Crop and Environment最新文献

{"title":"Response of leaf day respiration in C4 plants to irradiance and vapour pressure deficit","authors":"Boya Liu ,&nbsp;Xuming Wang ,&nbsp;Qi Liu ,&nbsp;Yining Xu ,&nbsp;Ashraf Muhammad Arslan ,&nbsp;Dingming Zheng ,&nbsp;Lei Li ,&nbsp;Xiaoying Gong","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Leaf day respiration rate (<em>R</em>_L) plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle. However, <em>R</em>_L of C₄ species has not been sufficiently studied and its response to environmental factors is largely unknown. This work studied the response of <em>R</em>_L of three C₄ species, <em>Setaria viridis</em>, <em>Sorghum sudanense,</em> and <em>Zea mays</em>, to alterations in the vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and irradiance of the growth environment. <em>R</em>_L was estimated using the Kok method (<em>R</em>_{L Kok}) and an improved method that combined gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements (<em>R</em>_{L Yin}). On average, shade treatment led to a 24% reduction in <em>R</em>_{L Yin} and a 20% reduction in respiration in the dark (<em>R</em>_Dk), while a consistent VPD effect on <em>R</em>_L was not observed. <em>R</em>_L and <em>R</em>_Dk were positively correlated with nitrogen content per leaf area and net CO₂ assimilation rate but were not correlated with the capacity of carboxylation enzymes. We found a non-significant light inhibition of respiration (1 ​± ​2%), contradicting the assumption that respiration is inhibited by light and affected by light intensity. Our findings indicate that assuming <em>R</em>_L to be equal to <em>R</em>_Dk at the same temperature is a straightforward but reliable approach to model respiration of the examined C₄ species.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"3 2","pages":"Pages 101-111"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773126X23000783/pdfft?md5=6128c9e12f62dedbc897c3d2e41f1cc4&pid=1-s2.0-S2773126X23000783-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139016124","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Balancing food security, vertebrate biodiversity, and healthy rice agroecosystems in Southeast Asia","authors":"Catherine R. Propper ,&nbsp;Jodi L. Sedlock ,&nbsp;Richard E. Smedley ,&nbsp;Oliver Frith ,&nbsp;Molly E. Shuman-Goodier ,&nbsp;Alejandro Grajal-Puche ,&nbsp;Alexander M. Stuart ,&nbsp;Grant R. Singleton","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Rice is the dominant food staple and an important economic resource throughout Asia. Lowland rice production also provides important wetland habitats in support of biodiversity that may provide ecosystem services back to the rice agroecosystems. This review summarizes the literature on the ecosystem benefits that amphibians, birds, bats, and rodents support in the context of the Southeast Asia rice agroecosystems. The literature provides evidence that these taxonomic groups contribute to cultural, regulatory, and provisioning services in support of smallholder farmers and may allow for economic benefits through reduced use of chemical inputs into crops. We encourage a multipronged research approach to bring stakeholders together to provide structured and scalable education programs that will lead to improved human and agroecosystem health through the promotion of understanding the positive feedbacks from biodiversity in these important agricultural wetland habitats.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"3 1","pages":"Pages 43-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773126X2300076X/pdfft?md5=1e3217f51c74842e3740a30e2d625a4f&pid=1-s2.0-S2773126X2300076X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138620114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the responses of crop photosynthesis to CO2 elevation at the molecular, physiological, and morphological levels toward increasing crop production","authors":"Daisuke Sugiura ,&nbsp;Yin Wang ,&nbsp;Masaru Kono ,&nbsp;Yusuke Mizokami","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.11.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.11.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Exploring the impact of elevated CO₂ on photosynthesis is vital for understanding plant responses to climate change. In C₃ plants, elevated CO₂ concentrations generally enhance CO₂ assimilation by increasing chloroplast CO₂ concentration. However, the underlying mechanisms are complex since photosynthesis involves multiple physiological processes operating at different time scales and varying among plant species. In this review, we focused on the responses of key photosynthetic processes in crop, including CO₂ diffusion conductances such as stomatal conductance (g_s), mesophyll conductance (g_m), photochemical reactions, the Calvin-Benson cycle, and related metabolic pathways. Short-term exposure to elevated CO₂ often decreases g_s and g_m while increasing the electron transport rate. However, long-term exposure to elevated CO₂ can decrease photosynthetic capacity due to coordinated downregulation of multiple processes, particularly when the sink‒source ratio declines. To enhance plant productivity under elevated CO₂, it is crucial to maintain or enhance sink activity and understand the CO₂ response mechanisms at the molecular, physiological, and morphological levels. This review provides an update on the short- and long-term responses of g_s, g_m, electron transport system, and carbon assimilation metabolism to elevated CO₂. Furthermore, it offers a perspective on improving crop production in the future with elevated CO₂ levels.