Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy最新文献

{"title":"Regulation of the bioeconomy: Barriers, drivers and potential for innovation in the case of Ireland","authors":"Anne Pender ,&nbsp;Luke Kelleher ,&nbsp;Eoin O'Neill","doi":"10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The bioeconomy is generally understood as an economy in which sustainably-sourced renewable bio-based resources are used for the production of food, energy and other products and services. Expectations are high for its potential to support the transition away from a fossil fuel-based economy and help to address complex issues such as climate change and biodiversity depletion. However, given its cross-sectoral nature and key focus on innovation, tensions can emerge between bioeconomy goals and the need for regulation of bioeconomy activities. In particular, there is a recognition of the need for regulation to (a) support sustainability and resource efficiency, (b) manage competing interests and (c) provide coherence and innovation support. To identify how regulation may be acting as a barrier and / or driver of the bioeconomy in Ireland, interviews were conducted with a range of key stakeholder organisations. Analysis revealed four key barriers, relating to the need for financial support tools such as feedin tariffs, more flexible approaches to regulating the use of waste materials, closing the gap between regulation and innovation activity and addressing planning issues. The two drivers identified highlight a positive role for regulation in supporting and enabling bioeconomy development, especially in terms of using more flexible and innovative approaches. Associated challenges include the need to support genuine public participation and the provision of resources to support policy-makers in the design and implementation of an effective bioeconomy regulatory framework.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100250,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100070"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772801323000350/pdfft?md5=eba59aa004e8f11d23d96f397fa4e3b6&pid=1-s2.0-S2772801323000350-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138988620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants and success of engagement in circular bioeconomy practices in African food systems","authors":"Haruna Sekabira ,&nbsp;Guy Simbeko ,&nbsp;Shiferaw Feleke ,&nbsp;Victor Manyong ,&nbsp;Leonhard Späth ,&nbsp;Pius Krütli ,&nbsp;Bernard Vanlauwe ,&nbsp;Kokou Kintche ,&nbsp;Benjamin Wilde ,&nbsp;Johan Six","doi":"10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100065","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ending hunger and ensuring sustainable food production and consumption patterns globally, as outlined in the United Nations 2030 agenda of sustainable development goals (SDGs), cannot be accomplished through a linear resource use model that has proven to be non-restorative and unsustainable. Therefore, a more sustainable model of resource use - the circular bioeconomy (CB) - has been proposed as an alternative to achieve circular, resilient, and sustainable food systems. This approach can help achieve strategic SDGs reliably. However, there is currently insufficient evidence regarding the factors that contribute successfully to the likelihood of engagement in CB practices, particularly in smallholder households in vulnerable global regions such as Africa. To address the breach, this study evaluated three pairs of CB practices, and multivariate probit regressions were applied to identify the factors that influence smallholders' engagement in CB practices. The study aimed to predict the probabilities of engagement among smallholders in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Ethiopia, Rwanda, and South Africa. The results showed that sorting organic from inorganic waste and using organic waste as compost had a 31 % likelihood of contributing to successful engagement in CB practices while sorting waste and using organic waste as livestock feed contributed to such success by 17 %. Using organic waste as compost and livestock, feed had the lowest success rate of 11 %. Thus, CB innovations that promote combinations of CB practices among smallholders, particularly those that involve sorting waste and using organic waste as compost, have a higher chance of succeeding in achieving circular food systems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100250,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100065"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772801323000301/pdfft?md5=a181c8e7b417945bcdc037c618601792&pid=1-s2.0-S2772801323000301-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138435942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Profitability, market outlets and constraints to Ghana's pig production","authors":"Camillus Abawiera Wongnaa ,&nbsp;Raymond Owusu Ansah ,&nbsp;Solomon Akutinga ,&nbsp;Shaibu Baanni Azumah ,&nbsp;Richard Acheampong ,&nbsp;Samuel Yawson Nana ,&nbsp;Gertrude Appiah Mensah ,&nbsp;Sandra Gidisu ,&nbsp;Dadson Awunyo-Vitor","doi":"10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Access to profitable marketing outlets by small-scale pig producers is a major