Crop and Environment最新文献

{"title":"Transformations in Argentinean soybean systems: Recent changes, challenges, and opportunities","authors":"Guido Di Mauro ,&nbsp;José F. Andrade ,&nbsp;Diego H. Rotili ,&nbsp;Santiago Alvarez Prado","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2025.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2025.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We reviewed the historical agronomic shifts that made Argentina a major soybean producer and discussed some of the current challenges and opportunities to further increase soybean production. The early high adoption rate of this crop was a result of the combination of high relative soybean prices with low production costs and effectively developed technologies that simplified farm activities such as no-till sowing and the use of glyphosate-resistant cultivars. Decades of agronomic research have helped adjust management practices to suit different rainfed environments across Argentina. Despite these efforts, a substantial gap between the rainfed yield potential and current farmer yield remains. Further improvements via crop structure adjustment would require a better understanding of temporal weather variations. Additional possibilities for yield gap reduction rely on improvements in fertilization practices. At present, only half of the soybean area is fertilized, and fertilizer rates are typically below the crop demand driven by an unfavorable grain/fertilizer price ratio. While there is still work to be done to narrow the soybean yield gaps via yield-protecting practices, further progress in genetic yield potential is also desirable. Additionally, a faster adoption rate of newly released cultivars could further increase yield gains. Finally, the extensive adoption of soybean has revealed that fields frequently growing soybean experience soil degradation and lower crop yields. Diversifying rotations with cereal crops is crucial to prevent these issues. All these aspects are relevant to both local and global soybean production, considering the significant role that Argentina is expected to play in the coming years.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 130-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144212936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foliar application of zinc oxide nanoparticles improved yield and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline content in fragrant rice under salt stress","authors":"Lin Li ,&nbsp;Zheng Huang ,&nbsp;Zhenxiang Zhou,&nbsp;Ye Tao,&nbsp;Yicheng Zhang,&nbsp;Yixue Mu,&nbsp;Shu Wu,&nbsp;Lixiao Nie","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2025.03.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2025.03.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Exogenous application of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) has been shown to increase the stress resistance of crops, however, its effects on the yield and 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) content of fragrant rice under salt stress remain unclear. The present study investigated the effects of foliar application of ZnO NPs on the yield and 2-AP content of fragrant rice under salt stress. The experiment involved two fragrant rice varieties, i.e. Ruanhuayou1179 and Ruanhuayoujinsi, and four levels of ZnO NPs, i.e. spraying water (CK), 100 ​mg ​L⁻¹ (NP1), 200 ​mg ​L⁻¹ (NP2), and 400 ​mg ​L⁻¹ (NP3), with 0.3​% (5 ​dS ​m⁻¹) saltwater, (a mixture of freshwater and seawater). The results demonstrated that the NP1 treatment exhibited the highest yield for both fragrant rice varieties among all treatments, primarily due to an increase in grain number per panicle and grain filling rate. Furthermore, compared with CK, the NP1 treatment significantly enhanced aboveground biomass, chlorophyll content, and potassium ion content in the leaves while reducing malondialdehyde content. Compared with CK, the NP1, NP2, and NP3 treatments significantly increased 2-AP content of both fragrant rice varieties by 46.23–46.67​%, 31.66–43.99​%, and 21.72–39.31​%, respectively, mainly due to increased levels of leaf proline, Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate, 1-pyridine, and methylglyoxal contents. The NP1 treatment also upregulated the 2-AP synthesis enzymes and their gene expression (such as ornithine aminotransferase, diamine oxidase, and Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase) in comparison with CK. In conclusion, foliar application of 100 ​mg ​L⁻¹ ZnO NPs proved to be the most effective in enhancing both yield and 2-AP content in fragrant rice under salt stress.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 107-117"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144166707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Drought priming-induced low temperature stress tolerance in wheat: insight into stress memory dynamics","authors":"Yi Wang,&nbsp;Lihao Zheng,&nbsp;Jiamin Song,&nbsp;Jian Cai,&nbsp;Qin Zhou,&nbsp;Yingxin Zhong,&nbsp;Dong Jiang,&nbsp;Xiao Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2025.03.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2025.