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"3 2","pages":"Pages 75-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773126X23000771/pdfft?md5=afbd7b6ef8ba441d6024e80e4fc87563&pid=1-s2.0-S2773126X23000771-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138626589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing maize radiation use efficiency under high planting density by shaping canopy architecture with a plant growth regulator","authors":"Guanmin Huang,&nbsp;Yuling Guo,&nbsp;Weiming Tan,&nbsp;Mingcai Zhang,&nbsp;Zhaohu Li,&nbsp;Yuyi Zhou,&nbsp;Liusheng Duan","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Optimized maize (<em>Zea mays</em> L.) canopy architecture enhances density-tolerance. DHEAP (N, N-Diethyl-2-hexanoyl oxygen radicals-ethyl amine (2-ethyl chloride) phosphonic acid salt) has been shown to increase maize upper canopy strata compactness, but its overall effect on the whole canopy structure and how it shapes the canopy structure remain unclear. This study examined how DHEAP affected the canopy structure of maize hybrids Zhengdan 958 (ZD958) and Xianyu 335 (XY335), with distinct canopy structures, under different planting densities. The results showed that DHEAP increased the leaf orientation value (LOV) of upper canopy strata by 8.0% while reducing middle and lower strata LOV by 11.7% and 18.4%, respectively. This indicates that DHEAP shaped a canopy structure that was compact in the upper strata and loose in the middle and lower strata. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that leaf angle had a greater impact on the upper canopy strata, while leaf auricle size had a greater impact on the middle and lower canopy strata. After DHEAP treatment, light transmission above different canopy strata increased at the reproductive stage. Concurrently, the middle canopy captured more light energy, enhanced yield formation, and boosted radiation use efficiency by 21.9% under high density. In terms of grain yield, DHEAP treatment resulted in a 9.1% and 23.9% increase in ZD958 and XY335, respectively, under high-density conditions. These results suggest that DHEAP shaped the maize canopy structure with high density tolerance, improved the distribution of light within the canopy, and increased grain yield.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"3 1","pages":"Pages 51-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773126X23000758/pdfft?md5=0354ac85732a18c2db26aa8d91a269ad&pid=1-s2.0-S2773126X23000758-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138614673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agronomic assessment of the yield variability and yield gap of maize in Bhutan","authors":"Passang Wangmo ,&nbsp;Kinzang Thinley ,&nbsp;Taiken Nakashima ,&nbsp;Yoichiro Kato","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Maize is the staple food crop in Bhutan, which has not achieved national food self-sufficiency. On-farm assessment of yield variability would provide insights into the priorities for Bhutan's maize development program. Here, we conducted three studies in Bhutan: a household survey, on-station experiment, and on-farm monitoring. First, we interviewed 100 households and collected information on maize crop management options and farming characteristics. Second, we evaluated maize growth at two research stations in different elevation zones (640 and 1,700 ​m a.s.l.). Third, we harvested maize from 25 farm fields at low and high elevations. The gaps between potential yield (with the best management practices at the research stations) and average farm yield and between the best and average farm yields were 53% and 23%, respectively, at the low elevation, and 23% and 20%, respectively, at the high elevation. The classification and regression tree (CART) model showed that field location (distance from the farmer's home), seed source (certified vs. self-produced), and the number of household members involved in farming were the key farming characteristics that affected yield variability, and the manure application regime, urea application, sowing method, and weeding frequency were key management practices. Our results suggest that future research should clarify the most suitable sowing methods and nutrient and weed management regimes, and identify optimal cultivars for each elevation zone, with the goal of developing crop management guidelines for smallholder farmers in Bhutan.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"3 1","pages":"Pages 25-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773126X23000746/pdfft?md5=e14607b37efbe183e5935830f18bbc23&pid=1-s2.0-S2773126X23000746-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138625897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grain yield and protein concentration relationships in rice","authors":"Shu Fukai,&nbsp;Jaquie Mitchell","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Grain protein concentration (GPC) is an important aspect of rice grain quality, which contributes to nutritional intake requirements; however, high GPC may also reduce eating quality. Both GPC and grain yield (GY) are greatly affected by nitrogen (N) management, and GPC is strongly linked to GY through shared N pathways. This