{"title":"Predicting rice grain yield using normalized difference vegetation index from UAV and GreenSeeker","authors":"Hiroshi Nakano, Ryo Tanaka, Senlin Guan, Hideki Ohdan","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.03.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crope.2023.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A precise, simple, and rapid growth diagnosis method using normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) obtained by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), which will help determine nitrogen (N) application rate to increase grain yield in numerous farmers' fields, is necessary for the development of a robust production system for rice (<em>Oryza sativa</em> L.). In the present study, we examined the relationship between UAV-NDVI and NDVI measured with the GreenSeeker handheld crop sensor (GS-NDVI), and between grain yield and UAV-NDVI or GS-NDVI at the reproductive stage in the plant communities at 4–1 week (wk) before heading in 2018 and 2019 and in 2020 and 2021, respectively. In the data of each measurement day in 2018 and 2019, the relationship between UAV-NDVI and GS-NDVI was strongly positive. However, in the pooled data of different measurement days, the relationship between UAV-NDVI and GS-NDVI was weakly positive. This was because GS-NDVI was more constant under various climatic conditions and across various time of day than UAV-NDVI at the reproductive stage. Furthermore, in the pooled data of different years in 2020 and 2021, GS-NDVI correlated more strongly with grain yield than UAV-NDVI between 3 and 1 wk before heading. To increase the efficiency of growth diagnosis and yield prediction in the numerous farmers’ fields, UAV-NDVI could be used with correction by a few measurements of GS-NDVI determined on the same day.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"2 2","pages":"Pages 59-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49708269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gurjinder S. Baath , Sayantan Sarkar , Brian K. Northup , Bala Ram Sapkota , Prasanna H. Gowda , K. Colton Flynn
{"title":"Summer pulses as sources of green manure and soil cover in the U.S. Southern Great Plains","authors":"Gurjinder S. Baath , Sayantan Sarkar , Brian K. Northup , Bala Ram Sapkota , Prasanna H. Gowda , K. Colton Flynn","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.04.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crope.2023.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Winter wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> L.) – summer fallow rotations in the Southern Great Plains (SGP) have numerous sustainability issues, such as low precipitation use efficiencies and increased soil erosion. Replacing summer fallow with a legume grown as a green manure would help reduce soil erosion, improve precipitation use efficiency, and add nitrogen (N) credits for the subsequent wheat crop. A two-year field experiment evaluated the capabilities of three summer pulses: soybean [<em>Glycine max</em> (L.) Merr.], moth bean [<em>Vigna aconitifolia</em> (Jacq.) Marechal], and tepary bean [<em>Phaseolus acutifolius</em> (A.) Gray] to serve as green manures and soil cover. We examined their performance across two row spacings (38 and 76 cm) and two moisture regimes (rainfed and irrigated). Narrow row spacing (38 cm) provided greater canopy cover, aboveground biomass, and N accumulation than the broad row spacing (76 cm) during the early growing season. Among species, tepary bean demonstrated consistent and higher canopy cover early in the season. Soybean produced the highest aboveground biomass (5,327–8,855 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>) and N accumulation (115–269 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>) among the three pulses. Multilinear regression (MLR) models suggested that canopy height and canopy cover could estimate both aboveground biomass (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.62) and N accumulation (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.55) for tested pulses. Based on results, soybean was the most promising choice among tested pulses, considering its higher aboveground biomass and N accumulation. Modelling studies to simulate growth of these crops with long-term weather scenarios are encouraged to identify the most reliable cover crop for different areas of the SGP.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"2 2","pages":"Pages 66-74"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49708420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Christopher Proud , Shu Fukai , Brian Dunn , Tina Dunn , Jaquie Mitchell
{"title":"Effect of nitrogen management on grain yield of rice grown in a high-yielding environment under flooded and non-flooded conditions","authors":"Christopher Proud , Shu Fukai , Brian Dunn , Tina Dunn , Jaquie Mitchell","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.02.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crope.2023.