Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy最新文献

{"title":"Environmental assessment of compost for Agaricus bisporus production: an Irish case study","authors":"Éamonn Walsh ,&nbsp;Aiduan Borrion ,&nbsp;Lael Walsh","doi":"10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100183","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100183","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There has been a considerable rise in cultivated edible mushroom production since 1997, with mushrooms now a major component of diets worldwide. Button mushroom (<em>Agaricus bisporus</em>) production accounts for a significant portion of global production and even more in Europe and North America. The cultivation of <em>A. bisporus</em> relies on the production of a compost (also known as substrate) designed specifically for <em>A. bisporus</em>’ cultivation requirements. Previous studies have shown compost as a potentially important hotspot in the mushroom cultivation life cycle, yet few studies have assessed it as its own product. It is important to carefully evaluate the processes involved in compost production as it is strongly linked with other agricultural activities. This research conducts a life cycle assessment (LCA) on the production of mushroom compost using an Irish system as a case study. The ingredients for compost production (e.g. wheat straw) as well as some production processes themselves (e.g. composting) are highlighted as hotspots. The LCA shows that materials from other agricultural processes can contribute highly to the overall emissions of the compost. For example, wheat straw contributes 36% to ‘climate change’ impact category, and 94% and 95% to ‘freshwater eutrophication’ and ‘marine eutrophication’ categories, respectively. However, the allocation method has a significant impact on the extent of contribution from these agricultural co-products. A mass based allocation increases the contribution of wheat straw in most impact categories compared to an economic allocation. Furthermore, economic allocation produces different impacts depending on the jurisdiction in question and its legislative support of waste reuse and the circular economy. This research demonstrates how the impact of compost production can vary across jurisdictions due to the value given to ‘waste’ products. This has significant importance to the mushroom industry in terms of understanding their emissions and reaching climate-net zero targets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100250,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of dewatering and drying energy requirements in microalgae production: Pathways towards industrial uptake and bioeconomy integration","authors":"Sophie Kendler ,&nbsp;Elisa Magnanelli ,&nbsp;Marco Bless ,&nbsp;Tom Ståle Nordtvedt","doi":"10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microalgae gain increasing attention due to growing demand for diversified products such as food, feed and biotechnology systems aimed at addressing climate change and promoting sustainable production processes. They produce high quality fatty acids, amino acids and pigments, which can be utilized as ingredients across various industries. However, energy-intensive dewatering and drying technologies remain a significant barrier to cost-effective, large-scale microalgae production. This review aims at providing insights on how to possibly overcome such barriers, to enable and promote large scale industrial uptake of microalgae. Hereby, it summarizes current dewatering and drying methods, discussing their benefits and limitations. Pathways that can help overcome these barriers and enable industrial microalgae production are then discussed. Principles such as process optimization, exhaust drying heat recirculation, heat pump integration and industrial symbiosis are viable pathways that can enable industrial applicability. The review also presents how industrial side-streams, like wastewaters, excess heat and fume gas can be utilized in circular ways to promote cost-effective production and increased sustainability of different industries. The review aims to complement existing literature on microalgae harvesting, by adding and highlighting the importance of scaling-up and the necessity of removing barriers related to high production costs to achieve a sustainable circular economy. These insights into currently applied technologies and possibilities for industry symbiosis are beneficial for researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders striving to align microalgae production with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 7, SDG 12, and SDG 13, by offering practical pathways to reduce energy demands, promote circular economy principles, and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions in industrial systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100250,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100184"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145157065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three-point flexural of jute fabric-cereal husk sandwich bio-composites","authors":"Weixing Zhang ,&nbsp;Chunxia He","doi":"10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100182","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100182","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, the flexural behavior of sandwich bio-composites made of bio-composite laminates skins, cereal husk/gelatin biomass cores and cassava starch based adhesives were studied. The jute fabric-cereal husk sandwich bio-composites were preparing by manual layup method, the effects of skin layers, core type and core thickness on the flexural behavior were investigated. The experimental results showed that increasing the core thickness and skin layers can increase the ultimate load and flexural stiffness. The jute fabric-cereal husk sandwich bio-composites mainly included three failure modes: core shear/debonding, core shear and indentation. Overall, this study can provide a theoretical basis and data support for the novel sandwich bio-composites. The jute fabric-cereal husk sandwich bio-composites can be used in areas such as packaging materials, construction materials and furniture products.