Crop and Environment最新文献

{"title":"Grain yield and protein concentration relationships in rice","authors":"Shu Fukai,&nbsp;Jaquie Mitchell","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Grain protein concentration (GPC) is an important aspect of rice grain quality, which contributes to nutritional intake requirements; however, high GPC may also reduce eating quality. Both GPC and grain yield (GY) are greatly affected by nitrogen (N) management, and GPC is strongly linked to GY through shared N pathways. This review aims to determine how GPC in rice is affected under different growing conditions and crop management options and how varieties differ in GPC under different conditions and to identify the link between GPC and GY. It highlights the importance of total N uptake by the crop and that GPC gradually increases with the N application rate up to an optimum at which GY reaches a maximum. While GY varies greatly depending on the growing conditions, GPC tends to be maintained within a relatively narrow range. When a number of genotypes are compared, there is often an inverse relationship between GY and GPC, with a mean reduction in GPC of 0.46 percentage point for each 1.0 ​t ​ha⁻¹ increase in GY. However, the balance between GY and GPC is altered based on the genotype's capacity to both take up N from the soil and distribute it to grain, including its ability to translocate N from vegetative organs to growing grain. The balance varies greatly among genotypes, as demonstrated in the case of hybrids, where GY is often higher but GPC is lower compared with inbred varieties. The review concludes with the identification of future research efforts to further understand the GY–GPC relationship.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"3 1","pages":"Pages 12-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773126X23000679/pdfft?md5=83567ebfaafc3dcdbfeaa878affc5516&pid=1-s2.0-S2773126X23000679-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139292858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensor-based measurements of NDVI in small grain and corn fields by tractor, drone, and satellite platforms","authors":"Jarrod O. Miller ,&nbsp;Pinki Mondal ,&nbsp;Manan Sarupria","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The use of sensors for variable rate nitrogen (VRN) applications is transitioning from equipment-based to drone and satellite technologies. However, regional algorithms, initially designed for proximal active sensors, require evaluation for compatibility with remotely sensed reflectance and N-rate predictions. This study observed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data from six small grain and two corn fields over three years. We employed three platforms: tractor-mounted active sensors (T-NDVI), passive multispectral drone (D-NDVI), and satellite (S-NDVI) sensors. Averaged NDVI values were extracted from the as-applied equipment polygons. Correlations between NDVI values from the three platforms were positive and strong, with D-NDVI consistently recording the highest values, particularly in areas with lower plant biomass. This was attributed to D-NDVI's lower soil reflectance and its ability to measure the entire biomass within equipment polygons. For small grains, sensors spaced on equipment booms might not capture accurate biomass in poor-growing and low NDVI regions. Regarding VRN, S-NDVI and D-NDVI occasionally aligned with T-NDVI recommendations but often suggested half the active sensor rate. Final yields showed some correlation with landscape variables, irrespective of N application. This finding suggests the potential use of drone or satellite imagery to provide multiple NDVI maps before application, incorporating expected landscape responses and thereby enhancing VRN effectiveness.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"3 1","pages":"Pages 33-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773126X23000667/pdfft?md5=3ba3b05c2438930e8c905822b186446f&pid=1-s2.0-S2773126X23000667-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139301451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-throughput phenotyping and deep learning to analyze dynamic panicle growth and dissect the genetic architecture of yield formation","authors":"Zedong Geng ,&nbsp;Yunrui Lu ,&nbsp;Lingfeng Duan,&nbsp;Hongfei Chen,&nbsp;Zhihao Wang,&nbsp;Jun Zhang,&nbsp;Zhi Liu,&nbsp;Xianmeng Wang,&nbsp;Ruifang Zhai,&nbsp;Yidan Ouyang,&nbsp;Wanneng Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.10.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.10.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The dynamic growth of shoots and panicles determines the final agronomic traits and yield. However, it is difficult to quantify such dynamics manually for large populations. In this study, based on the high-throughput rice automatic phenotyping platform and deep learning, we developed a novel image analysis pipeline (Panicle-iAnalyzer) to extract image-based traits (i-traits) including 52 panicle and 35 shoot i-traits and tested the system using a recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between Zhenshan 97 and Minghui 63. At the maturity stage, image recognition using a deep learning network (SegFormer) was applied to separate the panicles from the shoot in the image. Eventually, with these obtained i-traits, the yield could be well predicted, and the R² was 0.862. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping was performed using an extra-high density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) bin map. A total of 3,586 time-specific QTLs were identified for the traits and parameters at various time points. Many of the QTLs were repeatedly detected at different time points. We identified the presence of cloned genes, such as <em>TAC1</em>, <em>Ghd7.1</em>, <em>Ghd7</em>, and <em>Hd1</em>, at QTL hotspots and evaluated the magnitude of their effects at different developmental stages. Additionally, this study identified numerous new QTL loci worthy of further investigation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"3 1","pages":"Pages 1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773126X23000655/pdfft?md5=445c557cb20f3124dc4bff230f7412ba&pid=1-s2.0-S2773126X23000655-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136153552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dipping vigorous seedling roots in phosphorus-enriched slurry at transplanting efficiently increases lowland rice yields","authors":"Njato Mickaël Rakotoarisoa ,&nbsp;Yasuhiro Tsujimoto ,&nbsp;Aung Zaw Oo ,&nbsp;Toru Tashiro ,&nbsp;Mana Kano-Nakata ,&nbsp;Hiroshi Ehara","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>P-dipping refers to the placement of phosphorus (P) fertilizer at the root system during transplanting of rice by adhering P-enriched slurry to the seedling roots. This approach is beneficial for smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa who apply small amounts of P to highly P-fixing soils. This study aimed to identify the optimum seedling age for maximizing the impact of P-dipping. Pot experiments revealed that the adhered amounts of slurry to the roots with P-dipping increased in a sigmoidal pattern against seedling age. Correspondingly, the effect of P-dipping on the initial biomass was enlarged with older seedlings in a sigmoidal pattern, increasing slowly during the young seedling age (2.9–4.5 leaves), sharply during the intermediate seedling age (4.5–6.3 leaves), and plateauing during the old seedling age (6.3–7.0 leaves). Combining P-dipping with much older seedlings (&gt; 7.0 leaves) resulted in severe transplanting shock and plant death. On-farm trials on 90 fields in Madagascar demonstrated a significant interaction between seedling age and P treatment on grain yield. The highest yield gains over the control from P-dipping were observed in seedlings with intermediate age (1.0 ​t ​ha⁻¹), followed by old (0.7 ​t ​ha⁻¹) and young (0.6 ​t ​ha⁻¹) seedlings. These results suggested that vigorous and intermediate seedlings with higher slurry adherence than young seedlings and a lower risk of transplanting shock than old seedlings benefited most from P-dipping. This finding provides smallholder farmers with practical knowledge on how to apply the P-dipping more efficiently for achieving improved P management for sustainable rice production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"2 4","pages":"Pages 202-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773126X2300062X/pdfft?md5=1cbffbde11150abcafc3e6d4b6e2d758&pid=1-s2.0-S2773126X2300062X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135809750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-term effects of maize straw return with nitrogen fertilization on ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions in Northeast China","authors":"Minglei Cheng ,&nbsp;Wenjie Zhan ,&nbsp;Zhiming Liu ,&nbsp;Yujun Cao ,&nbsp;Wenwen Wei ,&nbsp;Yanjie Lv ,&nbsp;Lichun Wang ,&nbsp;Yongjun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.10.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.10.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The annual degradation of biological soil health within Northeast China (NC), specifically in the context of spring maize (<em>Zea mays</em> L.) cultivation, has been a growing concern. Improving straw management is a potential strategy to ameliorate this ongoing deterioration. This study aimed to determine the responses of soil gaseous nitrogen (N) losses to deep-plowed maize straw into the surface soil layer. The field experiment was conducted from 2019 to 2021 with six treatments: no straw (S₀N₀), half straw (7.5 ​t ​ha⁻¹, S_0.5N₀), and full straw return (15 ​t ​ha⁻¹, S₁N₀) without N fertilizer; no straw (S₀N₂₀₀), half straw (S_0.5N₂₀₀), and full straw return (S₁N₂₀₀) with 200 ​kg ​N ha⁻¹. The results indicated that the cumulative ammonia (NH₃) volatilization increased by 74.6% and 120.0% in S_0.5N₂₀₀ and S₁N₂₀₀ compared with S₀N₂₀₀, respectively. The cumulative nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions were lower in S_0.5 and S₁ than in S₀ by 48.8% and 45.3%, respectively. The soil NO₃⁻-N content in the 0−80 ​cm layer was reduced by 48.5% and 56.5% in S_0.5 and S₁, respectively, compared with S₀. However, the agronomic efficiency of N (AE_N) decreased by 5.4% and 17.6% in S_0.5 and S₁, respectively, compared with S₀ in 2021. Overall, the deep incorporation of maize straw into farmland in NC primarily increased the NH₃ emission in the short term. However, it was beneficial for reducing the N₂O emission and avoiding N leaching into deeper soil layers. An increase in N fertilization would better meet the demand for maize growth, thus enhancing the yield. In the future, controlling the NH₃ emission to improve N use efficiency can further unleash the potential of the straw return to increase soil N reservoirs, enhance ecological benefits, and maintain food security.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"2 4","pages":"Pages 209-220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773126X23000643/pdfft?md5=3126cb2e4b7c50e95fde514618bc2fff&pid=1-s2.0-S2773126X23000643-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135705746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving nitrogen use efficiency of rice crop through an optimized root system and agronomic practices","authors":"Hao Zhang ,&nbsp;Jianhua Zhang ,&nbsp;Jianchang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nitrogen (N) is the major nutrient limiting rice (<em>Oryza sativa</em> L.) production. Avoiding excessive N use without compromising yields has long been a priority for both research and government policy in China. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) reflects the relationship between dry matter production or economic yield and the quantity of N applied. As an important organ for nutrient absorption, the root system of rice is closely related to NUE. We hypothesized that NUE could be improved by optimizing the root system. Here, we described and compared the evaluation methods of NUE in rice and discussed the relationship of rice root morphological (quantity, weight, length, surface area, number, diameter, volume, distribution, and structure) and physiological (root oxidation activity, active absorbing area or rate, hormones, composition and concentration of root bleeding and root exudates, nutrition concentration, and NH₄⁺/NH₃⁻ flux) characteristics with N absorption and utilization. The key agronomic practices were proposed to improve NUE from several aspects, including adoption of N-efficient varieties and improvements in N and water management, farming systems, and soil properties. Further research is needed to clarify the root-soil interface principle based on efficient N uptake, reveal the root‒shoot interaction mechanism based on efficient N utilization, and explore the integrative management strategy of high yield and efficient N utilization through maximizing the root system of rice. Our objective in this review is to provide ideas to further exploit potentialities of the root system through variety selection and cultivation management to improve NUE.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"2 4","pages":"Pages 192-201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773126X23000618/pdfft?md5=9921dc5142b6eb363c11119f2cf4c6ff&pid=1-s2.0-S2773126X23000618-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135705999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of straw return combined with different fertilizations on soil organic carbon stock in upland wheat and maize croplands in China: A meta-analysis","authors":"Mahbub UI Islam ,&nbsp;Fahui Jiang ,&nbsp;Milton Halder ,&nbsp;Shuai Liu ,&nbsp;Xinhua Peng","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.10.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.10.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Straw return is a vital soil amendment practice in Chinese upland soils, aiming to improve the soil organic carbon (SOC) stock. However, its impact on SOC stock depends on various fertilizer practices, leading to inconclusive results. To address this, we conducted a meta-analysis of 121 peer-reviewed publications to evaluate the effect of straw return combined with different fertilization practices including balanced NPK (BFS), unbalanced NP, NK, PK, or N fertilization (UFS), and no fertilization (NFS) in the wheat-maize cropping system. The results showed that straw return with BFS led to the highest increase in SOC stock (13.3%), followed by UFS (11.4%) and NFS (6.12%), compared to straw removal under the same fertilization conditions. BFS also significantly increased the soil C (15.9%), N (9.62%), and P (6.21%) contents, as well as the C:N (2.48%) and C:P (11.4%) ratios. In contrast, UFS resulted in higher C:N ratios (6.47%) and soil acidification, affecting the SOC stock during straw return. A structural equation model revealed that the presence of BFS positively influenced the association between SOC stock and soil stoichiometry (P ​&lt; ​0.05) compared to UFS, which was influenced by climate and initial soil properties. Additionally, the impact of BFS on SOC stock was more significant in the double cropping system (14.5%) than in the single wheat (8.32%) and single maize (10.8%) cropping systems. A lower initial SOC (&lt;6 ​g ​kg⁻¹) also showed a greater response to BFS compared to a higher initial SOC (&gt;12 ​g ​kg⁻¹). Based on C sequestration efficiency, implementing straw return with BFS could lead to a higher rate of increase in SOC sequestration.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"2 4","pages":"Pages 233-241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773126X23000631/pdfft?md5=cbc21adb63fc0aa814fa6a3686baed44&pid=1-s2.0-S2773126X23000631-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135657005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The root system dominates the growth balance between the aboveground and belowground parts of cotton","authors":"Ziliang Li ,&nbsp;Haitao Dou ,&nbsp;Wangfeng Zhang ,&nbsp;Ziqi He ,&nbsp;Shimei Li ,&nbsp;Dao Xiang ,&nbsp;Yali Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Growth balance is very important for plants, which is the coordination of resource acquisition between the aboveground and belowground parts. Extensive research has focused on the aboveground portion, and less attention has been given to the root system. Furthermore, the specific regulatory mechanisms responsible for maintaining the growth balance between aboveground and belowground in crops are still unclear. We examined the root/shoot ratio and leaf area/root length ratio in 19 pima cotton (<em>Gossypium barbadense</em>) and 19 upland cotton (<em>Gossypium hirsutum</em>) accessions, and the effects of root traits on the growth balance were explored. The results indicated that growth balance could affect the biomass accumulation of cotton, and the root system was the core part of controlling growth balance. The difference was that the specific root length played a major role in pima cotton, while the root mass fraction was more important in upland cotton. Despite these differences, both types of cotton achieved similar resource acquisition capability through the synergistic effect of mass fraction and morphological characteristics of leaves and roots. Our study is the first to demonstrate that the root system dominates the growth balance in pima and upland cotton. Selecting accessions with similar phenotypes may represent a promising new direction for increasing the success probability of interspecific hybridization and introgression breeding. These findings expand our understanding of the resource acquisition and utilization of crops and provide a valuable perspective for ecological research and crop breeding.