Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy最新文献

{"title":"The potential of agri-food waste to solve construction's environmental problems: A review","authors":"Margarida Soares ,&nbsp;Luciana Faria ,&nbsp;Tiago Miranda ,&nbsp;Eduardo Pereira ,&nbsp;Cândida Vilarinho ,&nbsp;Joana Carvalho","doi":"10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100138","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100138","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transition from a linear to a circular economy became essential for the dissociation between economic development and increasing resource consumption. The management of agri-food waste requires special attention, as a large part is deposited in landfills or incinerated. It is essential to explore innovative solutions that allow the application of agri-food waste in different sectors. Official data stated that every year, around 500 million tons of waste are generated globally in the agricultural sector (Yaashikaa, Senthil Kumar, and Varjani 2022). Conversely, the construction industry is resource intensive and therefore causes serious and diverse environmental impacts, from the depletion of natural resources to the generation of great amounts of waste. It is therefore urgent to search for solutions to reduce these impacts through the implementation of the circular economy. Several studies have demonstrated the potential of using agri-food residues as products for building materials, some of which improve their durability and their physical and mechanical properties. The use of these wastes/by-products enables the construction of more sustainable buildings, contributing to the reduction of the environmental impact associated with both agri-food and construction sectors. This work aims to develop a systematic literature review to identify, evaluate, and integrate the current success cases and applications, as well as relevant evidence on this subject, to identify promising approaches and trends for future agri-food /construction integrated development toward sustainability and circularity. To achieve this, 50 research papers in this context, published between 2020 and 2023, were analyzed and discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100250,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143094558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodegradability of tomato stem-reinforced composites: Towards a virtuous approach to local and circular waste upcycling","authors":"Estelle Bonnin ,&nbsp;Méline Calatraba ,&nbsp;Xavier Gabrion ,&nbsp;Camille Alvarado ,&nbsp;Coralie Buffet ,&nbsp;Arnaud Day ,&nbsp;Lèna Brionne ,&nbsp;Alain Bourmaud ,&nbsp;Johnny Beaugrand","doi":"10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100136","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100136","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The current method of producing tomatoes in greenhouses uses petro-sourced plastic accessories that contaminate plant waste when the greenhouses are emptied. For this reason, this study aims to develop a biodegradable material to replace plastic accessories. To evaluate the feasibility of using tomato byproduct as reinforcements in a range of biobased and biodegradable thermoplastic materials, the compound degradability was investigated though biochemical and imaging approaches. The first set of experiments carried out on the tomato stem showed that the enzymatic degradation by a mixture of cellulases and pectinases efficiently removed constitutive biopolymers, and that the average size and the polydispersity decreased during treatment. The largest particles became more irregular, highlighting the enzyme-recalcitrant domains. When compounded with different matrix polymers (PBS, PBAT/PHA or PBAT/PLA), tomato stem particles remained susceptible to enzymatic degradation. Tomography analysis showed that all the degraded samples exhibited a large increase in porosity, the largest increase being observed in the PLA-containing specimens.</div><div>This fully circular approach from waste to useful compounds for horticulture and market gardening is a promising way of upcycling tomato biomass, compatible with end-of-life composting.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100250,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143094555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and optimization of small- scale inverter-powered incubator for egg hatchability system","authors":"Babajide S. Kosemani ,&nbsp;Ayoola A. Babalola ,&nbsp;Titus A. Ilori","doi":"10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100137","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100137","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>An indigenous small-scale inverter powered incubator for egg hatchability system was developed. The aim of this study was to produce egg hatchability system using locally available materials for small and medium scale farmers. The major components of the systems include incubation box, heating system, heat circulation system and egg turning mechanism. The Box-Behnken design (BBD) of Response surface methodology was used to study the influence of input variables and optimize the incubation conditions. Temperature (36, 37.5, and 39 °C), humidity (50, 55, and 60%), and air flow (0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 m/s) were input variables and hatchability was the output variable. Regression model for the hatchability system was developed, and the optimum incubation condition was determined and tested to validate the model. The results showed that hatchability of the incubator ranges