflora</i>) overseeded into bahiagrass (<i>Paspalum notatum</i> Flügge) pastures on forage production and nutritive value. Treatments were overseeding stylo into bahiagrass pastures, bahiagrass pastures fertilized with 60 kg N/ha/year, or control (bahiagrass pasture with no N fertilization or legume) arranged in a randomized incomplete block design with three replicates. All treatments were continuously stocked using a fixed stocking rate with two heifers (<i>Bos</i> spp.) per experimental unit. Forage evaluations were conducted every 28 days from July to October 2010 and 2011. Pastures fertilized with N had greater herbage mass (HM) and herbage allowance (HA) than overseeded or control treatments and there was no difference between overseeded and control treatments. Overseeded and N fertilized treatments had greater CP concentration than control. The proportion of Ubon stylo was constant in the overseeded pastures during the experiment (≈ 17%). The increased HM on N fertilized treatments may potentially allow greater stocking rates when compared to pastures overseeded with stylo.</p>","PeriodicalId":100549,"journal":{"name":"Forage & Grazinglands","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1094/FG-2013-0528-01-RS","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125406747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Productivity and Persistence of Summer-active and Summer-dormant Tall Fescue Cultivars in the Southern Great Plains","authors":"P. W. Bartholomew,&nbsp;D. M. Burner,&nbsp;C. P. West","doi":"10.1094/FG-2013-0430-01-RS","DOIUrl":"10.1094/FG-2013-0430-01-RS","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lack of persistence arising from high temperature and drought stresses during the summer limits lifetime productivity of tall fescue (TF) [<i>Schedonorus arundinacea</i> Schreb. (Dumort)] pastures in the southern Great Plains. A summer dormancy characteristic common in genotypes originating from the Mediterranean basin may provide a means of escaping heat and drought stresses encountered in the southern Great Plains. Two summer-active [Kentucky 31 (K31) and Jesup MaxQ (JES)] and two summer-dormant [Flecha MaxQ (FLE) and Prosper (PRO)] cultivars of tall fescue were planted at Booneville, AR, and Langston, OK, to test the effects of summer dormancy on persistence and herbage productivity. At Booneville no cultivar survived beyond two growing seasons. At Langston, summer-active cultivars were productive into Spring of a third growing season but did not survive the following summer. Summer-dormant cultivars at Langston partially regenerated in a fourth growing season but did not regrow after Spring harvest. At both sites annual and cumulative total yields over 2 or 3 years were significantly greater with summer-active than with summer-dormant types. Commercially available summer-dormant cultivars do not appear to offer survival benefits sufficient to offset low productivity in the southern Great Plains, where intermittent summer rain may prevent full expression of summer dormancy characteristics.</p>","PeriodicalId":100549,"journal":{"name":"Forage & Grazinglands","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129898945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Irrigation and Nitrogen Treatments Slightly Affected Teff Yield and Quality in the Southwestern USA","authors":"Leonard M. Lauriault,&nbsp;Dawn M. VanLeeuwen,&nbsp;Jason L. Turner","doi":"10.1094/FG-2013-0326-01-RS","DOIUrl":"10.1094/FG-2013-0326-01-RS","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Interest exists in using teff [<i>Eragrostis tef</i> (Zucc.) Trotter] for horse hay in the southwestern USA. Randomized complete block studies in 2007 and 2008 at New Mexico State University's Agricultural Science Center at Tucumcari compared teff forage yield and quality when all or alternate furrows were irrigated (full or limited irrigation, respectively) after the first harvest, with nitrogen treatments [60 or 90 lb N/acre preplant (Single60 and Single90, respectively) and 30 lb N/acre preplant and after the first two harvests (Split30)]. Neither irrigation nor nitrogen treatment affected yield (2.75 vs. 2.60 tons/acre for full and limited irrigation, respectively). Split30 had greater forage crude protein (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05) compared to Single60 (14.05b, 15.67ab, and 16.61a% crude protein for Single60, Single90, and Split30, respectively). Teff nonfiber carbohydrates (NFC) were higher than reported elsewhere with Single60 being lower than Single90 and Split30 (17.65b, 19.56a, and 18.82a% for Single60, Single90, and Split30, respectively). Teff yield and quality may be optimized with a preplant application of 90 lb N/acre and approximately half the irrigation typically applied to alfalfa in the southwestern USA. Due to inconsistencies among studies, teff NFC should be analyzed before feeding to obese horses or those with metabolic disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":100549,"journal":{"name":"Forage & Grazinglands","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1094/FG-2013-0326-01-RS","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123300358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance by Heifers Grazing Sod-Seeded Cool-Season Annuals Seeded on Different Dates Using Two Tillage Intensities","authors":"Kenneth P. Coffey,&nbsp;Thomas Greg Montgomery,&nbsp;Wayne Coblentz,&nbsp;Paul Brewer Francis,&nbsp;Whitney A. Whitworth,&nbsp;Kelly Jay Bryant","doi":"10.1094/FG-2013-0226-01-RS","DOIUrl":"10.1094/FG-2013-0226-01-RS","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A