FirePhysChem最新文献

{"title":"Micron and nano iron particles: Experimental investigation of size dependent combustion in ethanol slurries and bimetallic thermite","authors":"Ahmed Aboalhamayie ,&nbsp;Yang Zhang ,&nbsp;Mohsen Ghamari","doi":"10.1016/j.fpc.2026.01.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fpc.2026.01.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The combustion dynamics and characteristics of dense iron–ethanol slurry droplets containing 30 wt% Fe (in both micron- and nano-sized forms) and Fe-doped Al/Fe₂O₃ thermites containing 5 wt% Fe (in both micron- and nano-sized forms) are investigated as a function of iron particle size. Single droplet experiments with high-speed imaging and in-situ thermocouple measurements are combined with TGA–DSC and SEM/EDS to link burning behavior to aggregate morphology. In ethanol, micron Fe (10 µm) settles toward the droplet periphery (terminal velocity ∼0.06 mm/s), forming a porous shell that improves O₂ access, raises the peak internal temperature to ∼326 °C, and increases the d²-law burning rate to 0.76 mm²/s (+10%) while shortening the total burn time. Nano Fe (40 nm) remains more uniformly dispersed (terminal velocity ∼0.04 mm/s) and forms smoother, less-porous aggregates; despite a higher peak temperature (∼266.5 °C) and frequent small disruptive events, the burning rate decreases to 0.63 mm²/s (–9%) and the total burn time contracts through secondary atomization. These outcomes show that aggregate architecture and settling, not surface area alone, govern heat/mass transfer and apparent burning rate in highly loaded metal fuel droplets. Translating these insights to thermites, adding 5 wt% nano-Fe triggers earlier ignition and rapid energy release, whereas 5 wt% micron-Fe yields more completely reduced, Fe-rich, semi-spherical residues, indicating locally more complete conversion. The work establishes a transport-to-morphology-to-combustion framework for designing metalized fuels and tailoring ignition and energy release in aluminothermic composites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100531,"journal":{"name":"FirePhysChem","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 216-238"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147807318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isomerism-driven design of unsymmetric triazine-based energetic materials: Unlocking enhanced energetic performance, safety and stability","authors":"Renu Rani ,&nbsp;Kalpana Sharma ,&nbsp;Vikas D. Ghule ,&nbsp;Srinivas Dharavath","doi":"10.1016/j.fpc.2025.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fpc.2025.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The triazine backbone serves as a crucial heterocyclic scaffold in the development of energetic materials due to its high nitrogen (52%) and energy content (223 kJ/mol). Additionally, it functions as an environmentally benign component, releasing a significant amount of gaseous products upon decomposition. In this study, three energetic compounds featuring -NH- bridged 1,2,4-ditriazine (unsymmetric triazine) backbone were computationally designed by introducing isomerism in the previously reported -NH- bridged 1,3,5-ditriazine backbone (symmetric triazine). Various explosophoric groups such as -NO₂, -NH₂, and -N₃ were introduced into the backbones to improve performance and safety characteristics. All of the designed triazine derivatives were optimized and their energies were computed at the M06–2X/def2-TZVPP level of theory. The sensitivity of the designed triazine compounds was assessed through impact sensitivity (<em>h</em>₅₀), balance parameter (<em>ν</em>) in molecular surface electrostatic potentials, free void space in the crystal lattice (∆<em>V</em>), and bond dissociation energy. The aromaticity and stability of the energetic compounds were evaluated using multicentre bond analysis, the AV1245 study, the molecular planarity parameter, span of deviation from plane, localised orbital locator, sphericity, variance in electrostatic surface potentials, and the skewness parameters. Among the designed triazine derivatives, nitro compound (B1) exhibits a high positive heat of formation (601.8 kJ/mol), dense packing (1.84 g/cm³), high detonation pressure (34.99 GPa), detonation velocity (8.91 km/s), and detonation temperature (4292 K), surpassing the energetic performance of RDX. Replacing the symmetric triazine with an unsymmetric unit results in an improvement in the heat of formation, detonation parameters, aromaticity, and sensitivity, representing a valuable approach for designing new energetic materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100531,"journal":{"name":"FirePhysChem","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 105-116"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147807321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamically cross-linked CL-20-based energetic films: A high-adhesion solution for PyroMEMS","authors":"Chunyan Li ,&nbsp;Shengjuan Shao ,&nbsp;Jiao Chen ,&nbsp;Chongwei An ,&nbsp;Baoyun Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.fpc.2025.12.