from 55 to 98.4%. The developed regression model adequately described the hatchability. The input variables significantly influenced the performance responses. The optimum incubating temperature, humidity, and airflow were 37.08°C, 57.57%, and 0.25 m/s, respectively. The predicted optimum hatchability obtained under these incubating conditions was 99.15%. The experimental (test) hatchability values obtained at the optimal incubation conditions during validation was 98.70%. The test value being relatively close to the predicted value of responses, with percentage error values less than 10%, indicates that the difference between the experimental (test) data and the predicted data is within the acceptable range, confirming the suitability of the optimal incubating conditions produced by the RSM. These findings suggested that the developed automatic electric incubator can be used to produce chicks commercially.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100250,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100137"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143094554","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macaw palm (Acrocomia spp.): An opportunity for including smallholders in Brazil's biodiesel production","authors":"Gabriela Solidario de Souza Benatti ,&nbsp;Antônio Márcio Buainain ,&nbsp;Pedro Gilberto Cavalcante Filho ,&nbsp;Ricardo Vargas-Carpintero ,&nbsp;Lotte Asveld ,&nbsp;Patricia Osseweijer","doi":"10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100134","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100134","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Promoting inclusive development through public policies is a complex task that presents different challenges and even controversies. The National Program for Biodiesel Production and Use (PNPB) in Brazil is one example of an effort to promote sustainable development within an inclusive strategy with good intentions but many challenges. One of the PNPB goals is to diversify feedstocks for biodiesel production, and oils from the <em>Acrocomia spp.</em> palm genus have the potential to meet this goal. As acrocomia's value chain is under development in Brazil, particularly with a focus on the macaúba palm (<em>Acrocomia aculeata</em>), and in different regions of Latin America, we state that it is possible to develop it with the inclusion of smallholder farmers. In this sense, this paper focuses on analyzing the challenges and opportunities for smallholder productive inclusion in the value chain. Our main question is: How can the participation of smallholders in the cultivation of macaw palm be promoted? The answer to this question is based on literature and field research carried out by the authors. Our study finds opportunities for inclusion, but also four main challenges to be considered with caution: i) the shift from agroextractivism to commercial plantations, ii) the limited acreage available to some small farmers, iii) the slow pace in generating economic results, and iv) negative past experiences with other crops. We emphasize the importance of development strategies that offer incentives, mitigate risks, and guarantee greater security in decision-making for those involved. The available literature about the acrocomia value chain focuses mainly on technical and agronomic aspects, with few outputs on inclusion. In this sense, this paper calls attention to the development of the novel biobased value chains from the acrocomia palm without leaving social responsibility behind.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100250,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100134"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143094556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Willingness to pay for lettuce produced with fish sludge and human waste: The role of food neophobia","authors":"Geir Wæhler Gustavsen,&nbsp;Yujie Qi Wenstøp,&nbsp;Divina Gracia P. Rodriguez","doi":"10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100135","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100135","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates food neophobia as a potential barrier to the use of unconventional fertilizers, such as fish sludge and human waste, in food production. Using data from Norway, the study estimates consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for lettuce grown with these fertilizers. Results from the random effect interval regression model show that, on average, consumers are willing to pay 8 % more for conventional lettuce compared to lettuce grown with fish sludge and 13 % more for lettuce grown with human waste. However, between 40 % and 50 % of respondents accepted lettuce produced with unconventional fertilizers and were not willing to pay more for conventional lettuce compared to these alternatives. Key factors influencing WTP include gender, the presence of children in the household, and food neophobia. These findings suggest that food neophobia and socio-demographic factors can significantly impact consumer acceptance of sustainable agricultural practices. Targeted communication strategies focusing on food safety, environmental sustainability, and the benefits of nutrient recycling are needed to foster broader public acceptance and support for recycled waste in agriculture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100250,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100135"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143094557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shea butter waste for sustainable production of value-added biomaterials for