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With increased cost and scarcity of irrigation water, flooded rice growing system may need to be replaced with water-saving technologies which includes part or complete removal of flooding and to be replaced with non-flooded aerobic conditions. However, to maintain high grain yield equivalent to that achieved with flooded rice, nitrogen (N) management may need to be modified. Experiments were conducted in a high-yielding environment with total N applied up to 180 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> and three application times to determine its effect on N uptake, grain yield and grain protein content of rice grown under aerobic (AR), delayed permanent water (DPW) and flooded (FD) conditions. Grain yield increased by 3.50–4.50 t ha<sup>−</sup><sup>1</sup> with total N application rate of 180 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> in AR and 120 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> in both DPW and FD. Maximum yield was about 10.5, 12.0 and 13.0 t ha<sup>−1</sup> in AR, DPW and FD, respectively, and the difference was mostly reflected in the grain yield difference obtained under 0 N application. Apparent recovery of fertilised N and agronomic N use efficiency were similar between AR and FD, but DPW took up a higher proportion of N fertiliser applied before commencement of flooding and had slightly higher grain yield response to total N application up to 120 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>. It is concluded that the limitation for grain yield for rice grown in the AR condition was the crop's inability to take up N from the soil, rather than the inability to take up N fertiliser or to convert the N uptake to grain yield.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"2 1","pages":"Pages 37-45"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49732252","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhenxiang Zhou , Paul C. Struik , Junfei Gu , Peter E.L. van der Putten , Zhiqin Wang , Xinyou Yin , Jianchang Yang
{"title":"Enhancing leaf photosynthesis from altered chlorophyll content requires optimal partitioning of nitrogen","authors":"Zhenxiang Zhou , Paul C. Struik , Junfei Gu , Peter E.L. van der Putten , Zhiqin Wang , Xinyou Yin , Jianchang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.02.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crope.2023.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>While optimising leaf chlorophyll content ([CHL]) has been proposed as a relevant means to manipulate canopy light penetration and canopy photosynthesis, effects of modifying [CHL] on leaf photosynthesis are yet to be investigated thoroughly. A greenhouse experiment and a field experiment were conducted involving rice genotypes of different genetic backgrounds and their leaf-colour variants. Leaf photosynthesis was more influenced by alteration to yellow-leaf than to stay-green cases. Higher specific leaf area and stomatal conductance were observed in two yellow-leaf variants, while only one yellow-leaf variant showed significantly increased Rubisco carboxylation capacity (<em>V</em><sub>cmax</sub>), maximum electron transport rate (<em>J</em><sub>max</sub>), and photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (PNUE). Model analysis indicated that reducing leaf [CHL] decreased the energy loss via non-photochemical quenching, but improving <em>V</em><sub>cmax</sub>, <em>J</em><sub>max</sub>, and PNUE would require an improved nitrogen distribution pattern within the leaf. Label-free quantitative proteomics confirmed that an increased investment of nitrogen in Cyt <em>b</em><sub>6</sub>/<em>f</em> and Rubisco was observed in the yellow-leaf variant of the genetic background with improved <em>V</em><sub>cmax</sub>, <em>J</em><sub>max</sub>, and PNUE, but not in the other background. Our results suggest that reducing [CHL] can improve leaf photosynthesis only if the saved nitrogen is optimally distributed to proteins that are more rate-limiting to photosynthesis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"2 1","pages":"Pages 24-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49732251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Progress and challenges of rice ratooning technology in Hubei Province, China","authors":"Fei Wang, Kehui Cui, Jianliang Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.02.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crope.2023.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Rice ratooning is gaining more attentions in China because it helps cope with several challenges in rice production, such as food security, labor shortage, low economic benefits and climate change. Hubei Province which is located in the middle reaches of Yangtze River valley is one of the important regions for ratoon rice with a planting area of 213,000 ha in recent years, and has made significant progresses in physiological and agronomic studies of ratoon rice. Especially in last decade, the establishment and dissemination of mechanized ratooning rice system was initiated in Hubei. Currently, the average ratoon crop and annual yields of mechanized ratooning rice system could exceed 5.25 and 15.00 t ha<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, in farmers’ field using cultivars such as Fengliangyouxiang1, Liangyou6326 and Yongyou4949 in major ratoon rice growing counties such as Honghu, Qichun and Shayang. In the present review, we summarized the development course of ratoon rice in Hubei with respect to the government policy support, planting area, variety selection, management practices and physiological studies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"2 1","pages":"Pages 12-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49708270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Progress and challenges of rice ratooning technology in China","authors":"Shaobing Peng , Chang Zheng , Xing Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.02.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crope.2023.02.