concern in Ghana. This study uncovered the market outlets available to small-scale pig farmers and examined the profitability of these outlets, the factors influencing their choice of these outlets as well as constraints to the marketing of small-scale pig farming in Ghana. It used data collected from 398 small-scale pig farmers in selected districts of six regions in Ghana. Descriptive statistics, income statement and multivariate probit model were used in analyzing the data. The results indicate that small-scale pig farmers in Ghana utilize existing market outlets such as direct sales to consumers, retailers, commission agents and sales through farmer associations. The return on investment implies that small-scale pig production is a profitable venture with sales through farmer associations being the most profitable outlet. We therefore conclude that pig farming, although profitable across all outlets, is most profitable when channeled through farmer associations, with an impressive return on investment of 71.54 %. The results of the multivariate probit analyses also revealed that the choice of marketing channel for pig farmers is influenced by price per kg of pigs sold, feed cost, gender, herd size, educational level, association membership, land ownership, credit accessibility, availability of storage facilities and access to market information. Finally, the analysis of marketing constraints revealed that price instability, market instability, and access to market information are the most pressing constraints to pig production in Ghana. The findings suggest that small-scale pig farmers can boost their incomes by developing direct sales through farmer associations to help increase their bargaining power and reap more benefits in the pig value chain. Also, the study recommends that addressing key constraints like price instability by providing access to real-time market information through digital platforms could modernize the small-scale pig farming sector in Ghana.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100250,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100068"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772801323000337/pdfft?md5=71f33062f00cc58ccc83cfdbe1dcbb15&pid=1-s2.0-S2772801323000337-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138423169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A perspective on Bio-Electrochemical System (BES) as a tool for boosting the performance of the nonperforming anaerobic units","authors":"Rohan Gupta ,&nbsp;Shradhanjali Sethi ,&nbsp;Ankita Bharshankh ,&nbsp;Rojalin Sahu ,&nbsp;Rima Biswas","doi":"10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100066","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Anaerobic technologies (AT) offer a sustainable approach for harnessing energy during wastewater treatment. Despite their numerous advantages, significant challenges remain. Under stressful conditions, the accumulation of ammonia and Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) within AT can lead to a decline in its performance. One promising strategy to enhance the performance of sick anaerobic units is the introduction of Syntrophic Fatty Acid Oxidizing Bacteria (SFAOB), reinforcing the crucial partnership between SFAOB and hydrogenotrophic methanogenic (HM) organisms. However, isolating and enriching SFAOB populations is challenging due to thermodynamic limitations. To address this issue, Bio-electrochemical systems (BES) emerge as a valuable tool for SFAOB enrichment. BES can also play a vital role in removing dissolved ammonium from AT, preventing its toxic build-up within the system. This perspective primarily focuses on the role of BES in augmenting the performance of AT. Employing BES as a performance-enhancing solution holds promise for ensuring the sustainable recovery of impaired anaerobic units.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100250,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100066"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772801323000313/pdfft?md5=a188d84a24546300e4126df4defd971c&pid=1-s2.0-S2772801323000313-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134656665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Waste generation and management in the food service sector: Evidence from Ghana","authors":"Seth Etuah ,&nbsp;Faizal Adams ,&nbsp;James Osei Mensah ,&nbsp;Awura-Abena Amoah Osei ,&nbsp;Amos Mensah ,&nbsp;Zhen Liu ,&nbsp;Robert Aidoo ,&nbsp;Paul Effah ,&nbsp;Kelvin Asamoah ,&nbsp;Eugenia Boafoa Kwakye ,&nbsp;Nurideen Halid","doi":"10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100067","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100067","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Managing edible food waste generation remains a promising avenue to reduce global hunger without necessarily increasing production. This paper quantifies the volume and value of edible food waste from the food service sector (restaurants) in Ghana and identifies the determinants. Besides, food waste management practices employed and challenges encountered are examined. The results indicate that nearly 320 MT of edible food is wasted by the 120 selected restaurants in a year. The generated food waste