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"2 4","pages":"Pages 221-232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773126X23000606/pdfft?md5=835267b3f87e948c846a4c0b55b328eb&pid=1-s2.0-S2773126X23000606-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134994749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Responses to elevated daytime air and canopy temperature during panicle development in four rice genotypes under paddy conditions in large field chambers","authors":"Estela M. Pasuquin ,&nbsp;Philip L. Eberbach ,&nbsp;Toshihiro Hasegawa ,&nbsp;Tanguy Lafarge ,&nbsp;Dome Harnpichitvitaya ,&nbsp;Len J. Wade","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.04.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crope.2023.04.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Rising air temperatures have the capacity to impact rice yields in future climates. Studies in large temperature-controlled field chambers were established to examine the responses of four contrasting rice genotypes to elevated daytime temperatures (ET) during reproductive development under paddy conditions. Field chambers were effective in raising mean above-canopy maximum daytime temperatures from 29.9 to 41.1°C during 12 d of ET treatment (68–80 d after emergence, DAE), while increased transpiration under ET resulted in lowering of mean lower-canopy maximum temperature to 33.2°C. Nevertheless, the earliest genotype Vandana encountered a hot spell of 37.0°C at 68–74 DAE in the lower canopy at its late reproductive stage, which exceeded the spikelet sterility threshold of 33.7°C, so its spikelet fertility, grain number and grain yield were reduced under ET. Genotypes differed in the extent of canopy cooling, with less reduction in Vandana and IR64 than in N22 and Takanari. For canopy cooling to be effective, stratification of air layers must occur within the canopy, which was more effective under the shorter and denser canopy of N22 and Takanari (plant height of 70–80 ​cm) than under IR64 (90–110 ​cm) and Vandana (115–130 ​cm). Genotypes with appropriate canopy structures should be chosen for high vapour pressure deficit (VPD) conditions. Both maximum canopy temperature and VPD need to be specified to define the critical threshold for heat tolerance. Takanari was notable for greater leaf area retention and greater leaf photosynthetic capacity due to the maintenance of a higher internal leaf CO₂ concentration, which led to higher spikelet and grain numbers and higher yield potential under ET conditions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"2 3","pages":"Pages 147-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49710335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simultaneously improving grain yield and water and nutrient use efficiencies by enhancing the harvest index in rice","authors":"Jianchang Yang ,&nbsp;Jianhua Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.07.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crope.2023.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Global agriculture is facing the major challenge of providing enough food for a growing population while increasing resource use efficiency. The harvest index (HI) is an independent variable in the function not only for crop yield (biomass ​× ​HI) but also for water productivity (HI ​× ​biomass / water transpired) and nutrient productivity (HI ​× ​biomass / nutrient absorbed by plants) in crops. Therefore, enhancement in HI could simultaneously improve grain yield and water and nutrient use efficiencies in rice. An increase in the grain-leaf ratio (the ratio of the total number of spikelets to the leaf area at heading time) to coordinate source-sink relationships, an increase in the sugar-spikelet ratio [the ratio of the amount of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) in the stems to the total number of spikelets at heading time] to enhance sink strength and NSC remobilization in stems during grain filling, and an increase in the percentage of productive tillers to improve canopy structure are the three important agronomic and physiological approaches to increase HI. The adoption of an alternate wetting and moderate drying irrigation regime and the use of the “three-based on” application technology of nitrogen fertilizer (based on the soil fertility, leaf color, and variety in rice) are two major crop management techniques to increase HI. Further studies are needed to elucidate the role of HI in reducing environmental risk, the association of an enhanced HI by more remobilization of prestored NSC in stems during grain filling with lodging resistance, and the relationship between HI and grain quality in rice.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"2 3","pages":"Pages 157-164"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49732590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}