Electron最新文献

{"title":"Atomic-scale strain analysis for advanced Si/SiGe heterostructure by using transmission electron microscopy","authors":"Lan Li,&nbsp;Ran Bi,&nbsp;Zuoyuan Dong,&nbsp;Changqing Ye,&nbsp;Jing Xie,&nbsp;Chaolun Wang,&nbsp;Xiaomei Li,&nbsp;Kin-Leong Pey,&nbsp;Ming Li,&nbsp;Xing Wu","doi":"10.1002/elt2.32","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elt2.32","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Three-dimensional stacked transistors based on Si/SiGe heterojunction are a potential candidate for future low-power and high-performance computing in integrated circuits. Observing and accurately measuring strain in Si/SiGe heterojunctions is critical to increasing carrier mobility and improving device performance. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with high spatial resolution and analytical capabilities provides technical support for atomic-scale strain measurement and promotes significant progress in strain mapping technology. This paper reviews atomic-scale strain analysis for advanced Si/SiGe heterostructure based on TEM techniques. Convergent-beam electron diffraction, nano-beam electron diffraction, dark-field electron holography, and high-resolution TEM with geometrical phase analysis, are comprehensively discussed in terms of spatial resolution, strain precision, field of view, reference position, and data processing. Also, the advantages and critical issues of these strain analysis methods based on the TEM technique are summarized, and the future direction of TEM techniques in the related areas is prospected.</p>","PeriodicalId":100403,"journal":{"name":"Electron","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elt2.32","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140743829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent progress of interface modification of layered oxide cathode material for sodium-ion batteries","authors":"Luyi Sun,&nbsp;Jun Zeng,&nbsp;Xuanhong Wan,&nbsp;Chenxi Peng,&nbsp;Jiarui Wang,&nbsp;Chongjia Lin,&nbsp;Min Zhu,&nbsp;Jun Liu","doi":"10.1002/elt2.31","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elt2.31","url":null,"abstract":"<p>With the advantages of similar theoretical basis to lithium batteries, relatively low budget and the abundance of sodium resources, sodium ion batteries (SIBs) are recognized as the most competitive alternative to lithium-ion batteries. Among various types of cathodes for SIBs, advantages of high theoretical capacity, nontoxic and facile synthesis are introduced for layered transition metal oxide cathodes and therefore they have attracted huge attention. Nevertheless, layered oxide cathodes suffer from various degradation issues. Among these issues, interface instability including surface residues, phase transitions, loss of active transition metal and oxygen loss takes up the major part of the degradation of layered oxides. These degradation mechanisms usually lead to irreversible structure collapse and cracking generation, which significantly influence the interface stability and electrochemical performance of layered cathodes. This review briefly introduces the background of researches on layered cathodes for SIBs and their basic structure types. Then the origins and effects on layered cathodes of degradation mechanisms are systematically concluded. Finally, we will summarize various interface modification methods including surface engineering, doping modification and electrolyte composition which are aimed to improve interface stability of layered cathodes, perspectives of future research on layered cathodes are mentioned to provide some theoretical proposals.</p>","PeriodicalId":100403,"journal":{"name":"Electron","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elt2.31","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140745931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Damage mechanisms and recent research advances in Ni-rich layered cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Kai Chen,&nbsp;Wenqin Cai,&nbsp;Zhihua Hu,&nbsp;Qingke Huang,&nbsp;Ao Wang,&nbsp;Zeng Zeng,&nbsp;Jiahao Song,&nbsp;Yan Sun,&nbsp;Qingquan Kong,&nbsp;Wei Feng,&nbsp;Ting Chen,&nbsp;Zhenguo Wu,&nbsp;Yang Song,&nbsp;Xiaodong Guo","doi":"10.1002/elt2.27","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elt2.27","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nickel-rich cathode is considered to be the cathode material that can solve the short-range problem of electric vehicles with excellent electrochemical properties and low price. However, microcracks, lithium–nickel hybridization, and irreversible phase transitions during cycling limit their commercial applications. These issues should be resolved by modifications. In recent years, it has been favored by researchers to solve a large number of problems by combining multiple modification strategies. Therefore, this paper reviews recent developments in various modification techniques for nickel-rich cathode materials that have improved their electrochemical characteristics. The summary of multiple modifications of nickel-rich materials will play a guiding role in future development.