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100250,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145048560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Surfactant-modified recycled fibers for enhanced dewatering and mechanical properties in sustainable packaging","authors":"Kazi Md Yasin Arafat ,&nbsp;Khandoker Samaher Salem ,&nbsp;Sharmita Bera ,&nbsp;Hasan Jameel ,&nbsp;Lucian Lucia ,&nbsp;Lokendra Pal","doi":"10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recycled fibers substantially lose their physical and mechanical properties with recycling time. This study explores the combined effects of pretreating old corrugated container (OCC) pulp, a type of recycled fiber, with surfactants and optimizing drying conditions to enhance dewatering efficiency and mechanical properties of packaging grades. Two surfactants- cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a cationic surfactant, and alcohol ethoxylate (NS), a non-ionic surfactant were employed for the recycled fiber modification. Packaging handsheets were prepared under various drying conditions, and their surface morphology and cross-sectional structure were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The degree of chemical interactions in surfactant-fiber systems were evaluated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). Surfactant treatment effectively reduced surface tension to ∼47 mN/m, facilitating lower pulling forces, improved fiber dispersion and enhanced dewatering, with a drainage rate increase of 1.56-fold and reductions in hard-to-remove water (HRW) and water retention value (WRV) by ∼49 % and ∼13 %, respectively. SEM analysis revealed a more uniform handsheet morphology and the formation of fibril bridges, contributing to enhanced mechanical properties. Maximum values achieved included a tensile index of 54.1 Nm/g, ring crush test (RCT) strength of 12 Nm/g, and short-span compression test (STFI) strength of 31 Nm/g. In total, this novel strategy shows strong potential for enhancing recycled fiber performance in sustainable packaging applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100250,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144988557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wood ash as an eco-friendly alternative for sustainable cement replacement in concrete","authors":"Suehail Aijaz Shah ,&nbsp;M. A. Tantray ,&nbsp;Arooba Rafiq Bhat","doi":"10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100178","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100178","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wood burning is a common practice in various domestic and industrial activities in our region, including baker's furnaces, hamams, fireplaces, and small-scale industries, leading to the generation of large quantities of wood ash as a byproduct. Improper disposal of this ash poses environmental risks such as soil and water contamination, increased soil alkalinity, air pollution, and health hazards. Given its mineral-rich composition including calcium, potassium, and magnesium and silica, wood ash has potential as a supplementary cementitious material, offering a sustainable solution for waste utilization and resource conservation. This study investigates the feasibility of using locally sourced wood ash, obtained from a traditional baker (Nanawai), as a partial cement replacement in concrete. Concrete mixes were prepared with varying percentages of wood ash, and their fresh and hardened properties were evaluated through standard tests for workability, compressive strength, and durability performance. The results indicate that incorporating wood ash up to an optimal replacement level improves certain mechanical properties without significantly compromising workability, while also contributing to waste reduction. The findings support the potential of wood ash as a sustainable material in concrete production and highlight the need for further research on long-term performance and environmental impact quantification through lifecycle assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100250,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145018707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping ecosystem services change under land use change for oil palm expansion","authors":"Ada Na'bila Acobta ,&nbsp;Lacour Mody Ayompe ,&nbsp;Elizabeth Derse Crook ,&nbsp;Benis N Egoh","doi":"10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100176","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100176","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Growing demand for palm oil is increasingly driving forest conversion in the tropics, leading to the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services (ES). Extensive studies have looked at the impacts of land use change (LUC) for oil palm expansion on biodiversity, but very few have quantified the impacts on ES in growing palm oil producing regions like Africa. We mapped and quantified the impacts of oil palm expansion on carbon storage, soil retention and nutrient retention ES in a palm oil producing region of Cameroon. We used the ESRI Sentinel-2 2017 10 m and ECJRC 2015 1 km Land Cover maps with InVEST models to assess the impacts of LUC for oil palm on ES. We found that present-day oil palm expansion has reduced carbon storage by 0.6 % from a “pre-cultivation” baseline scenario and will likely further reduce by 3.7 % and 6.8 % with 2 km and 4 km expansion. Soil retention is reduced by 0.2 % present-day and will likely reduce by another 5.5 % and 13.9 % while nutrient retention is reduced by 8.4 % and will likely reduce by 22.0 % and 40.4 % with 2 km and 4 km expansion respectively. Such information is necessary to understand the conservation of these ES in light of future oil palm expansion.