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Rice ratooning is an ancient technology with limited adoption in the past due to low and unstable grain yield in the ratoon crop. Manual harvesting of the main crop also limited the widespread of this technology due to labor shortage. Mechanized rice ratooning technology with the main crop harvested mechanically has been developed in China over the past ten years. Key practices for achieving high yield in mechanized rice ratooning system are variety selection, optimization of planting date, proper water and fertilizer management, and optimal straw cutting height. With implementation of those key practices, the grain yield of ratoon rice has increased significantly, especially in the ratoon season. Farmers could produce the grain yield as much as 9–10 t ha<sup>−1</sup> in the main season and 5–6 t ha<sup>−1</sup> in the ratoon season in the mechanized rice ratooning system. The improvement of the grain yield has stimulated the area expansion of mechanized ratoon rice in China. Rapid development of mechanized rice ratooning technology in China strongly suggests that this technology is the most effective in increasing total rice production with reduced labor requirement and other agronomic inputs. In this review, following questions will be answered. Why is the grain yield of the mechanized ratoon rice so high in China? What are the challenges and solutions for further upscaling of ratoon rice in China? What is the future outlook of ratoon rice development in China?</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"2 1","pages":"Pages 5-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49708268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Linxiong Mao , Qingfeng Song , Ming Li , Xinyu Liu , Zai Shi , Faming Chen , Gen-yun Chen , Huiqiong Zheng , Xin-Guang Zhu
{"title":"Decreasing photosystem antenna size by inhibiting chlorophyll synthesis: A double-edged sword for photosynthetic efficiency","authors":"Linxiong Mao , Qingfeng Song , Ming Li , Xinyu Liu , Zai Shi , Faming Chen , Gen-yun Chen , Huiqiong Zheng , Xin-Guang Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.02.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crope.2023.02.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Improving photosynthetic efficiency has long been considered as an important strategy to increase crop yield. Optimization of antenna size of photosynthetic systems is one strategy to increase plant photosynthetic efficiency. However, applying this strategy to improve photosynthesis received conflicting results, and the reasons behind these conflicts are unclear. In this study, we constructed transgenic rice with amiRNA targeting to <em>YGL1</em>, which encodes a key enzyme of chlorophyll a/b synthesis in chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway, to generate different lines with different leaf chlorophyll contents and antenna sizes to test under what conditions reduction of antenna size can improve photosynthesis. We found that leaf photosynthesis, canopy photosynthesis (A<sub>c</sub>), biomass and grain yield of the heterozygote were not significantly different from those of wild type (WT) while the A<sub>c</sub>, biomass and yield of the homozygote were lower than those of WT. Further, when the maximal quantum yield of photosystem II (F<sub>v</sub>/F<sub>m</sub>) was larger than 0.8, decreasing antenna size by reducing chlorophyll biosynthesis didn't affect leaf photosynthesis. In view of this phenomenon, we proposed that the accumulation of protoporphyrin and the reduced photoprotection capacity might be the cause of the decrease in F<sub>v</sub>/F<sub>m</sub> and A<sub>c</sub>. Therefore, this study shows that reduction of antenna size by inhibiting chlorophyll synthesis can lead to improved light distribution and photosystem efficiency, as long as photodamage and photobleaching can be avoided to maintain the photosystem II efficiency. The double-edged sword effect of inhibiting chlorophyll synthesis on photosynthetic efficiency should be considered when the antenna size is manipulated to gain higher photosynthesis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"2 1","pages":"Pages 46-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49708410","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xiangyu Hu , Mengjuan Ma , Zhenbiao Huang , Zhijian Wu , Binfeng Su , Zuohong Wen , Youqiang Fu , Junfeng Pan , Yanzhuo Liu , Rui Hu , Meijuan Li , Kaiming Liang , Xuhua Zhong
{"title":"Progress and challenges of rice ratooning technology in Guangdong Province, China","authors":"Xiangyu Hu , Mengjuan Ma , Zhenbiao Huang , Zhijian Wu , Binfeng Su , Zuohong Wen , Youqiang Fu , Junfeng Pan , Yanzhuo Liu , Rui Hu , Meijuan Li , Kaiming Liang , Xuhua Zhong","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.01.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crope.2023.