Crop and Environment最新文献

{"title":"Genotypic adaptation to soil water deficit in rice - a comparison of desirable traits for aerobic production and lowland drought resistance","authors":"Shu Fukai,&nbsp;Jaquie Mitchell","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2024.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2024.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rainfed lowland rice and aerobic rice are two contrasting cropping systems that differ greatly in their growing environment, water management, and yield level. Rainfed lowland rice is a common cropping system in tropical Asia and the crop is grown in a paddy field with standing water during some of the growing season producing a grain yield of up to 3–6 ​t ​ha⁻¹. In contrast, aerobic rice is commonly irrigated, has no standing water in the field, and is being developed as a water-saving technology in temperate and subtropical areas with yield of up to 6–10 ​t ​ha⁻¹. However, both rainfed lowland and aerobic rice commonly experience soil water deficit during growth, and genotypic adaptation to water deficit is required to produce high yield. This review describes how soil water deficit affects rice growth and yield and aims to identify traits required for lowland and aerobic rice in their adaptation to soil water deficit and ways to achieve yield improvement. Some common traits are found to be desirable in both cropping systems, including low canopy temperature and well-developed root systems at soil depth. While aerobic rice is shown to require high stomatal conductance with high stomatal density to minimise potential photosynthetic losses due to CO₂ transport limitation, it appears desirable for rainfed lowland rice to adopt conservative water use and not consume soil water too quickly with adaptation mechanisms such as reduced stomatal density. This review concludes with several suggestions to improve grain yield in both rainfed lowland and aerobic rice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 23-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143402675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foliar uniconazole application increases rice lodging resistance by altering stem morphological and anatomical traits","authors":"Wujun Zhang ,&nbsp;Xiujian Duan ,&nbsp;Maoyu Li ,&nbsp;Bin Du ,&nbsp;Zimeng Liang ,&nbsp;Yu Wang ,&nbsp;Yongqun Tang ,&nbsp;Jingyong Li ,&nbsp;Xiong Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2024.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2024.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lodging is a limiting factor for rice production in the Sichuan Basin, China. However, the mechanisms of stem lodging resistance, especially its regulation by plant growth regulators are still unclear. A two-year field study, by using the three foliar application rates of uniconazole with two rice varieties, Yuxiang203 (YX203) and Cliangyouhuazhan (CLYHZ), was conducted to determine stem lodging resistance and its morphological and anatomical mechanisms in rice plants. The results revealed that, compared with 2019, the grain yield in 2020 significantly decreased, while the lodging index (LI) significantly increased. Uniconazole treatment increased the rice yield by 4.6%–11.2% and 2.1%–7.0%, and decreased LI by 21.1%–33.9% and 11.4%–29.6% in YX203 and CLYHZ, respectively. Uniconazole treatment shortened the length of the basal internodes by 19.5%–33.0% (YX203) and 24.7%–40.7% (CLYHZ), resulting in a significant reduction in plant height. Uniconazole treatment increased the mechanical tissue thickness, areas of small and larger vascular bundles, and culm diameter, and further increased the breaking strength of the two varieties. Cell wall components, including cellulose and lignin, were increased by foliar application of uniconazole, thereby creating denser sclerenchyma cells and increasing the thickness of the mechanical tissue and area of the vascular bundle. These results suggest that the application of uniconazole enhances stem mechanical strength via increased mechanical tissue thickness and larger areas of small and large vascular bundles, thereby improving the lodging resistance of rice plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143395136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increasing seedling number alleviates the adverse effects of warming on grain yield and reduces greenhouse gas emission in late-season rice","authors":"Ruoyu Xiong ,&nbsp;Longmei Wu ,&nbsp;Xiaozhe Bao ,&nbsp;Bin Zhang ,&nbsp;Liming Cao ,&nbsp;Taotao Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2024.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2024.