review aims to determine how GPC in rice is affected under different growing conditions and crop management options and how varieties differ in GPC under different conditions and to identify the link between GPC and GY. It highlights the importance of total N uptake by the crop and that GPC gradually increases with the N application rate up to an optimum at which GY reaches a maximum. While GY varies greatly depending on the growing conditions, GPC tends to be maintained within a relatively narrow range. When a number of genotypes are compared, there is often an inverse relationship between GY and GPC, with a mean reduction in GPC of 0.46 percentage point for each 1.0 ​t ​ha⁻¹ increase in GY. However, the balance between GY and GPC is altered based on the genotype's capacity to both take up N from the soil and distribute it to grain, including its ability to translocate N from vegetative organs to growing grain. The balance varies greatly among genotypes, as demonstrated in the case of hybrids, where GY is often higher but GPC is lower compared with inbred varieties. The review concludes with the identification of future research efforts to further understand the GY–GPC relationship.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"3 1","pages":"Pages 12-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773126X23000679/pdfft?md5=83567ebfaafc3dcdbfeaa878affc5516&pid=1-s2.0-S2773126X23000679-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139292858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sensor-based measurements of NDVI in small grain and corn fields by tractor, drone, and satellite platforms","authors":"Jarrod O. Miller ,&nbsp;Pinki Mondal ,&nbsp;Manan Sarupria","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The use of sensors for variable rate nitrogen (VRN) applications is transitioning from equipment-based to drone and satellite technologies. However, regional algorithms, initially designed for proximal active sensors, require evaluation for compatibility with remotely sensed reflectance and N-rate predictions. This study observed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data from six small grain and two corn fields over three years. We employed three platforms: tractor-mounted active sensors (T-NDVI), passive multispectral drone (D-NDVI), and satellite (S-NDVI) sensors. Averaged NDVI values were extracted from the as-applied equipment polygons. Correlations between NDVI values from the three platforms were positive and strong, with D-NDVI consistently recording the highest values, particularly in areas with lower plant biomass. This was attributed to D-NDVI's lower soil reflectance and its ability to measure the entire biomass within equipment polygons. For small grains, sensors spaced on equipment booms might not capture accurate biomass in poor-growing and low NDVI regions. Regarding VRN, S-NDVI and D-NDVI occasionally aligned with T-NDVI recommendations but often suggested half the active sensor rate. Final yields showed some correlation with landscape variables, irrespective of N application. This finding suggests the potential use of drone or satellite imagery to provide multiple NDVI maps before application, incorporating expected landscape responses and thereby enhancing VRN effectiveness.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"3 1","pages":"Pages 33-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773126X23000667/pdfft?md5=3ba3b05c2438930e8c905822b186446f&pid=1-s2.0-S2773126X23000667-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139301451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High-throughput phenotyping and deep learning to analyze dynamic panicle growth and dissect the genetic architecture of yield formation","authors":"Zedong Geng ,&nbsp;Yunrui Lu ,&nbsp;Lingfeng Duan,&nbsp;Hongfei Chen,&nbsp;Zhihao Wang,&nbsp;Jun Zhang,&nbsp;Zhi Liu,&nbsp;Xianmeng Wang,&nbsp;Ruifang Zhai,&nbsp;Yidan Ouyang,&nbsp;Wanneng Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.10.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.10.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The dynamic growth of shoots and panicles determines the final agronomic traits and yield. However, it is difficult to quantify such dynamics manually for large populations. In this study, based on the high-throughput rice automatic phenotyping platform and deep learning, we developed a novel image analysis pipeline (Panicle-iAnalyzer) to extract image-based traits (i-traits) including 52 panicle and 35 shoot i-traits and tested the system using a recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between Zhenshan 97 and Minghui 63. At the maturity stage, image recognition using a deep learning network (SegFormer) was applied to separate the panicles from the shoot in the image. Eventually, with these obtained i-traits, the yield could be well predicted, and the R² was 0.862. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping was performed using an extra-high density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) bin map. A total of 3,586 time-specific QTLs were identified for the traits and parameters at various time points. Many of the QTLs were repeatedly detected at different time points. We identified the presence of cloned genes, such as <em>TAC1</em>, <em>Ghd7.1</em>, <em>Ghd7</em>, and <em>Hd1</em>, at QTL hotspots and evaluated the magnitude of their effects at different developmental stages. Additionally, this study identified numerous new QTL loci worthy of further investigation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"3 1","pages":"Pages 1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773126X23000655/pdfft?md5=445c557cb20f3124dc4bff230f7412ba&pid=1-s2.0-S2773126X23000655-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136153552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dipping vigorous seedling roots in phosphorus-enriched slurry at transplanting efficiently increases lowland rice yields","authors":"Njato Mickaël Rakotoarisoa ,&nbsp;Yasuhiro Tsujimoto ,&nbsp;Aung Zaw Oo ,&nbsp;Toru Tashiro ,&nbsp;Mana Kano-Nakata ,&nbsp;Hiroshi Ehara","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>P-dipping refers to the placement of phosphorus (P) fertilizer at the root system during transplanting of rice by adhering P-enriched slurry to the seedling roots. This approach is beneficial for smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa who apply small amounts of P to highly P-fixing soils. This study aimed to identify the optimum seedling age for maximizing the impact of P-dipping. Pot experiments revealed that the adhered amounts of slurry to the roots with P-dipping increased in a sigmoidal pattern against seedling age. Correspondingly, the effect of P-dipping on the initial biomass was enlarged with older seedlings in a sigmoidal pattern, increasing slowly during the young seedling age (2.9–4.5 leaves), sharply during the intermediate seedling age (4.5–6.3 leaves), and plateauing during the old seedling age (6.3–7.0 leaves). Combining P-dipping with much older seedlings (&gt; 7.0 leaves) resulted in severe transplanting shock and plant death. On-farm trials on 90 fields in Madagascar demonstrated a significant interaction between seedling age and P treatment on grain yield. The highest yield gains over the control from P-dipping were observed in seedlings with intermediate age (1.0 ​t ​ha⁻¹), followed by old (0.7 ​t ​ha⁻¹) and young (0.6 ​t ​ha⁻¹) seedlings. These results suggested that vigorous and intermediate seedlings with higher slurry adherence than young seedlings and a lower risk of transplanting shock than old seedlings benefited most from P-dipping. This finding provides smallholder farmers with practical knowledge on how to apply the P-dipping more efficiently for achieving improved P management for sustainable rice production.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"2 4","pages":"Pages 202-208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773126X2300062X/pdfft?md5=1cbffbde11150abcafc3e6d4b6e2d758&pid=1-s2.0-S2773126X2300062X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135809750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-term effects of maize straw return with nitrogen fertilization on ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions in Northeast China","authors":"Minglei Cheng ,&nbsp;Wenjie Zhan ,&nbsp;Zhiming Liu ,&nbsp;Yujun Cao ,&nbsp;Wenwen Wei ,&nbsp;Yanjie Lv ,&nbsp;Lichun Wang ,&nbsp;Yongjun Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.10.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crope.2023.10.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The annual degradation of biological soil health within Northeast China (NC), specifically in the context of spring maize (<em>Zea mays</em> L.) cultivation, has been a growing concern. Improving straw management is a potential strategy to ameliorate this ongoing deterioration. This study aimed to determine the responses of soil gaseous nitrogen (N) losses to deep-plowed maize straw into the surface soil layer. The field experiment was conducted from 2019 to 2021 with six treatments: no straw (S₀N₀), half straw (7.5 ​t ​ha⁻¹, S_0.5N₀), and full straw return (15 ​t ​ha⁻¹, S₁N₀) without N fertilizer; no straw (S₀N₂₀₀), half straw (S_0.5N₂₀₀), and full straw return (S₁N₂₀₀) with 200 ​kg ​N ha⁻¹. The results indicated that the cumulative ammonia (NH₃) volatilization increased by 74.6% and 120.0% in S_0.5N₂₀₀ and S₁N₂₀₀ compared with S₀N₂₀₀, respectively. The cumulative nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions were lower in S_0.5 and S₁ than in S₀ by 48.8% and 45.3%, respectively. The soil NO₃⁻-N content in the 0−80 ​cm layer was reduced by 48.5% and 56.5% in S_0.5 and S₁, respectively, compared with S₀. However, the agronomic efficiency of N (AE_N) decreased by 5.4% and 17.6% in S_0.5 and S₁, respectively, compared with S₀ in 2021. Overall, the deep incorporation of maize straw into farmland in NC primarily increased the NH₃ emission in the short term. However, it was beneficial for reducing the N₂O emission and avoiding N leaching into deeper soil layers. An increase in N fertilization would better meet the demand for maize growth, thus enhancing the yield. In the future, controlling the NH₃ emission to improve N use efficiency can further unleash the potential of the straw return to increase soil N reservoirs, enhance ecological benefits, and maintain food security.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100340,"journal":{"name":"Crop and Environment","volume":"2 4","pages":"Pages 209-220"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773126X23000643/pdfft?md5=3126cb2e4b7c50e95fde514618bc2fff&pid=1-s2.0-S2773126X23000643-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135705746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}