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Drought priming is a promising strategy for enhancing plant tolerance to low temperature stress. However, the underlying stress memory mechanisms linking priming to subsequent stress responses remain understood. Here, we integrated physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses to identify key stress memory genes or metabolites associated with priming-induced low temperature tolerance in wheat. Our results demonstrated that drought priming significantly improved cold tolerance by enhancing leaf photosynthesis, mitigating oxidative damage, and promoting osmolyte accumulation. These physiological advantages were tightly linked to transcriptional reprogramming of carbohydrate metabolism, antioxidant defense, and hormone signaling pathways, suggesting that drought priming establishes a long-term molecular and metabolic memory that enhances stress tolerance. During stress memory maintenance, primed plants sustained elevated expression of genes related to reactive oxygen species homeostasis, ethylene and brassinosteroid biosynthesis, and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) catabolism, along with increased accumulation of abscisic acid glucosyl ester (ABA-GE). Additionally, primed plants exhibited higher expression of genes associated with carbon, nitrogen, and energy metabolism while downregulating secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes, optimizing their metabolic state for future stress adaptation. Upon stress retriggering, primed plants rapidly activated ABA, IAA, and Ca²⁺ signaling pathways, upregulated antioxidant enzyme and sugar biosynthetic genes, and accumulated polyunsaturated fatty acids, lipids, and specific secondary metabolites, facilitating a swift and effective response to low temperature stress. These findings provide critical insights into the molecular and metabolic basis of stress memory in wheat, offering valuable genetic and biochemical targets for breeding climate-resilient crops and developing strategies to mitigate the impact of environmental stresses.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 118-129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144166722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Insights into the potential of potato production across Europe","authors":"Marloes P. van Loon ,&nbsp;Seyyedmajid Alimagham ,&nbsp;Isaac K. Abuley ,&nbsp;Hendrik Boogaard ,&nbsp;Dominika Boguszewska-Mańkowska ,&nbsp;Jose I. Ruiz de Galarreta ,&nbsp;Edwin H. Geling ,&nbsp;Oleksii Kryvobok ,&nbsp;Oleksandr Kryvoshein ,&nbsp;Gorka Landeras ,&nbsp;Natsumi Okuda ,&nbsp;Bruno Parisi ,&nbsp;Cezary Trawczyński ,&nbsp;Krystyna Zarzyńska ,&nbsp;Martin K. van Ittersum","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2025.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2025.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Europe is an important potato producer, showing a strong decline in areas and increases in yield over the past decades, but with large regional differences. This study aims to characterise current European potato production by analysing yields, revealing yield gaps (Yg), and assessing key factors that explain actual (Ya) and potential yields (Yw, for rainfed systems; Yp, for irrigated systems). We selected 13 key potato producing countries, jointly accounting for 90​% of the European potato area. Local data were used to simulate Yw and Yp, while Ya was retrieved from sub-national statistics. Then, we analysed main factors affecting yields using boundary line analysis on nitrogen input and crop water availability. Results showed that European potato production on current acreage can increase by 55​% when yields would increase to 80​% of their potential. The largest potential production gains featured in eastern Europe (59​% Yg, 59​% of potato area), thereafter western Europe (32​% Yg, 25​% of potato area), and smallest gains in northern and southern Europe (43​% and 45​% Yg, with relatively small acreages of 9​% and 6​%, respectively). Our analysis revealed that nitrogen input was a limiting factor in eastern Europe, while we found substantial overuse in some western European countries. Under rainfed conditions, water was the main limiting factor in relatively few potato cultivation areas. In irrigated areas, e.g. in southern Europe, irrigation water requirements to approach Yp are large, which becomes increasingly challenging. Insights from this study can be used to guide future development and innovation in potato cultivation across Europe.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 97-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144166702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulating crop yields and water productivity for three cotton-based cropping systems in the Texas High Plains","authors":"Bishnu Ghimire ,&nbsp;Oluwatola Adedeji ,&nbsp;Glen L. Ritchie ,&nbsp;Wenxuan Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2025.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2025.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Implementing appropriate cropping systems suited to specific soil types and climatic conditions is crucial for improving crop yield and conserving water in semi-arid environments. The Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) was applied to simulate crop yields of cotton, sorghum, and winter wheat across three cropping systems, including continuous cotton, cotton–sorghum, and cotton–wheat. Simulations were conducted for 48 fields with various soil types across six counties in the Texas High Plains, spanning growing seasons from 2000 to 2022. Cotton water productivity, derived from DSSAT-simulated cotton yield and crop evapotranspiration (ET), was compared among these cropping systems. The DSSAT demonstrated good performance (R² ​≥ ​0.79, nRMSE ​≤ ​15.74%, and d-index ​≥ ​0.95) in predicting yields of cotton, sorghum, and winter wheat. The CROPGRO-Cotton model showed slightly better accuracy in predicting cotton yield under the continuous cotton system than under the cotton–sorghum and cotton–wheat systems. Model performance was similar across different soil types, with slightly higher accuracy in fine-textured soils such as clay loam (R² ​≥ ​0.84, MAPE ​= ​12.35, and d-index ​= ​0.95) than in other soils (R² ​≤ ​0.82, MAPE ​≥ ​13.76, and d-index ​≤ ​0.94). Additionally, the