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the adverse effects of warming on late-season rice, we investigated the impact of increasing the number of seedlings on rice yield, quality, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions under canopy warming conditions using the free-air temperature increase (FATI) system. Three treatments were implemented: ambient temperature with two seedlings hill^-1 (CKS1), canopy warming with two seedlings hill^-1 (WS1), and canopy warming with four seedlings hill^-1 (WS2). FATI increased rice canopy temperature and soil temperature by an average of 1.9–2.2°C and 0.6–0.8°C, respectively, over the two years. The yield in WS1 was significantly reduced by 10.1%–12.1% compared with CKS1, which was attributed to a significant decrease in total spikelets m^-2 and spikelets panicle^-1, despite a notable increase in filled grains in 2023. However, WS2 demonstrated no significant change in yield compared with CKS1. Analysis of yield components revealed that WS2 exhibited significantly higher panicles m^-² than CKS1, while the spikelets panicle^-1 were significantly lower than CKS1. No significant changes were observed in grain weight and processing and appearance qualities. Compared with that under CKS1, CH₄ was significantly reduced under WS2 treatment in both years, and the global warming potential (GWP) and GHG intensity (GHGI) showed a decrease, with notable differences observed in 2022. Therefore, increasing the number of seedlings hill^-1 can alleviate the negative impacts of canopy warming on grain yield and reduce GHG emissions in late-season rice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"4 1","pages":"Pages 14-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143395057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Light condition during grain-filling stage of main crop strongly influences ratooning ability of low-stubble ratoon rice","authors":"Xiangyu Hu ,&nbsp;Boyu Yan ,&nbsp;Yanzhuo Liu ,&nbsp;Mengjuan Ma ,&nbsp;Junfeng Pan ,&nbsp;Youqiang Fu ,&nbsp;Rui Hu ,&nbsp;Meijuan Li ,&nbsp;Xinyu Wang ,&nbsp;Qunhuan Ye ,&nbsp;Yuanhong Yin ,&nbsp;Kaiming Liang ,&nbsp;Xuhua Zhong","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2024.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2024.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Compared with high-stubble ratoon rice (RR), low-stubble RR is superior in yield potential, grain quality, and economic benefit. However, the unstable ratooning ability limits the grain yield of low-stubble RR production. Light condition during the grain-filling stage of main crop (GFMC) may be important for rice ratooning. To elucidate the role of light condition during GFMC in affecting ratooning ability, the key response periods, and their underlying mechanisms, field experiments were conducted using two <em>indica</em> cultivars in 2021 and 2022. To create varied light conditions at the canopy base during GFMC, two planting density treatments combining three nitrogen (N) treatments were established in 2021, and three density treatments combining two N treatments and four shading treatments were established in 2022 for the main crop. Light intensity (LI), light quality as reflected by the ratio of red light/far red light (R/FR), and light transmission ratio (LTR) at the canopy base during GFMC, and ratooning ability were dramatically altered by N fertilization but not by planting density. With increased N application, LTR, root bleeding rate, and maximum ratooning rate significantly decreased in 2021. In 2022, low N rate increased LI, R/FR, and maximum ratooning rate by 155.7–241.4%, 47.4–65.3%, and 15.6–27.5%, respectively, but reduced missing hill percentage (proportion of hills without regenerated tillers to the total number of hills) by 30.0–62.1% compared with high N rate. The missing hill percentage was negatively correlated with the indices of light condition, while the maximum ratooning rate was positively correlated with them for both cultivars. Root activity and the ratios of abscisic acid (ABA) to cytokinins (CTK), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and IAA ​+ ​CTK could explain the effect of light condition during GFMC on ratooning ability. Shading experiment confirmed the effect of light condition on ratooning ability and further revealed that only shading during middle and late GFMC affected ratooning ability. These findings provide new insights into the regulation of ratooning ability, which are useful for developing management practices to increase the grain yield and yield stability of low-stubble RR.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"3 4","pages":"Pages 213-222"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142650799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative assessment of polymer-coated and non-coated urea in direct-seeded rice: agronomic, economic, and environmental performance and sensitivity analysis","authors":"Mari Namikawa ,&nbsp;Miyuki Nakajima ,&nbsp;Maya Matsunami ,&nbsp;Toshihiro Hasegawa","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2024.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2024.