</p>","PeriodicalId":100403,"journal":{"name":"Electron","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elt2.27","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140236425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ion migration in 3D metal halide perovskite field effect transistors","authors":"Jinghai Li,&nbsp;Yanyan Gong,&nbsp;William W. Yu","doi":"10.1002/elt2.28","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elt2.28","url":null,"abstract":"<p>3D perovskite materials are advancing rapidly in the field of photovoltaics and light-emitting diodes, but the development in field effect transistors (FETs) is limited due to their intrinsic ion migration. Ion migration in perovskite FETs can screen the electric field of the gate and affect its modulation, as well as influence the charge carriers transport, leading to non-ideal device characteristics and lower device stability. Here, we provide a concise review that explains the mechanism of ion migration, summarizes the strategies for suppressing ion migration, and concludes with a discussion of the future prospects for 3D perovskite FETs.</p>","PeriodicalId":100403,"journal":{"name":"Electron","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elt2.28","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140261868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cover Image, Volume 2, Number 1, February 2024","authors":"Jieli Chen,&nbsp;Xiaohong Gao,&nbsp;Jing Li,&nbsp;Zhenye Kang,&nbsp;Juan Bai,&nbsp;Tianjiao Wang,&nbsp;Yuliang Yuan,&nbsp;Chenghang You,&nbsp;Yu Chen,&nbsp;Bao Yu Xia,&nbsp;Xinlong Tian","doi":"10.1002/elt2.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elt2.36","url":null,"abstract":"<p>MXene has emerged as an intriguing material for future energy conversion technology due to its superior conductivity, excellent hydrophilic properties, high surface area, versatile chemical composition, and readily synthesis, making it a potential catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction. This review (DOI: 10.1002/elt2.17) systematically discusses the application of MXene as a component for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), covering the fundamental understanding of OER mechanisms, the basic design principle of MXene-based OER electrocatalysts, and the challenges that may be encountered during the development of this field and possible solutions.\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":100403,"journal":{"name":"Electron","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elt2.36","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139993887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cover Image, Volume 2, Number 1, February 2024","authors":"Xiaoxia Yang,&nbsp;Suning Wang,&nbsp;Hang Li,&nbsp;Jochi Tseng,&nbsp;Zhonghua Wu,&nbsp;Sylvio Indris,&nbsp;Helmut Ehrenberg,&nbsp;Xiaodong Guo,&nbsp;Weibo Hua","doi":"10.1002/elt2.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elt2.35","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The cover image (DOI: 10.1002/elt2.18) illustrates the structural evolution mechanism of P3-type Na-deficient layered cathode materials through lithium incorporation. At the base rests a structural model of P3-type layered oxide, symbolizing a continuum from the present to the future, showcasing its potential as a cathode material for sodium-ion batteries. Above it, there is an O3-type layered oxide comprised of lithium ions, oxygen ions, and other transition metal ions. When subjected to high-temperature forces (depicted by the yellow light at the image's center), interaction between the O3-type and P3-type oxides triggers charge transfer (visualized as lightning) and ion transport (illustrated through particle motion), leading to a sequence of structural alterations culminating in diverse phase compositions of layered oxides.\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":100403,"journal":{"name":"Electron","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elt2.35","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139993889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cover Image, Volume 2, Number 1, February 2024","authors":"Wuwei Mo,&nbsp;Joel Jie Foo,&nbsp;Wee-Jun Ong","doi":"10.1002/elt2.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elt2.37","url":null,"abstract":"<p>2D carbon-based heterostructured electrocatalysts have recently emerged as one of the promising nanomaterials to drive sustainable hydrogen production and combat climate change. Unlike conventional noble metal-based catalysts, such heterostructures made from carbon allotropes and transition metals prevail due to their remarkable activities, cost-effectiveness, and earth abundance. Particularly, this review (DOI: 10.1002/elt2.20) summarizes state-of-the-art 2D carbon nanosheet-, graphene-, and graphdiyne-based heterostructured electrocatalysts towards hydrogen evolution and water splitting from both experimental and computational aspects. Besides, novel structural engineering and facile synthesis strategies are also spotlighted, which are vital to greatly enhance electrocatalytic performances.\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure>\u0000 </p>","PeriodicalId":100403,"journal":{"name":"Electron","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elt2.37","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139993888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Allying interfacial engineering of 2D carbon nanosheet-, graphene-, and graphdiyne-based heterostructured electrocatalysts toward hydrogen evolution and overall water splitting","authors":"Wuwei Mo,&nbsp;Joel Jie Foo,&nbsp;Wee-Jun Ong","doi":"10.1002/elt2.