{"title":"Approach to identify misaligned dowel and tie bars in concrete pavements using ground penetrating radar","authors":"Cherif Amer-Yahia Ph.D., P.E. , Todd Majidzadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.csndt.2014.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csndt.2014.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Dowels are used in jointed concrete pavements to provide load transfer and improve performance. Misaligned dowels could cause poor joint performance that would lead to pavement distresses. An approach to detect misaligned dowel bars in concrete pavements using GPR is proposed. The paper addresses all forms and combinations of dowel misalignment. Equations were developed to identify each misalignment type, and statistical analyses were performed on major categories for the entire project. A decision on the acceptance or rejection of a dowel bar, a joint, or a pavement section, can be made based on the results of the computations and specified tolerance values.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100221,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation","volume":"2 ","pages":"Pages 14-26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.csndt.2014.06.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80666631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rolando Salgado , Jorge M. Branco , Paulo J.S. Cruz , Gustavo Ayala
{"title":"Serviceability assessment of the Góis footbridge using vibration monitoring","authors":"Rolando Salgado , Jorge M. Branco , Paulo J.S. Cruz , Gustavo Ayala","doi":"10.1016/j.csndt.2014.10.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csndt.2014.10.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Footbridges are structures that may experience vibration amplification problems caused by pedestrian and/or wind actions. Design codes deal with these phenomena limiting the natural frequencies and the maximum accelerations expected. Aiming at taking into consideration these dynamic phenomena, current procedures to evaluate the structural performance of light-weight bridges based on experimental dynamic analysis are evaluated in this study. To achieve this, the dynamic response of three pedestrians walking, running and jumping was obtained. Maximum comfort limits of dynamic responses were then determined. The results indicate that codes could overestimate the level of vibration in this kind of footbridge.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100221,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation","volume":"2 ","pages":"Pages 71-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.csndt.2014.10.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75592219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Bharathi Priya , A. Likhith Reddy , G.V. Rama Rao , N. Gopalakrishnan , A. Rama Mohan Rao
{"title":"Low frequency and boundary condition effects on impedance based damage identification","authors":"C. Bharathi Priya , A. Likhith Reddy , G.V. Rama Rao , N. Gopalakrishnan , A. Rama Mohan Rao","doi":"10.1016/j.csndt.2014.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csndt.2014.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Details of the investigations on the application of Electro Mechanical Impedance (EMI) technique using smart piezoelectric (PZT) sensors for damage detection of structures are presented in this paper. The behavior and the ability of this method to detect damages, in a homogenous material are studied for its effective utilization in structural health monitoring. Experimental investigations are conducted on a homogenous aluminium plate bonded with PZT patches to study the effects of external low frequency vibrations (mass loading) and boundary condition on EMI signatures and the observations are discussed using RMSD as damage index computed between pristine and damaged states. Effect of low frequency vibration on the resulting EMI signature and the corresponding RMSD is found to be less than 2%. This is the threshold upper control value (UCL) beyond which the change in RMSD shall truly reflect the damage.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100221,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation","volume":"2 ","pages":"Pages 9-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.csndt.2014.05.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89429780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Deconvolution processing for improved acoustic wavefield imaging","authors":"Christian Kexel, Jochen Moll","doi":"10.1016/j.csndt.2014.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csndt.2014.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Sparse sensor networks for Lamb wave-based structural health monitoring (SHM) can detect defects in plate-like structures. However, the limited number of sensor positions provides little information to characterize the unknown scatterer. This can be achieved by full wavefield analysis e.g. using Laser Doppler vibrometry measurements.</p><p>This paper proposes deconvolution processing that enhances the acoustic wavefield interpretation by increasing the temporal resolution of the underlying ultrasound signals. Applying this preprocessor to the whole wavefield allows improved non-destructive assessment of the defect. This approach is verified experimentally through a case study on an isotropic aluminum plate with four cracks.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100221,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation","volume":"2 ","pages":"Pages 77-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.csndt.2014.10.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73008724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Giuseppina Uva , Francesco Porco , Andrea Fiore , Giacinto Porco
{"title":"Structural monitoring using fiber optic sensors of a pre-stressed concrete viaduct during construction phases","authors":"Giuseppina Uva , Francesco Porco , Andrea Fiore , Giacinto Porco","doi":"10.1016/j.csndt.2014.06.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csndt.2014.06.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The paper presents a study about the monitoring of a pre-stressed reinforced concrete viaduct in Bari (Italy), by means of an optical fiber system embedded into the structural elements. The application case had two objectives: controlling the structural efficiency during the phases of construction, and allowing, in the future, the periodical check of the structural performance under service loads. Sensors were directly anchored to the prestressing strands during the manufacturing phases of the precast beams. By processing and analyzing the data acquired by the system during the different construction phases, it was possible to assess the strain variations related to load increments and stress losses, by comparing them with expected theoretical values. The specific case study shows that the availability of real-time monitoring procedures is nowadays a precious tool for checking the structural safety of critical facilities, in particular bridges.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100221,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation","volume":"2 ","pages":"Pages 27-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.csndt.2014.06.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75834543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Wire failure prediction for a rotary beam fatigue tester","authors":"Elizabeth Thompson , Rahul Basu , Timothy Loos","doi":"10.1016/j.csndt.2014.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csndt.2014.