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of polymer-coated urea (PCU) to crops is likely restricted because the product's capsules cause plastic pollution. Although conventional fertilizer use reduces plastic pollution, it may increase nitrogen (N) pollution owing to its lower N recovery than that of PCU. Therefore, we need to develop optimal N application methods to reduce both plastic and N pollution. Here, we aimed to (1) compare the agronomic, economic, and environmental outcomes of PCU application with those of conventional urea application and (2) provide quantitative targets for developing alternatives to PCU application in dry direct-seeded rice production. We developed a model incorporating yield, brown-rice protein content, farmer profit, and environmental damage cost due to N and polymer losses according to N fertilizer application. Data were collected from field experiments at a farm in Iwate, Japan from 2020 to 2022. The average apparent N recovery was 0.43 for PCU and 0.37 for conventional urea. Despite the plastic damage cost, the estimated total environmental cost of PCU was lower than that of normal urea owing to the former's higher N recovery. However, our ability to simulate plastic pollution is limited, as few of the environmental effects of microplastics are understood. If new N application methods with N recovery above 0.5 are developed, an N fertilization cost within $5 ​× ​10⁻³ ​g⁻¹ ​N can maintain the same benefit as that obtained in the current simulation. This model can be used to evaluate the quantitative relationships among N recovery, benefits, and implementation costs of each candidate N application method.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"3 4","pages":"Pages 223-232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142720258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Enhancing maize radiation use efficiency under high planting density by shaping canopy architecture with a plant growth regulator” [Crop and Environ Volume 3 (Issue 1) (March 2024) Pages 51–63]","authors":"Guanmin Huang,&nbsp;Yuling Guo,&nbsp;Weiming Tan,&nbsp;Mingcai Zhang,&nbsp;Zhaohu Li,&nbsp;Yuyi Zhou,&nbsp;Liusheng Duan","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2024.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2024.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"3 3","pages":"Page 185"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773126X24000182/pdfft?md5=d6daf8d84247bbe737246a759509e9c5&pid=1-s2.0-S2773126X24000182-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142039697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response of seed vigor to experimental warming in a double rice cropping system","authors":"Shiqi Yang ,&nbsp;Taotao Yang ,&nbsp;Ruoyu Xiong ,&nbsp;Xueming Tan ,&nbsp;Yongjun Zeng ,&nbsp;Xiaohua Pan ,&nbsp;Yanhua Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2024.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2024.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate warming affects rice seed vigor during ripening, which plays a crucial role in seed quality. However, the actual response of rice seed vigor to warming is still unclear. In this study, seeds after warming treatment in a double rice cropping system were used to determine seed vigor and related physiological traits during germination. Warming treatment significantly improved the germination index (GI), seed vigor index (VI), and seedling dry weight (SDW) for the late-season rice seeds but had no effect on hull thickness, grain weight, and starch and protein contents for both early- and late-season rice seeds, and these parameters were highly associated with germination rate, GI, VI, and SDW. Warming treatment increased gibberellin (GA) content and α-amylase and β-amylase activities in endosperm and coleoptile in both seasons during the later stage of germination, reaching a significant level on the 7^th d. Moreover, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content was consistently increased in the coleoptile but decreased in the endosperm in response to warming, and warming did not affect zeatin content. These results suggest that future global warming will improve rice seed vigor by regulating the synthesis of endogenous hormones and amylases, especially in the late-season rice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"3 4","pages":"Pages 194-202"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142423922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photorespiration in plant adaptation to environmental changes","authors":"Zhisheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Guohui Zhu ,&nbsp;Xinxiang Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2024.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2024.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photorespiration begins with the oxygenation reaction catalyzed by 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and serves as a repair pathway for carbon retrieval by converting 2-phosphoglycolate to 3-phosphogly-cerate allowing plants to thrive in an oxygen-rich environment. Photorespiration metabolism is intimately linked to plant primary metabolism, particularly carbon and nitrogen assimilation, and cellular redox equilibrium, and such interactions are dynamically regulated by environmental changes. Although the basic genetics and biochemistry of photorespiration have been well characterized, it is still essential to further improve our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of photorespiration and the roles in responding to changing environments, which are required for the future genetic manipulation of photorespiration. Here, we summarize recent progress regarding the evolutionary aspects of photorespiration and its multifaceted regulation, highlighting its intricate interactions with environmental CO₂, light, and nitrogen nutrition. This review provides a comprehensive perspective on the functional implications of photorespiration for plants to adapt to the environment and opens new avenues for our in-depth exploration of photorespiration to develop better strategies to enhance plant productivity and adaptability in the face of changing environmental conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"3 4","pages":"Pages 203-212"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141843405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving photosynthetic efficiency in fluctuating light to enhance yield of C3 and C4 crops","authors":"Yu Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2024.06.