circular bioeconomy: A review","authors":"C.O. Bamigboye ,&nbsp;M.A. Ayantoyinbo ,&nbsp;K. Sudesh","doi":"10.1016/j.clcb.2024.100133","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clcb.2024.100133","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Shea butter is a natural fat widely used in personal care products, cosmetics, and food industries. This review analyses the possibility of creating biomaterials with added value from shea butter waste. Results indicate that shea butter from East Africa is made up of (47 – 62) % oleic acid and (25 – 38) % stearic acid, while West African shea butter is made up of (29 – 48) % and (40 – 48) % oleic and stearic acid respectively. More than 2.5 million tons of shea kernel is produced annually, with about 55 % constituting shea nut cake. Uncontrolled disposal of shea butter waste is environmentally unsafe due to the presence of phytochemicals such as tannins, theobromine, saponins, alkaloids and phenols. Shea butter waste can be used as a source of raw materials in construction, packaging industries, pharmaceuticals, and others. Production of biomaterials from shea butter waste can make the production process environmentally safe, sustainable, and cost-effective. In conclusion, shea butter waste though yet to be fully exploited, is a promising source of value-added biomaterials, with potential for applications across multiple industries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100250,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143094112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The digital future of farming: A bibliometric analysis of big data in smart farming research","authors":"Bhola Paudel ,&nbsp;Shoaib Riaz ,&nbsp;Shyh Wei Teng ,&nbsp;Ramachandra Rao Kolluri ,&nbsp;Harpinder Sandhu","doi":"10.1016/j.clcb.2024.100132","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clcb.2024.100132","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent advancement of technology in the analytics of big data has sparked a transformative revolution in smart agriculture, enabling farmers to make informed decisions, optimize resources, and enhance productivity and sustainability. Tracking developmental progress is crucial to understanding how big data applications in smart farming are rapidly evolving with ongoing technological advancements. We conducted a bibliometric analysis of academic publications and documents published in Scopus-indexed peer-reviewed journals. A total of 2,154 publications, including journal articles (45 %), conference proceedings (30 %), book series (16 %), and books (9 %), were retrieved, with 96 % of the documents in the English language and two-thirds of the documents published within the last four years of this research study. The reviewed publications were predominantly focused on the disciplines of computer science (64 %), engineering (36 %), and agriculture and biological science (22 %). The contributions of authors from India, China, and the United States were the highest, accounting for half of the publications when combined. As an outcome of the bibliometric analysis, five research domains of big data, i.e., data-driven decision-making, sustainability and supply chain management, technology and innovation, data management and governance, and digital transformation were identified, suggesting positive development in this field. As an implication of this work, we have identified a need for greater global collaboration to achieve big data advancement and technology adaptation. We also discussed the implications of this work for research, practice, and policy. Despite the opportunities that big data brings for smart farming, economics, data governance, and data sharing and reliability remain prevalent issues. These issues need to be addressed for fully effective utilisation of big data in smart farming.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100250,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143094114","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing hygrothermal effects on the evaporative cooling of fruits with waste palm fruit fibre pads","authors":"Macmanus Chinenye Ndukwu ,&nbsp;Cyprian N. Tom ,&nbsp;Godwin Akpan ,&nbsp;Godwin A. Usoh ,&nbsp;Samuel Nditoi Akpanmkpuk ,&nbsp;Djoukeng Henri Grisseur ,&nbsp;Leonard Akuwueke ,&nbsp;Augustine Edet Ben ,&nbsp;Fidelis I. Abam ,&nbsp;Merlin Simo-Tagne ,&nbsp;Lyes Bennamoun ,&nbsp;Hongwei Wu ,&nbsp;Joseph Edeth ,&nbsp;Daniel I. Onwude","doi":"10.1016/j.clcb.2024.100131","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clcb.2024.100131","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores using recycled waste palm fruit fibres as wetting pads in evaporative cooling (EVC) systems. The goal is to analyze how this wetting pad, influences the drivers of the EVC process and the effects on the quality of pre-cooled orange and papaya. The collected data is a foundation for analyzing transient heat responses during the pre-cooling process. To achieve this, we conducted cooling experiments using direct evaporative cooling (EVC) systems at a constant air delivery velocity of 4 m/s. The air delivery temperature for cooled fruits ranged from 25.8 °C to 20.2 °C at an air relative humidity range of 85.6 – 96.8 %. We develop heat transfer models to understand the cooling mechanism using established methods. Our results revealed that our active EVC reduced inlet temperature by ∼10 °C, with air delivery speed at 4 m s⁻¹. Our cooling efficiency ranged from 77% to 98.8%, and cooling capacity (CP) varied within 0.73 ≤ CP ≤ 2.52 kW. For orange and papaya, core temperatures reached 21.38 °C and 21.14 °C, respectively, in 16 hours from a peak of about 25.81 °C. Papaya exhibited a higher moisture loss per unit area and moisture flux of (1.03×10⁻⁵ kg/m².s) compared to orange (1.501×10⁻⁷ kg/m².s),. Fruit quality index analysis indicated low-quality loss (&lt; 1%) for both fruits. Thus, orange lost approximately 0.00257% of its quality, while papaya lost 0.63% during cooling. The evaporative flux increased with temperature with Papaya having a higher evaporative flux than orange with a maximum value of 8.75 W while orange exhibited a maximum value of 0.0424 W.