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>This work investigates methods for predicting imminent wire failure during fatigue testing.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Sensors that measure changes in vibration, displacement, and infrared signatures were explored, and in-situ video recording was studied for its ability to capture changes in the shape of the wire.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Video recording appears to be the most promising of the methods investigated.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>It has promise for both single and multi-strand configurations.</p></div><div><h3>Practice</h3><p>Further investigations could include image/video processing.</p></div><div><h3>Implications</h3><p>Could be used to determine if the number of fatigue cycles to complete fracture is an accurate measure of the fatigue life of multi-stranded wire.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100221,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation","volume":"2 ","pages":"Pages 1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.csndt.2014.04.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83936009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nondestructive evaluation of material degradation and sub-millimeter sized defect detection in steel using magnetic measurements","authors":"H. Kikuchi , I. Shimizu , K. Sato , K. Iwata","doi":"10.1016/j.csndt.2014.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csndt.2014.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This paper investigates the possibility of simultaneous nondestructive evaluation of material degradation and detection of sub-millimeter sized defects using magnetic methods. We confirmed by FEM simulation that assessment of both degradation and small defects in steel is possible using a single-yoke probe. This was also verified experimentally. The hysteresis loop measurements were sensitive to degradation in the material, and the scanning flux distribution could be effectively used for detecting sub-millimeter sized defects. The degradation and small defects can also be evaluated separately with this single measurement configuration.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100221,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation","volume":"1 ","pages":"Pages 25-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.csndt.2014.01.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79825172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Signature frequencies for buried soil anchors","authors":"James F. Wilson","doi":"10.1016/j.csndt.2014.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csndt.2014.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Soil anchors with their guy lines are employed in a wide variety of applications. Anchor support for utility poles is the focus of the present study. A nonintrusive measuring system is proposed to monitor the integrity of such guy line ground anchors. The natural longitudinal frequency of the partially buried anchor rod with a terminal buried plate attached can be measured periodically with an accelerometer. An increase in this frequency over time would indicate a possible corrosion-induced loosening of the ground anchor from its buried terminal plate, and the need for anchor replacement. A case study involving an aging and failed utility pole anchor illustrates the need for such frequency monitoring.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100221,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation","volume":"1 ","pages":"Pages 1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.csndt.2014.03.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91550560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Study on the subsurface damage depth in machined silicon wafers by the laser-ultrasonic method","authors":"A.A. Karabutov , N.B. Podymova","doi":"10.1016/j.csndt.2014.03.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csndt.2014.03.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>This work aims at applying the laser-ultrasonic method for nondestructive evaluation of the depth of the subsurface damage in machined silicon wafers. It is based on different mechanisms of laser excitation of ultrasound by absorption of Q-switched Nd:YAG laser pulses at the fundamental wavelength: the concentration–deformation mechanism in the single-crystalline silicon and the thermoelastic one in the damaged layer. Due to the uniform heating of the whole damaged layer during the laser pulse action the amplitude of the compression phase of the laser-induced ultrasonic signal is proportional to the damaged depth. The rarefaction phase of this signal arises by absorption of the rest of laser energy in the single-crystalline silicon beneath the damaged layer. The empirical relation between the depth of the subsurface damage and the ratio of the amplitudes of compression and rarefaction phases of the laser-induced ultrasonic signal can be fitted by a linear function within the depth variation and the corresponding spread of the signal amplitudes. This relation can be used for in situ quantitative nondestructive evaluation of the depth of the subsurface damage in machined silicon wafers; the minimal reliably detectable depth is estimated at the level of 0.15–0.2 μm.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100221,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation","volume":"1 ","pages":"Pages 7-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.csndt.2014.03.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89188005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Monitoring structural deterioration of railway turnout systems via dynamic wheel/rail interaction","authors":"Sakdirat Kaewunruen","doi":"10.1016/j.csndt.2014.03.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.csndt.2014.03.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>‘<em>Big data</em>’ obtained from wayside detection systems and sensors installed on board a train show that actual loading history for a railway track is rather dynamic and transient. The dynamic loadings due to train and track interactions redistribute from the rails to the rail pad, from the rail pad to the railway sleeper, and from the railway sleeper to the underlying ground. Dynamic content redistributed onto each layer of track is also filtered by energy dissipation characteristic of materials and structures. As a critical infrastructure, railway turnout is a structural grillage system used to divert a train to other directions or other tracks. The wheel–rail contact over the crossing transfer zone often causes detrimental impact loads that rapidly deteriorate the turnout and its components. The dynamic responses of wheel–rail interaction depend largely on the non-smooth trajectory or wearing condition of crossing geometry. In reality, a railway line spreads over a large distance and monitoring such rail infrastructure is one of the challenges in rail industry. This paper presents a methodology and application to evaluate and monitor the structural deterioration of railway turnout systems in an Australian urban rail network. The method has integrated numerical train/track simulations, axle box acceleration and ride quality data obtained from the calibrated track inspection vehicle “AK Car”.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100221,"journal":{"name":"Case Studies in Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation","volume":"1 ","pages":"Pages 19-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.csndt.2014.03.004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90912620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}