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100250,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144908516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Value chain analysis of smallholder highland bamboo products: The case of Hula and Gumer districts, Ethiopia","authors":"Yared Gelaw ,&nbsp;Getahun Kassa ,&nbsp;Degnet Abebaw ,&nbsp;Habtemariam Kassa ,&nbsp;Abdu Abdelkadir","doi":"10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100177","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100177","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The utilization of highland bamboo in Ethiopia is currently at a shallow level, despite its immense potential as a valuable non-timber forest product. Value chain analysis is a widely used method to assess business activities and recognize which activities are the most useful and can be improved to create a competitive advantage for a business. A comprehensive study was conducted to understand the value chain and identify opportunities and constraints. The data for the study were collected through surveys, interviews, and observations involving various stakeholders, such as producers, processors, traders, brokers, consumers, and other stakeholders, that influence the value chain. The analysis was undertaken following the combined analysis framework developed by the United Nations International Development Organization (UNIDO), making the market better for the poor (M4P), and Kaplinsky and Morris for value chain actors. In the Hula and Gumer districts selected for this study, 274 smallholder highland bamboo producers were randomly surveyed using a probability proportional to size sampling procedure. Additionally, other actors in the value chain were purposefully selected. The findings showed that key actors in the highland bamboo value chain were smallholder producers, brokers, wholesalers, processors, recreational house constructors, and consumers. Each actor contributed to adding value in different ways through form-type and place-type value-addition strategies. Among the five main channels selected, the manufacturing industry channel (Channel VII and VIII) generates the highest value for bamboo culms which was USD 3.836 per culm. Processors using modernized machines not only reduced processing costs but also enabled the handling of a larger volume of raw materials while ensuring a higher production output with extraordinary efficiency. This study suggests that it is necessary to empower actors by improving their awareness, establishing better linkages, and accessing information to make effective value addition and increase commercialization. In addition to this, this study’s results indicated that policymakers should focus on improving infrastructural access, such as roads and electric power supply, and providing treating machines, chemicals, and processing machines which are necessary for further improvements in the chain performance of bamboo commercialization. Finally, findings in the study suggested that shifting the chain from low-value to high-value addition, upgrading small artisanal processors to manufacturing units, and supporting highland bamboo processing industries enhance overall well-being of the country.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100250,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144890595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in GHG emissions of protein substitution from conventional to alternative sources","authors":"Basanta K. Pradhan ,&nbsp;Anjali Prashad ,&nbsp;Barnali Das ,&nbsp;Bipasha Ghosh","doi":"10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100174","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100174","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Food production, directly and indirectly, account for over 26% of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) annually from which animal products account for almost 60% of food-related emissions and 16% of global annual GHG emissions. Multiple projections suggest the food demand for animal products to increase further by 35% by 2050 and thus the urgency for substituting alternative proteins to, at least, animal proteins. In this study, we examine GHG emissions from the production and consumption of conventional and alternative proteins. The prime focus of the study is to quantify the achievable GHG reduction through protein-to-protein substitution from conventional to alternative sources. It aims to compare the emission impacts of protein-equivalent substitution across eight conventional and six alternative protein sources through three regions—India, the United Kingdom, and the European Union—over a 30-year average. Among the conventional sources, beef-veal and sheep meat were found to be the top contributors to GHG emissions across the panel. Comparing emissions with respect to the possible switch between given alternatives to conventionals, overall, our results