is worth about US$ 2,073,565 per annum. In-serve training of staff, use of power backups, and demand forecast are the determinants of food waste volumes. The restaurants manage food waste through disposal, source reduction, and reuse in form of donation of waste to livestock producers for animal feed formulation. This paper identifies varied nature of food waste generated, high cost of investment in recycling facilities, and high disposal charges as the main constraints to food waste management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100250,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100067"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772801323000325/pdfft?md5=201c0e7e59dc9259889f21768fc59758&pid=1-s2.0-S2772801323000325-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135664781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biorefinery integration of a green protein platform for maximum resource utilization","authors":"Giulia Zoppi ,&nbsp;Thalles Allan Andrade ,&nbsp;Alastair James Ward ,&nbsp;Morten Ambye-Jensen ,&nbsp;Patrick Biller","doi":"10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100064","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Biorefineries are often proposed to reduce environmental impact, enhance energy independence, and minimize waste generation while generating multiple valuable products. In this work, an integrated biorefinery approach is proposed to improve the overall process performance of a system combining a green biorefinery (GB), hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), and anaerobic digestion (AD) to produce a leaf protein concentrate, bio-crude, and biogas. Festulolium and ryegrass, two varieties of forage grasses, were employed as feedstock. Two different maceration technologies were evaluated for protein recovery, more severe maceration led to a 75 % increase in protein content in the leaf protein concentrate (LPC) when compared to a standard maceration. The fiber residues produced by the grass processing were converted to biocrude using HTL. This step was not affected by the maceration step and the use of brown juice as HTL media proved to be beneficial. The bio-crude yield of the grass fiber residues was similar for both biomasses and maceration steps, ranging from 25.7 to 32.1 %. Finally, the HTL process water and the brown juice were subjected to anaerobic digestion to produce biogas. The brown juice from ryegrass resulted in higher methane production compared to HTL water but adding brown juice to HTL water did not reduce the lag times observed for pure HTL water. The integration of GB, HTL, and AD is shown to be effective in increasing the overall carbon and nitrogen recovery of the starting biomass.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100250,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100064"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772801323000295/pdfft?md5=8fc7d56d665f7e5a8c8cc75edd0349b3&pid=1-s2.0-S2772801323000295-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"92026106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum to “Exploring the short-term in-field performance of Recovered Nitrogen from Manure (RENURE) materials to substitute synthetic nitrogen fertilisers” [Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy Volume 5, August 2023, 100043]","authors":"A. Saju ,&nbsp;T. Van De Sande ,&nbsp;D. Ryan ,&nbsp;A. Karpinska ,&nbsp;I. Sigurnjak ,&nbsp;D.N. Dowling ,&nbsp;K. Germaine ,&nbsp;T. Kakouli-Duarte ,&nbsp;E. Meers","doi":"10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100061","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100250,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100061"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49706220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmaceutical wastewater treatment in ceramic separator MFC: Optimisation of operating parameters to improve organic removal and power generation","authors":"Somdipta Bagchi,&nbsp;Manaswini Behera","doi":"10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100063","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Microbial fuel cell (MFC) can be used to simultaneously treat wastewater and generate energy using microorganisms as biocatalysts. To improve its performance, optimization of the various process variables and determination of effects of their interactions needs to be explored. In the present study, a full factorial statistical experimental design study of 11 runs was conducted to analyse the effect of influent COD (1500–3500 mg/L), pH (5–9) and recirculation ratio (0–1:1) on power density and COD removal efficiency while treating pharmaceutical wastewater. Statistical models were developed using full factorial design (α = 0.05, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.05). The main effects of the all the three factors were found to be significant on COD removal efficiency; however, the interaction effects were found to be insignificant. On the other hand, the main effects as well as the interaction effect of COD and pH were found to be significant on power density. It was predicted that the optimum COD removal efficiency of 68 % and power density of 219.4 mW/m³ can be achieved in an MFC with an influent COD of 1960 mg/L and pH of 8.9 at a recirculation ratio of 0.99.