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fpc.2025.12.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The development of miniaturized, flexible MEMS pyrotechnic devices necessitates advanced fabrication techniques. Herein, a strategy is reported that leverages the integration of ink-jet printing and dynamic cross-linking. The strategy successfully fabricates CL-20/PVA (polyvinyl alcohol)@PANI (polyaniline) energetic films with robust interfacial adhesion across heterogeneous structures. The PVA@PANI dynamic bonding system, designed through a molecular engineering strategy, provides dual interfacial enhancement characteristics. The 3D network structure formed by dynamic covalent cross-linking of borate ester bonds significantly enhances the flexibility of the system, as demonstrated by a 62.26% improvement in elastic recovery and a 55.26% increase in the plasticity index. Additionally, multiple hydrogen bonding interactions between hydroxyl groups and the substrate substantially improve interfacial adhesion, achieving a 4B rating on both glass and aluminum substrates. SEM characterization reveals a uniform and dense microstructure with homogeneously distributed crystals throughout the composite film. Performance testing confirms that CL-20 in the composite retains its ε-crystal form and exhibits a high detonation velocity of 7884 m/s. Furthermore, the synergistic incorporation of PANI reduces the electrostatic sensitivity by 10.86% compared to the CL-20/PVA baseline. The interfacial dynamic enhancement technology developed in this work represents a key advancement in the integrated structure–function design of microscale energetic devices, underscoring its strong potential for MEMS applications such as flexible micro-initiators and miniature solid propellants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100531,"journal":{"name":"FirePhysChem","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 129-139"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147807330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Achieving efficient sustainable stabilizers for nitrocellulose-based propellants: A comprehensive review","authors":"Memdouh Chebbah ,&nbsp;Djalal Trache ,&nbsp;Ahmed Fouzi Tarchoun ,&nbsp;Amir Abdelaziz ,&nbsp;Salim Chelouche ,&nbsp;Weiqiang Pang ,&nbsp;Qilu Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.fpc.2025.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fpc.2025.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stabilizers are critical additives used to ensure long-term storage stability and safe usage of nitrocellulose-based propellants (NCBPs) by mitigating their inherent chemical instability. However, conventional stabilizers and their nitroso derivatives are often associated with significant toxicity, environmental issues, and harmful byproducts, driving the need for safer alternatives. This review offers a comprehensive evaluation of recent advancements in eco-friendly stabilizers for NCBPs, highlighting their design principles, mechanisms of action, and performance metrics. It systematically examines a diverse array of sustainable alternatives, including biodegradable and biobased stabilizers, eutectic mixtures, ionic liquids, epoxidized oils, inorganic compounds, and fullerene-based derivatives, emphasizing their potential to replace traditional ones without compromising performance. The physicochemical, thermal, mechanical, and energy-ballistic properties of these alternatives are evaluated, alongside a critical analysis of their advantages and limitations. This overview aims to inspire further innovation in sustainable stabilizers, paving the way for safer, high-performance propellant formulations that align with global environmental and safety standards.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100531,"journal":{"name":"FirePhysChem","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 140-165"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147807331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hollow porous ADN microspheres fabricated via SFD-based microdroplet freezing templating: significant improvements in safety and combustion performance","authors":"Yizhuo Cheng,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Zhang,&nbsp;Ligang Zhang,&nbsp;Minxue Zhang,&nbsp;Jiaoyang Liu,&nbsp;Baoyun Ye,&nbsp;Chongwei An","doi":"10.1016/j.fpc.2025.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fpc.2025.