model performance varied by season, showing high accuracy in years with adequate precipitation but generally underpredicting cotton yields in drought seasons. Among the three cropping systems, cotton yield and water productivity were the highest for the cotton–sorghum system (6.3 ​kg ​ha⁻¹ ​mm⁻¹), followed by the cotton–wheat and continuous cotton systems. Overall, the DSSAT models effectively captured the effects of management practices, soil types, and growing seasons in predicting crop yield and crop water productivity across three cotton-based cropping systems. The findings provide valuable information for decision support in adopting cropping systems across various soil types and environmental conditions, fostering sustainable agriculture and water conservation in semi-arid regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 83-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144089416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coordinating yield and quality formation of wheat through post-anthesis nitrogen spraying","authors":"Jie Ren ,&nbsp;Haoran Li ,&nbsp;Chunsheng Yao ,&nbsp;Zhen Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhimin Wang ,&nbsp;Zhigan Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhencai Sun ,&nbsp;Xubo Zhang ,&nbsp;Yinghua Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2024.12.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2024.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is a challenge to maintain high yields while improving grain quality of wheat under limited water and nitrogen supply conditions. To achieve a simultaneous improvement of yield and quality, a field trial was conducted from 2021 to 2023. Treatments with different timings (5, 10, and 15 ​d after anthesis) and frequencies of spraying nitrogen (1, 2, and 3 times) were set up after anthesis under a water-saving cultivation system. Spraying nitrogen after anthesis significantly increased grain yield and protein content by 4.99% and 6.00%, respectively. The increase in grain yield was mainly due to the improvement in grain weight, which was attributed to increased grain filling and starch synthesis. Spraying nitrogen once at 15 ​d after anthesis (T_{15 D}) was optimal. T_{15 D} treatment increased the photosynthetic pigment content and the enzyme activities of carbon and nitrogen metabolism of the flag leaves. T_{15 D} increased the pre-anthesis nitrogen remobilization to grains by 4.71%–9.06% compared to the other spraying treatments, and promoted the accumulation of nitrogen in the grains. Moreover, T_{15 D} optimized the protein composition of the grains and improved processing quality at maturity. In conclusion, spraying nitrogen at 15 ​d after anthesis may be an effective measure to simultaneously improve the yield and quality of winter wheat under a water-saving cultivation system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 45-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143510706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The response of greenhouse gas emissions, crop yield, and soil health to water scarcity and biochar application in rice cultivation","authors":"Patikorn Sriphirom ,&nbsp;Rattapon Onchang ,&nbsp;Benjamas Rossopa ,&nbsp;Amnat Chidthaisong","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2024.12.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2024.12.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Projected climate change impacts, such as delayed rainfall and increased drought frequency, threaten rice cultivation and global food security. This study evaluated the effects of water scarcity at critical growth stages and biochar application on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, yield, and soil health in Central Thailand using the drought-tolerant cultivar Pathum Thani 1. Treatments included continuous flooding and water scarcity during tillering, reproductive, or both stages, with and without biochar, across wet and dry seasons. Water scarcity significantly reduced methane (CH₄) emissions by inhibiting hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis (<em>Methanocella</em>) and acetoclastic methanogenesis (GOM Arc I of <em>Methanosarcinales</em>) but increased nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions via enhanced nitrification. Despite higher N₂O emissions, total GHG emissions, expressed as the global warming potential (GWP), were lower under water-scarce conditions than under continuous flooding, with reductions of 27.1%, 43.0%, and 58.1% during tillering, reproductive, and both stages, respectively. Water scarcity during tillering stage maintained yield, whereas water scarcity during reproductive stage caused a significant reduction in yield. Biochar amendment further mitigated GHG emissions, improved yield by 12.2%, and enhanced soil health by increasing soil pH, nutrient availability, and soil organic carbon sequestration. Its high porosity and surface area also suppressed methanogenesis and reduced N₂O formation while improving nutrient use efficiency. The strategic use of water restrictions during tillering, combined with biochar, provides a sustainable approach to mitigate GHG emissions, optimize water use, and sustain soil health and productivity. In resource-limited scenarios, prioritizing tillering-stage water scarcity over biochar application is recommended because of its greater GHG mitigation potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 57-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143512305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Differences and similarities between japonica and indica rice cultivars in the response of grain quality to free-air CO2 enrichment","authors":"Shaowu Hu ,&nbsp;Guizhi Shi ,&nbsp;Yunxia Wang ,&nbsp;Bo Gao ,&nbsp;Liquan Jing ,&nbsp;Xinyu Chen ,&nbsp;Fei Xiong ,&nbsp;Jianguo Zhu ,&nbsp;Yulong Wang ,&nbsp;Jianye Huang ,&nbsp;Lianxin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2025.