total of 120 Gelbvieh × Angus crossbred heifers (552± 2.5 lb initial BW) grazed pastures of common bermudagrass [<i>Cynodon dactylon</i> (L.) Pers.] overseeded with wheat (<i>Triticum</i>aestivum L.) and annual ryegrass (<i>Lolium multiflorum</i> Lam.) for a 3-year study to compare the effect of seeding dates and tillage intensities on heifer growth performance. Half of the pastures were seeded in early September (Early) and half in mid October (Late). Within seeding date, half of the pastures were disked once (1×) and half were disked twice (2×) before seeding. Grazing began when forage mass reached approximately 2000 lb/acre and continued through 11 May 2002 (year 1), 25 April 2003 (year 2), and 10 May 2004 (year 3). Forage mass was greater from Early than from Late seeded pastures for 2 of the first 3 months of grazing resulting in 17-day earlier grazing initiation and approximately 165 lb less hay fed per heifer. Total body weight gain, or gain while grazing cool-season annuals did not differ between seeding dates or tillage intensities. Producers in the Mid South region with bermudagrass pastures may have considerable flexibility in their decisions as to when to seed annual forages and to what intensity they till their sod depending upon how soon they need available forage.</p>","PeriodicalId":100549,"journal":{"name":"Forage & Grazinglands","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1094/FG-2013-0226-01-RS","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116918041","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alfalfa and Forage Kochia Improve Nutritive Value of Semiarid Rangelands","authors":"Michael D. Peel,&nbsp;Blair L. Waldron,&nbsp;Kevin B. Jensen,&nbsp;Joseph G. Robins","doi":"10.1094/FG-2013-121-01-RS","DOIUrl":"10.1094/FG-2013-121-01-RS","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Obtaining quality forage on semiarid rangeland is challenging. This study compared mid-summer crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of ‘Vavilov’ Siberian wheatgrass (<i>Agropyron fragile</i>), ‘Mustang’ Altai wildrye (<i>Leymus angustus</i>), two alfalfas (<i>Medicago sativa</i>), and two forage kochias (<i>Kochia prostrata</i>) in monocultures and binary mixtures at plant densities on 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00-m centers. Crude protein of alfalfa averaged 8.7%, forage kochia 9.6%, Vavilov 4.3%, and Mustang 7.9%. The CP of individual species components within mixtures was similar to their respective monoculture. The CP of forage kochia in both mixtures and monocultures increased 2.1% with increased plant spacing. The CP concentration of the total alfalfa-grass mixtures averaged 1.2% higher than grass monocultures and 2.5% higher for the forage kochia-grass mixtures. Forage kochia, alfalfa, and grass NDF concentration averaged 45, 50, and 63%, respectively. The NDF of individual species components was similar regardless of monoculture or mixture and plant density. However, NDF concentration of the total mixture decreased with increasing plant spacing in mixtures that included Vavilov. Under semiarid conditions, CP and NDF concentration of the material tested is influenced more by species composition and less by differences in plant density, or neighboring plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":100549,"journal":{"name":"Forage & Grazinglands","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129511352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Small Grains Have Forage Production Potential and Nutritive Value in Central High Plains of Wyoming","authors":"M. Anowarul Islam,&nbsp;Augustine K. Obour,&nbsp;Jerry J. Nachtman,&nbsp;Robert E. Baumgartner,&nbsp;Malay C. Saha","doi":"10.1094/FG-2013-0121-02-RS","DOIUrl":"10.1094/FG-2013-0121-02-RS","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Forage production and nutritive value of three selections each of winter rye (<i>Secale cereale</i> L.), and triticale (<i>X Triticosecale</i> Wittmack), and four selections of wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) were evaluated over three growing seasons (2008-2011) in Wyoming. Average fall forage productivity was &lt; 1.0 Mg/ha and lower (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.0001) than forage production in spring and summer. Average spring dry matter (DM) yield was 3.2 Mg/ha and greater than summer yield (2.0 to 2.6 Mg/ha) except in 2010-2011. Total seasonal forage production was not different (<i>P</i> &gt; 0.05) among rye and triticale selections except in 2009-2010. Total seasonal forage DM production among triticale and wheat selections was not different in two out of the three growing seasons. Forage crude protein (CP) of rye selections (127 to 196 g/kg) was consistently lower than triticale (151 to 208 g/kg) and wheat (162 to 235 g/kg). Average <i>in-vitro</i> dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of all small grains was above 650 g/kg (679 to 863 g/kg). Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were different among small grain species (rye &gt; triticale &gt; wheat). Theseresults indicate that small grains can provide acceptable forage yield with superior quality for feeding livestock during winter and early spring in the central High Plains (CHP).</p>","PeriodicalId":100549,"journal":{"name":"Forage & Grazinglands","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1094/FG-2013-0121-02-RS","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131022983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}