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2024.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Photosynthetic adaptations to light fluctuations do not occur instantaneously, leading to reduced carbon gain and lower productivity in agricultural crops. Enhancing the rapidity of photosynthetic responses to these fluctuations could potentially increase carbon assimilation by 13–32%, indicating a substantial opportunity for yield improvement of major crops. Most crops can be categorized into C₃ or C₄ crops by their photosynthetic pathways. This review provides a comparative overview of the photosynthetic responses of both C₃ and C₄ crops to light fluctuations, highlighting the unique and shared challenges for these two photosynthetic pathways. In C₃ crops, fast adjustments in non-photochemical quenching, stomatal and mesophyll conductance, and Rubisco activation are essential for optimizing photosynthesis under variable light conditions. In contrast, C₄ crops, including maize, sorghum, and sugarcane, benefit from their carbon concentration mechanism under high light conditions but face challenges in coordinating the C₄ and Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycles. Strategies to enhance the activation of pyruvate phosphate dikinase and Rubisco, as well as to improve electron transport capacity and flexibility, could markedly boost the photosynthetic efficiency and productivity. Through a detailed understanding of the distinct mechanisms involved in C₃ and C₄ photosynthesis, this review underscores the need for tailored strategies to optimize the photosynthetic efficiency specific to each crop type. Exploring and leveraging these differences is crucial for propelling agricultural productivity forward.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"3 4","pages":"Pages 184-193"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142322672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variability in the responses of rice ecotypes to elevated CO2 based on data from FACE studies in China and Japan: Implications for climate change adaptation","authors":"Weilu Wang ,&nbsp;Xiaowu Yan ,&nbsp;Yunxia Han ,&nbsp;Weiyang Zhang ,&nbsp;Hao Zhang ,&nbsp;Lijun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2024.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2024.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Elevated CO₂ increases rice yields, and the response level varies across locations and genotypes. Previous analyses of genotypic variations from diverse Free-Air CO₂ Enrichment (FACE) studies lacked specificity, limiting their applicability in simulating the responses of crop growth to elevated CO₂. Using meta-analysis approach and the ORYZA (v3) model with historical and projected climatic data, this study evaluated the differences in the responses of rice ecotypes to elevated CO₂ and identified adaptive measures. Meta-analytical findings indicated that Chinese inbred <em>indica</em> (<em>indica</em>_i) and hybrid <em>indica</em> (<em>indica</em>_h) rice exhibited comparable yield response rates (28.4% and 31.1%, respectively) to elevated CO₂, surpassing those of Chinese <em>japonica</em> rice and Japanese <em>indica</em>_i and <em>japonica</em> rice. Achieving higher adaptation to elevated CO₂, exemplified by Chinese <em>indica</em>_h rice, necessitates the consideration of balanced yield components, with individual contributions to yield responses ranging from 9.8% to 36.2%. This study highlighted the susceptibility of <em>japonica</em> rice to adverse effects of maximum temperatures on yield component responses to elevated CO₂ compared to <em>indica</em>_i or <em>indica</em>_h rice. Strategic adjustments in sowing dates can enhance rice production under climate change, with high-response genotypes benefiting more from optimal sowing periods. Furthermore, for genotypes with less responsiveness to elevated CO₂, augmenting nitrogen application in conjunction with sowing date adjustments was beneficial for yield optimization. This research not only advances our understanding of the diverse adaptation strategies of rice genotypes under varying climatic conditions but also enhances the precision of crop growth simulations by accounting for the varied responses to CO₂ enrichment. These insights are pivotal for developing targeted breeding and management practices aimed at enhancing climate resilience in rice production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"3 4","pages":"Pages 171-183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773126X24000236/pdfft?md5=3dedfe8cd71e1fff10383957f2355433&pid=1-s2.0-S2773126X24000236-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142230374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}