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2025.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Selecting high-yielding rice cultivars with superior quality under a changing climate is of particular importance for ensuring future food security. In this field experiment, <em>japonica</em> rice Wuyunjing27 (WYJ27) and <em>indica</em> rice Yangdao6 (YD6) displaying low and high yield enhancement at elevated CO₂ (eCO₂), respectively, were compared in their grain quality responses to free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE). Grains located at apical primary rachis (superior spikelets, SS) and at proximal secondary rachis (inferior spikelets, IS) were separately investigated in their responses to eCO₂ because of the asynchronous grain development in rice panicles. Significant quality declines were found in SS of WYJ27, including increased chalky grains and decreased protein and amino acid concentration; in contrast, YD6 was less affected by eCO₂ in these traits. Grain quality of IS of both cultivars was less affected by eCO₂, which might be associated with improved grain ripening, as shown by the reduced proportions of immature grains at harvest. Gel consistency and peak, hot, and final viscosities in the starch rapid visco analyzer profile were increased by eCO₂ when averaged across SS and IS of the two cultivars, indicating enhanced stickiness of cooked rice. For nutrient compositions, only grain sulfur concentration was reduced by eCO₂, while the concentrations of other mineral elements and phytic acid were unchanged when averaged across SS and IS of the two cultivars. These results indicate that <em>indica</em> rice with higher yield increase from eCO₂ displayed less quality deterioration, but the underlying mechanisms need further investigation in order to breed rice with both high yield and good quality in eCO₂ environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"4 2","pages":"Pages 73-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143886327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adaptation of cuticle metabolism to abiotic stress in plants","authors":"Peimin Zhao ,&nbsp;Qianqian Li ,&nbsp;Yang Lei ,&nbsp;Jitao Zou ,&nbsp;Qiang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2025.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2025.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cuticle, primarily composed of waxes and cutin polyesters, is a hydrophobic layer that covers the surfaces of plant tissues, evolving as physiological and biochemical adaptations to diverse environments. This layer acts as a diffusion barrier, preventing water loss and protecting plants against various biotic and abiotic stresses. Cuticular lipids, the major constituents of the cuticle, are complex mixtures of fatty acids and their derivatives. The biosynthesis, secretion, and assembly of these lipophilic metabolites are governed by multiple genes and intricately coordinated molecular networks that respond to developmental signals and various environmental stimuli. Advances in plant genetics and analytical techniques have greatly expanded our understanding of the biochemical composition and diverse functions of plant cuticles. This review provides an overview of the cuticle metabolism, with an emphasis on its role in abiotic stress adaptation in crops.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 38-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genotypic adaptation to soil water deficit in rice - a comparison of desirable traits for aerobic production and lowland drought resistance","authors":"Shu Fukai,&nbsp;Jaquie Mitchell","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2024.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2024.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rainfed lowland rice and aerobic rice are two contrasting cropping systems that differ greatly in their growing environment, water management, and yield level. Rainfed lowland rice is a common cropping system in tropical Asia and the crop is grown in a paddy field with standing water during some of the growing season producing a grain yield of up to 3–6 ​t ​ha⁻¹. In contrast, aerobic rice is commonly irrigated, has no standing water in the field, and is being developed as a water-saving technology in temperate and subtropical areas with yield of up to 6–10 ​t ​ha⁻¹. However, both rainfed lowland and aerobic rice commonly experience soil water deficit during growth, and genotypic adaptation to water deficit is required to produce high yield. This review describes how soil water deficit affects rice growth and yield and aims to identify traits required for lowland and aerobic rice in their adaptation to soil water deficit and ways to achieve yield improvement. Some common traits are found to be desirable in both cropping systems, including low canopy temperature and well-developed root systems at soil depth. While aerobic rice is shown to require high stomatal conductance with high stomatal density to minimise potential photosynthetic losses due to CO₂ transport limitation, it appears desirable for rainfed lowland rice to adopt conservative water use and not consume soil water too quickly with adaptation mechanisms such as reduced stomatal density. This review concludes with several suggestions to improve grain yield in both rainfed lowland and aerobic rice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 23-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143402675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}