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ammonium dinitramide (ADN), as a novel oxidizer characterized by high energy density, low signature, and environmental friendliness, exhibits significant application potential in composite solid propellants. However, its practical utilization is severely constrained by inherent properties such as high sensitivity and hygroscopicity. Existing modification approaches via additives often face the dilemma of lower energy density or lower oxygen balance. In this study, porous hollow ADN microspheres with particle size distributions ranging from 50-100 µm to 100-200 µm were successfully fabricated via a Spray freeze-drying (SFD)<strong>-</strong>based micro-droplet freezing templating method. This was achieved solely through the regulation of ADN solution concentration and spray process parameters, without the introduction of any additives. Structural characterization revealed that the ADN microspheres, compared to the raw material, exhibited a reduced single-crystal aspect ratio of ∼2:1. The modified ADN microspheres demonstrated significantly improved safety performance, evidenced by a rise in thermal explosion temperature (Tb, kinetically extrapolated from DSC data) to 205.35 °C from 198.15 °C, along with an increased impact sensitivity threshold (H₅₀) to 4.7 J from 3.9 J and a higher friction sensitivity threshold (P₅₀) to 127 N from 89 N. The critical relative humidity (CRH) was also raised to 52% from 50%. For PBT/Al-based composite solid propellants utilizing the 50-100 µm ADN microspheres as the oxidizer, burning rates under ambient pressure and at 3 MPa were measured at 3.66 mm/s and 51.6 mm/s, respectively. These values represent increases of 114% and 161%, respectively, over propellants formulated with raw ADN.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100531,"journal":{"name":"FirePhysChem","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 117-128"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147331573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent progress in explosive substances: From synthesis to application","authors":"Djalal Trache ,&nbsp;Luigi T. DeLuca","doi":"10.1016/j.fpc.2026.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fpc.2026.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100531,"journal":{"name":"FirePhysChem","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 101-104"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147807315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current state of knowledge on the sensitivity of polynitro compounds to electric spark","authors":"Svatopluk Zeman,&nbsp;Veerabhadragouda B. Patil","doi":"10.1016/j.fpc.2025.09.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fpc.2025.09.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The results of 32 years of research on the determination of the electric-spark sensitivity (<em>E</em>_ES) of energetic materials (EMs), carried out at the University of Pardubice, have been incorporated into STANAG 4490 and adopted as the Czech defense standard ČOS137601. This article presents the rationale behind the design of the spark gap in the relevant testing device. It explains the mechanism of electron addition to the most reactive nitro group and outlines the methods for identifying the electrosplitting reaction centers in energetic molecules containing <em>X</em>–NO₂ (<em>X</em> = <em>C</em> or N) trigger bonds, including the splitting mechanism. The paper also confirms the presence of hot spots during electric-spark initiation and discusses the impact of foreign impurities in the sample tested on this sensitivity. Furthermore, it documents how <em>E</em>_ES is affected by lattice free volume, intrinsic molecular volume and the heat of fusion. Finally, it shows how <em>E</em>_ES is influenced by the energy content and performance of nitramines and polynitroarenes and demonstrates the relationship between this sensitivity and the thermal reactivity of the EMs studied.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100531,"journal":{"name":"FirePhysChem","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 189-209"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147807316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Minimum burning pressure test of bulk emulsion for the purpose of introducing UN test into JIS","authors":"Takahiro Tamba,&nbsp;Tsuyoshi Shibata,&nbsp;Miyako Akiyoshi,&nbsp;Ken Okada","doi":"10.1016/j.fpc.2025.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fpc.2025.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The authors performed minimum burning pressure (MBP) test on ammonium nitrate emulsions (ANEs) to validate the test procedure for incorporating the United Nations (UN) 8(e) test into the Japanese Industrial Standards. ANEs with varying water contents were tested in a pressurized vessel using a metric Ni-Cr wire ignition system, and MBPs were determined from GO/NO-GO results. The results confirmed a positive correlation between water content and MBP, although the MBPs obtained were slightly higher than those reported in previous studies, likely due to differences in the compositions of additives and stochastic ignition behavior. Normalized MBPs, estimated together with the combustion temperature (<span><math><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>f</mi></msub></math></span>) from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data, were linearly proportional to <span><math><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>T</mi><mi>f</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>, suggesting that DSC is an effective screening tool for MBP prediction. The UN 8(e) test was successfully demonstrated, and its test procedure was verified.