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100250,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143094111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Consumer drivers for intended adoption of recycled wood as construction material","authors":"Shumaila Khatri ,&nbsp;Hanne K. Sjølie ,&nbsp;Anders Q. Nyrud","doi":"10.1016/j.clcb.2024.100129","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clcb.2024.100129","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The construction sector has a substantial resource and carbon footprint. These environmental impacts can be dampened by expanding the use of recycled construction materials. Prior literature focuses on viewpoints of construction professionals to improve circular economy in the sector; consumer perceptions remain a research gap. Consumer interests can trigger markets for recycled construction products to develop. Norway has a long tradition of using wood as the main construction material in residential houses and cabins; however, recycled wood is not easily available. This study aims to gauge consumers’ willingness to use recycled wood as construction material in houses and cabins, by applying the Diffusion of Innovations theory. Online surveys were distributed to 446 cabin-owners and 467 houseowners in Norway. The analyses revealed that more than half of the consumers are willing to use recycled wood in construction. Structural equation modeling results exhibited Relative Advantage over primary material and Compatibility with existing building materials as the strongest drivers of Adoption; however, Perceived Risk associated with recycled wood had limited effects. Consumers’ Green Values did not directly affect Adoption. Compatibility and Green Values had indirect effects on Adoption via Relative Advantage as a mediator. Our findings imply high readiness from end-consumers to use recycled wood in construction and renovation in private housing, exhibiting potential market avenues. Identified drivers of adoption can direct construction businesses in designing and marketing recycled products which consumers would be willing to accept; as well as guide policymakers in developing policies that facilitate circular economy in the construction sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100250,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","volume":"10 ","pages":"Article 100129"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143094113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental insights of bioethanol production and phenolic compounds extraction from apple pomace-based biorefinery","authors":"Ricardo Rebolledo-Leiva ,&nbsp;Sofia Estévez ,&nbsp;Diógenes Hernández ,&nbsp;Gumersindo Feijoo ,&nbsp;María Teresa Moreira ,&nbsp;Sara González-García","doi":"10.1016/j.clcb.2024.100125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clcb.2024.100125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Food waste is one of the main challenges of solid waste management throughout the food supply chain. Apples are one of the most widely consumed fruits worldwide, the production of which is accompanied by the generation of pomace as a by-product with valuable nutrients. This research presents the first environmental insights of a multiproduct apple pomace-based biorefinery through a life cycle perspective. The design and process modelling of this platform aims to produce bioethanol and extract total phenolic compounds (TPC) towards an efficient use of the pomace obtained from the apple manufacturing industry (juice production). Bioethanol production consist of pressing, fermentation, distillation as the main processes; while in the case of TPC, two extraction techniques were evaluated: i) solvent extraction (mainly water), and ii) the Soxhlet method. The life cycle analysis followed an attributional <em>cradle-to-gate</em> approach considering different midpoint impact categories from the ReCipe 2016 method such as Global Warming (GW), Eutrophication, Human Toxicity, Fossil Scarcity, among others. The results indicate that bioethanol production encompasses a GW profile of 3.17 kg of CO₂ eq per kg of product, being the vinasse treatment (subproduct after distillation) the most impactful stage. Phenolic compounds extraction with water achieves a total value of 5.8 kg CO₂ eq per g of TPC, while 0.22 kg CO₂ eq per g of TPC is obtained with Soxhlet technique. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis is addressed to improve the environmental profile of bioethanol and TPC. This research demonstrated the relevance of process design on the environmental performance of bioethanol and TPC, where stillage treatment has a key contribution to the results and the use of solvents in TPC extraction, although improving extraction yield, leads to a higher environmental impact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100250,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","volume":"9 ","pages":"Article 100125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142756876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}