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mechanized ratoon rice has the advantages of low labor requirement, low costs, and high profit. In 1970s scientists and technicians in Guangdong made intensive efforts on the research and extension of cultivation technique of traditional manual-harvested ratoon rice. Recently substantial progresses in the development of low-stubble mechanized rice ratooning technology have been achieved as follows: (1) Suitable cultivars, such as Meixiangzhan2 and Qingxiangyou132, with high ratooning ability for ratoon rice system have been identified; (2) Studies revealed that the ratooning ability of rice was significantly related to the crop traits at grain-filling stage of main crop such as light transmission ratio, root activity, leaf SPAD value attenuation, and culm and sheath weight stem<sup>−1</sup>; (3) Fertilizer nitrogen (N) management strategy consisting of the late and light application of bud-promoting N and the heavy application of tiller-promoting N and panicle-promoting N has been developed. Reasonable water management method including digging surrounding ditch, draining field twice in main crop, and keeping soil wet during the initiation of axillary buds has been established; and (4) Demonstrations of low-stubble mechanized rice ratooning technology were carried out from 2017 to 2022. The ratoon crop yield ranged from 4.10 to 6.92 t ha<sup>−1</sup> and increased year by year. Further efforts should be made on screening or breeding more cultivars suitable for mechanized ratoon rice, better understanding of the mechanisms of initiation of axillary buds and growth of regenerated tillers, and developing combine harvesters with less stubble damage. We believe that as the agro-food system transformation strengthens the mechanized rice ratooning will become one of the promising cropping systems in Guangdong as well as in South China.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"2 1","pages":"Pages 17-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49708429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biodiversity is nature's gift for the survival of the human race: Some reflections","authors":"Gurdev S. Khush","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.02.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crope.2023.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Biodiversity is one of the most used expressions in the biological sciences and has become a household word. Biodiversity is defined as all hereditarily based variation at all levels of organization from genes within a single population or species to the species comprising all or a part of a local community and finally to the communities themselves that compose the living parts of multifarious ecosystems of the world. The study of biodiversity became most important in the areas of systematics, ecology and in related fields of biology. Even physical scientists, geographers and artists were drawn into discussions. The subject has become important and today we have biodiversity science, biodiversity studies as popular disciplines, and a research institute on biodiversity, the so-called <em>Biodiversity International</em>. This review which is based on my personal experiences is aimed at understanding the concept of biodiversity, historical background, including its potential benefits, and emerging complexity involved with the implementation of free germplasm exchanges.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"2 1","pages":"Pages 1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49708266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kun Liu , Shenqi Zhou , Siyu Li , Jun Wang , Weilu Wang , Weiyang Zhang , Hao Zhang , Junfei Gu , Jianchang Yang , Lijun Liu
{"title":"Differences and mechanisms of post-anthesis dry matter accumulation in rice varieties with different yield levels","authors":"Kun Liu , Shenqi Zhou , Siyu Li , Jun Wang , Weilu Wang , Weiyang Zhang , Hao Zhang , Junfei Gu , Jianchang Yang , Lijun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2022.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2022.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Post-anthesis dry matter accumulation (PDMA) plays an important role in yield, but the differences and mechanisms of PDMA among rice varieties with different yield levels are still unclear. Field experiments were conducted using six rice varieties with medium, high, and super high yield levels selected to not only analyze the relationship between PDMA and yield but also compare the physiological indexes among different varieties. The effects of grain fertilizer on PDMA and yield were also observed. PDMA and apparent transferred mass of non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) in stems from heading to maturity were significantly positively correlated with yield. The physiological indexes (root oxidation activity, zeatin + zeatin riboside contents in roots and leaves, and leaf photosynthetic rate) at 0–20 days after anthesis (DAA) of super high-yielding varieties were significantly higher than those of medium-yielding and high-yielding varieties. In addition, the α-amylase activity in stems at 30–50 DAA of super high-yielding varieties was significantly higher than other varieties. Compared with no grain fertilizer application rate (GFAR), the GFAR for maximum yield and yield increase of super high-yielding varieties were higher than other varieties. The above physiological indexes at 10–20 DAA were increased under GFAR at 54 kg ha<sup>−1</sup>. The α-amylase activity at 30–50 DAA was inhibited under GFAR at 81 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> that hindered NSC translocation, resulting in decreased yield. Our results indicated that higher PDMA and NSC translocation were the crucial characteristics that benefited the yield formation of super high-yielding rice varieties.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"1 4","pages":"Pages 262-272"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773126X22000508/pdfft?md5=04c1d1829e6ee0c29b0db142f074285c&pid=1-s2.0-S2773126X22000508-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83415736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}