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100531,"journal":{"name":"FirePhysChem","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 210-215"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147807317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thermal properties and detonation parameters of modified low-sensitive explosive composition","authors":"Ahmed Elbeih ,&nbsp;Ahmed Nabil ,&nbsp;Tamer Z Wafy ,&nbsp;Tamer Elshenawy","doi":"10.1016/j.fpc.2025.11.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fpc.2025.11.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A modified low-sensitive explosive composition (LSX) was successfully prepared in the lab. The composition was based on three main explosives: 35 % dinitroanisole (DNAN), 45 % nitrotiazolone (NTO), and 20 % 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX). Sensitivity experiments were conducted using standardized BAM impact and friction devices. The detonation velocity of the composition was measured using the OZM-VOD 812 device. For comparison, different individual explosives and compositions have been studied. The thermal behaviour of the LSX and its components was examined via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Eventually, thermokinetic parameters were evaluated using Advanced Kinetics and Technology Solutions (AKTS). The DSC results confirmed the formation of a eutectic mixture with a melting point of 90 °C. Additionally, the energy released by LSX decomposition was increased by approximately 44 % compared to the weighted sum of the energy releases of its individual components. The LSX exhibited a detonation velocity of 7564 m/s <span><math><mo>±</mo></math></span> 120 m/s, about 95.5 % of Comp B's. Furthermore, it presented significantly reduced sensitivity, approximately 75 % and 50 % lower than Comp B concerning impact and friction sensitivities, respectively. The kinetic study revealed that the LSX decomposition reaction occurred in two steps, while its mean activation energy was relatively high, confirming good thermal stability. These findings highlighted the potential of this LSX as a safer alternative to Comp B in military warheads and landmines, offering a balance between reduced sensitivity and acceptable energetic performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100531,"journal":{"name":"FirePhysChem","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 173-188"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147807290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposited films on aluminum nanoparticles for enhanced oxidative heat release, extended shelf life, and better dispersion stability","authors":"Prawal P.K. Agarwal,&nbsp;Tony Hazim,&nbsp;Ryan Kendrick,&nbsp;Brooke Stillion,&nbsp;Troy Wolfzorn,&nbsp;Themis Matsoukas","doi":"10.1016/j.fpc.2025.11.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.fpc.2025.11.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the use of Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) to apply coatings from six different organic precursors onto aluminum nanoparticles (Al NPs). The goal is to improve their energetic performance, extend their shelf life, and enhance their dispersion stability in non-polar solvents. The coatings were analyzed using various characterization techniques, including Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Thermal analysis (TGA/DSC) was used to measure oxidative heat release and assess shelf-life stability over 12 months, while Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) was used to evaluate dispersion in dodecane. The results indicate that plasma films derived from perfluorodecalin (PFD) and oleic acid (OA) significantly increased the oxidative heat release by 13.33% and 30%, respectively, after doing PECVD for 30 min. After 12 months of storage, these coatings still showed enhanced heat release of 7% and 20%. Toluene-based plasma coatings demonstrated the best passivation capability over the 12-month period. Furthermore, the PFD and OA coatings also provided excellent dispersion stability, reducing the aggregation of Al NPs in dodecane. The study suggests that creating sandwich coatings, combining fluorocarbon (CF_x) and plasma-reacted Toluene, could be a promising direction for future research to optimize energy performance, shelf life, and dispersion stability in metal nanoparticles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100531,"journal":{"name":"FirePhysChem","volume":"6 2","pages":"Pages 166-172"},"PeriodicalIF":3.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147807332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}