suggest pulses and chickpeas to be the best alternative substitutes for beef-veal and sheep meat to achieve substantial emission reduction in the three regions. Moreover, significant variations in emission reductions from substitutions seem to emerge at both production and consumption levels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100250,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144880117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mobile-manufactured biochar in mine closure, costly yet carbon-negative – A techno-economic and life cycle assessment of growing media value chains","authors":"Karri Uotila ,&nbsp;Karetta Vikki ,&nbsp;Marja Uusitalo ,&nbsp;Kimmo Rasa ,&nbsp;Ilkka Leinonen ,&nbsp;Marleena Hagner","doi":"10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100173","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100173","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This concept case explored a circular bioeconomy-based value chain to produce new high-quality growing media to be used in mine closures. Our specific interest was in the production of biochar from waste wood using the mobile pyrolysis unit and use of biochar as a supplement in mine closure growing media. A life cycle costing (LCC) and environmental impact assessment (LCA) was conducted for the production and value chain of four different growing media solutions based on mixtures of composted sewage sludge (COM), fly ash (ASH), peat, till, and waste-wood-based biochar (BC).</div><div>The application of wood waste biochar to compost-till growing media (10 % by volume) increased the costs by 51–71 % (BC-COM-TILL, €28.60 m^-3). The most affordable scenario was based on compost, ash and till (€16.76 m^-3). Environmental impacts were acknowledged in the costs according to their carbon dioxide equivalent (CO₂eq) emissions assessed in LCA (€52.56 CO₂eq t^-1). Accounting for the long-term carbon storage capabilities of the materials, the emissions were highest in peat and till based solution (74.7 kg CO₂eq m^-3), and lowest in the most expensive solution with biochar (-49.7 kg CO₂eq m^-3). The biochar-based solution turned into a carbon sink with negative CO₂eq emissions.</div><div>The study 1) highlighted the lower emissions of growing medias based on circular bioeconomy-based solutions compared to peat used in the traditional growing media solution; 2) showed that the climate emissions of biochar-based growing media were negative; 3) indicated that the price of biochar-based growing media was high, while suggestions were made to moderate the cost. The positive effects of biochar on the plant growth in mine areas have been documented elsewhere, but not acknowledged in this study’s environmental or economic results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100250,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100173"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144842192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable cashew plantation management on weathered tropical soils through biomass and nutrient cycling","authors":"Shamsudheen Mangalassery ,&nbsp;Babli Mog ,&nbsp;K. Manjunatha ,&nbsp;J.D. Adiga ,&nbsp;G.N. Manjesh ,&nbsp;G.L. Veena ,&nbsp;H.P. Bhagya ,&nbsp;V. Thondaiman ,&nbsp;P. Preethi","doi":"10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100175","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.clcb.2025.100175","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Understanding biomass decomposition and nutrient cycling in tree plantations is crucial for evaluating their impact on soil health and advancing environmental sustainability practices in tropical agroecosystems. By analysing the decomposition of leaf litter and other organic materials, we aim to understand how these processes contribute to nutrient availability and sustainability. This study evaluates the biomass accumulation, nutrient uptake, and cycling dynamics in cashew (<em>Anacardium occidentale</em> L.) in monoculture plantations established on weathered tropical soils over 25 years at Puttur, India. Findings revealed a substantial increase in total above-ground biomass from 0.44 tonnes per hectare (t ha⁻¹) in the first year to 58.78 t ha⁻¹ by year 25. Similarly, root biomass increased significantly, with coarse roots growing from 0.12 t ha⁻¹ to 10.18 t ha⁻¹ and fine roots from 0.14 t ha⁻¹ to 8.19 t ha⁻¹ over the same period. Leaf and litterfall data demonstrated an upward trend in biomass with tree age, contributing to enhanced soil nutrient cycling. Weed biomass showed a declining trend as tree age increased, reflecting the competitive advantage of mature cashew trees. Cashew apple and nut yields also increased markedly, with the apple yield rising from 0.57 t ha⁻¹ to 30.11 t ha⁻¹ and nut yield from 0.08 t ha⁻¹ to 3.72 t ha⁻¹ by year 25. Nutrient analysis of various biomass components indicated significant increases in nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, and micronutrients with tree age. The annual nutrient turnover for coarse and fine roots, leaf litter, and cashew apples showed progressive increases, underscoring the critical role of nutrient recycling in maintaining soil fertility and supporting cashew production. The findings highlight the importance of tailored nutrient management strategies to support optimal tree health and yield throughout the lifecycle of trees in the orchard.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100250,"journal":{"name":"Cleaner and Circular Bioeconomy","volume":"12 ","pages":"Article 100175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144829945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}