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100250,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100063"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772801323000283/pdfft?md5=9b49fb3965c8da488b6dbf7a12911507&pid=1-s2.0-S2772801323000283-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91987584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bibliometric analysis on pseudocereals","authors":"Melekşen Akın ,&nbsp;Sadiye Peral Eyduran ,&nbsp;Maria Papageorgiou ,&nbsp;Elena Bartkiene ,&nbsp;Joao Miguel Rocha","doi":"10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100062","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>A bibliometric analysis on scientific documents regarding pseudocereals was performed. The literature was extracted from Web of Science database with limitations on language and index, resulting in 438 documents published until 2022. The bibliographic data were analyzed using Bibliometrix package and Biblioshiny interface available on R statistical language. The first source on pseudocereals was published in 1982 according to our data collection, and there was an increased trend of publications over the time with annual production above 11 %. The core group consisted of 11 out of 175 journals publishing on the field. Italy made the largest contribution, followed by Spain, Mexico, USA, China, among others. Collaboration network analysis was run to map associations between top countries on pseudocereals research. Six distinct sub-clusters of countries tending to collaborate together were detected. All of the publications of Israel on the area were in collaboration with other countries, whereas Argentina and Turkey published only single country publications. The most commonly used author keywords displayed with the word cloud after pseudocereals were quinoa, amaranth, buckwheat, and gluten-free. Other notable keywords were food composition, antioxidant activity, fermentation, bread, celiac disease, lactic acid bacteria, <em>etc</em>. The objective of the current study is to illustrate emerging trends in journal performance, collaboration networks, research constituents, intellectual structure, and evolutionary nuances of the field, thus also supporting policy development to promote research on pseudocereals utilizing bibliometrics approach.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100250,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100062"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49705971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon footprint of smallholder rain-fed sorghum cropping systems of Kenya: A typology-based approach","authors":"Collins M. Musafiri ,&nbsp;Milka Kiboi ,&nbsp;Onesmus K. Ng'etich ,&nbsp;Michael Okoti ,&nbsp;David K. Kosgei ,&nbsp;Felix K. Ngetich","doi":"10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clcb.2023.100060","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Agricultural ecosystems are the main sources of soil-atmosphere exchange (methane-CH₄, Carbon dioxide-CO₂ and Nitrous oxide -N₂O) in sub-Saharan African countries, including Kenya. To feed the ever-growing population, there is a need to identify agricultural management practices to increase food production while reducing GHG emissions for climate change mitigation and adaptation. This study aimed to estimate the GHG balance at the farm scale and identify environmental hotspots and mitigation opportunities among smallholder sorghum farms in Western Kenya. The study hypothesized that different intensification levels influenced the GHG balance. The study collected data from 300 smallholder farms in western Kenya. The principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis were used for farm typologies construction. Five farm types were constructed that ranged from no or minimal external inputs and highly intensified, small to large, and low to highly endowed in tropical livestock units. The Cool Farm Tool Excel program model was used to estimate GHG balances. that the sorghum cropping systems were net sinks of soil GHGs. The GHG balance, carbon footprint, and monetary footprint significantly varied across the farm types at <em>p</em> = 0.025, <em>p</em> = 0.018, and <em>p</em> = 0.004, respectively. The GHG balance ranged from – 818.76 kg CO2 eq. ha⁻¹ in manure-intensive and low fertilizer-intensity small farms to 174.29 kg CO₂ eq. ha⁻¹ in fertilizer-intensive and moderate manure application rates on small farms. Fertilizer production and direct and indirect emissions (fertilizer application) were the environmental hotspots accounting for 63 and 30 % of the GHG emissions. The carbon and monetary footprints ranged from -1.29 to 0.45 kg CO₂ eq. kg sorghum ⁻¹ and -2.02 to 0.13 kg CO₂ eq. US$⁻¹ generated, respectively. The study established that sorghum cropping systems in Kenya produced limited greenhouse gas emissions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100250,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","volume":"6 ","pages":"Article 100060"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49705968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}