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elt2.20","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and overall water splitting (OWS) for renewable energy generation have recently become a highly promising and sustainable strategy to tackle energy crisis and global warming arising from our overreliance on fossil fuels. Previously, tremendous research breakthroughs have been made in 2D carbon-based heterostructured electrocatalysts in this field. Such heterostructures are distinguished by their remarkable electrical conductivity, exposed active sites, and mechanical stability. Herein, with fundamental mechanisms of electrocatalytic OWS summarized, our review critically emphasized on state-of-the-art 2D carbon nanosheet-, graphene-, and graphdiyne-based heterostructured electrocatalysts in HER and OWS since 2018. Particularly, the three emerging carbonaceous substrates tend to be incorporated with metal carbides, phosphides, dichalcogenides, nitrides, oxides, nanoparticles, single atom catalysts, or layered double hydroxides. Meanwhile, fascinating structural engineering and facile synthesis strategies were also unraveled to establish the structure–activity relationship, which will enlighten future electrocatalyst developments toward ameliorated HER and OWS activities. Additionally, computational results from density functional theory simulations were highlighted as well to better comprehend the synergistic effects within the heterostructures. Finally, current stages and future recommendations of this brand-new electrocatalyst type were concluded and discussed for advanced catalyst designs and future practical applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":100403,"journal":{"name":"Electron","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elt2.20","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139993907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crystallinity engineering of carbon nitride protective coating for ultra-stable Zn metal anodes","authors":"Chen Liu,&nbsp;Yuxin Zhu,&nbsp;Shuanlong Di,&nbsp;Jiarui He,&nbsp;Ping Niu,&nbsp;Antonios Kelarakis,&nbsp;Marta Krysmann,&nbsp;Shulan Wang,&nbsp;Li Li","doi":"10.1002/elt2.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elt2.29","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Ineffective control of dendrite growth and side reactions on Zn anodes significantly retards commercialization of aqueous Zn-ion batteries. Unlike conventional interfacial modification strategies that are primarily focused on component optimization or microstructural tuning, herein, we propose a crystallinity engineering strategy by developing highly crystalline carbon nitride protective layers for Zn anodes through molten salt treatment. Interestingly, the highly ordered structure along with sufficient functional polar groups and pre-intercalated K⁺ endows the coating with high ionic conductivity, strong hydrophilicity, and accelerated ion diffusion kinetics. Theoretical calculations also confirm its enhanced Zn adsorption capability compared to commonly reported carbon nitride with amorphous or semi-crystalline structure and bare Zn. Benefiting from the aforementioned features, the as-synthesized protective layer enables a calendar lifespan of symmetric cells for 1100 h and outstanding stability of full cells with capacity retention of 91.5% after 1500 cycles. This work proposes a new conceptual strategy for Zn anode protection.</p>","PeriodicalId":100403,"journal":{"name":"Electron","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elt2.29","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139993861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advances in Fe-N-C single-atom site coupled synergistic catalysts for boosting oxygen reduction reaction","authors":"Katam Srinivas,&nbsp;Zhuo Chen,&nbsp;Hesheng Yu,&nbsp;Dawei Liu,&nbsp;Jian Zhen Ou,&nbsp;Ming-qiang Zhu,&nbsp;Yuanfu Chen","doi":"10.1002/elt2.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elt2.26","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Metal–air batteries, fuel cells, and electrochemical H₂O₂ production currently attract substantial consideration in the energy sector owing to their efficiency and eco-consciousness. However, their broader use is hindered by the complex oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) that occurs at cathodes and involves intricate electron transfers. Despite the significant ORR performance of platinum-based catalysts, their high cost, operational limitations, and susceptibility to methanol poisoning hinder broader implementation. This emphasizes the need for efficient non-precious metal-based ORR electrocatalysts. A promising approach involves utilizing single-atom catalysts (SACs) featuring metal–nitrogen–carbon (M-N-C) coordination sites. SACs offer advantages such as optimal utilization of metal atoms, uniform active centers, precisely defined catalytic sites, and robust metal–support interactions. However, the symmetrical electron distribution around the central metal atom of a single-atom site (M-N₄) often results in suboptimal ORR performance. This challenge can be addressed by carefully tailoring the surrounding environment of the active center. This review specifically focuses on recent advancements in the Fe-N₄ environment within Fe-N-C SACs. It highlights the promising strategy of coupling Fe-N₄ sites with metal clusters and/or nanoparticles, which enhances intrinsic activity. By capitalizing on the interplay between Fe-N₄ sites and associated species, overall ORR performance improved. The review combines findings from experimental studies and density functional theory simulations, covering synthesis strategies for Fe-N-C coupled synergistic catalysts, characterization techniques, and the influence of associated particles on ORR activity. By offering a comprehensive outlook, the review aims to encourage research into high-efficiency Fe single-atom sites coupled synergistic catalysts for real-world applications in the coming years.</p>","PeriodicalId":100403,"journal":{"name":"Electron","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elt2.26","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139993921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}