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El «mejor interés» del menor transexual 变性儿童的“最大利益”
Bioethics Update Pub Date : 2018-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioet.2018.02.001
José López Guzmán
{"title":"El «mejor interés» del menor transexual","authors":"José López Guzmán","doi":"10.1016/j.bioet.2018.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioet.2018.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>When a child is considered to have manifestations of gender dysphoria, parents are advised to begin the social transition to the new gender, and to provide the child with blockers of puberty and give cross-hormones at 16 years of age. Finally, when the age of majority comes, surgery is recommended. This protocol, which could be called official or politically correct, because of its support by different health professional associations, groups of people affected, and, in some cases, the legislation itself. These are all being discussed for various reasons, such as, for example, the low rates of persistence of transsexualism in the passage from childhood to maturity, and the side effects of treatments, etc. Given this situation, any decision making in this regard must be preceded by an act of prudence, aimed at guaranteeing the child's welfare. Within this framework it is important to ask what is really the best interest of the child.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100174,"journal":{"name":"Bioethics Update","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.bioet.2018.02.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82382971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Mejoramiento cognitivo farmacológico: implicaciones bioéticas a la luz de la evidencia científica actual 药理学认知增强:当前科学证据下的生物伦理意义
Bioethics Update Pub Date : 2018-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioet.2017.05.001
Mijail Alejandro Tapia Moreno
{"title":"Mejoramiento cognitivo farmacológico: implicaciones bioéticas a la luz de la evidencia científica actual","authors":"Mijail Alejandro Tapia Moreno","doi":"10.1016/j.bioet.2017.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioet.2017.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The use of cognition-enhancing drugs is a topic that currently requires special attention, particularly given the growing patient demand for their prescription. It is essential to examine the ethical aspects inherent to the use of these drugs, especially when they are not an innocuous intervention.</p><p>The effectiveness of these cognition-enhancing drugs lacks the scientific evidence that supports the benefits attributed to them, such as more focus or better memory, as the results in studies show little consistency covering a spectrum from deleterious effects to beneficial effects in certain tasks.</p><p>Considering this background, it is obvious that an assessment is required on how ethical it is to prescribe or recommend them. This assessment can be made based on bioethical principles of non-maleficence, beneficence, autonomy, and justice. Non-maleficence is a concern when reviewing potential adverse effects. Beneficence is unclear, particularly when it is doubtful that the benefits shown in some studies translate into improved performance in the real world. Although the current effectiveness of cognition-enhancing drugs suggests that they do not pose a problem to the justice principle, this should not be an aspect to be dismissed considering that this may change with the development of more effective cognition-enhancing drugs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100174,"journal":{"name":"Bioethics Update","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.bioet.2017.05.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90856078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
The neurobiological and environmental origin of ethics: Analysis of biological, social and religious determinism 伦理学的神经生物学和环境起源:生物学、社会和宗教决定论分析
Bioethics Update Pub Date : 2018-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioet.2018.04.001
Omar Hanun Rodríguez, Cecilia Ximénez Camilli
{"title":"The neurobiological and environmental origin of ethics: Analysis of biological, social and religious determinism","authors":"Omar Hanun Rodríguez,&nbsp;Cecilia Ximénez Camilli","doi":"10.1016/j.bioet.2018.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioet.2018.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>There are different points of view regarding the origin of ethical decision-making. From a simplistic point of view, one can think that only the neurobiological characteristics of each person influence the functioning of morality. However, it is important to think about the sociocultural environment in which the person develops, including religion and psychological aspects not defined by the neurobiology that eventually determines the ethical decision-making pattern, and therefore each person's morality.</p><p>The origin of ethics and human morality takes place in various elements. Correct neurological functioning, cultural characteristics, spirituality, socio-economic environment, and life experiences are essential elements that determine the development of a moral judgment. All these elements provide the brain with characteristics that determine its functioning when making decisions to resolve dilemmas and further determine the pattern of moral positions. This article seeks to expose the different factors that constitute human morality, in order to analyze each one in detail for the further understanding of the origin and complexity of morals and ethics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100174,"journal":{"name":"Bioethics Update","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.bioet.2018.04.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73083427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
The philosophy of palliative care 姑息治疗的哲学
Bioethics Update Pub Date : 2018-07-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioet.2018.06.001
Evandro Agazzi
{"title":"The philosophy of palliative care","authors":"Evandro Agazzi","doi":"10.1016/j.bioet.2018.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioet.2018.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100174,"journal":{"name":"Bioethics Update","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.bioet.2018.06.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87783949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reflexiones bioéticas en torno a la historia de las epidemias de viruela 对天花流行历史的生物伦理思考
Bioethics Update Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioet.2018.02.003
Lourdes Velázquez
{"title":"Reflexiones bioéticas en torno a la historia de las epidemias de viruela","authors":"Lourdes Velázquez","doi":"10.1016/j.bioet.2018.02.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioet.2018.02.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Epidemics can be considered as collective illnesses, in the sense that they affect a whole large community, and can even lead to its total destruction. For this reason they present with special bioethical problems, as they entail giving priority to certain collective values, linked with the ‘common good’, over other values that are usually considered in medical ethics. For this reason, a short history of epidemics will help clarify the real importance and complexity of this picture, which could possibly face humankind of the present and the future in forms even more complex than past epidemics. In addition, the consideration of certain episodes of this history, in which the conscious use of contagion was adopted to destroy enemy populations, brings one rather close to the currently wide discussed issue of the ‘double use’ of the results of scientific research.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100174,"journal":{"name":"Bioethics Update","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.bioet.2018.02.003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91602847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Medical ethics and pandemic emergencies 医学伦理和流行病紧急情况
Bioethics Update Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/J.BIOET.2018.01.002
D. E. Schrader
{"title":"Medical ethics and pandemic emergencies","authors":"D. E. Schrader","doi":"10.1016/J.BIOET.2018.01.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIOET.2018.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100174,"journal":{"name":"Bioethics Update","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76684529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
La libertad en la eugenesia liberal: reflexiones sobre el papel del Estado 自由优生学中的自由:对国家角色的反思
Bioethics Update Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioet.2017.08.002
Beatriz Eugenia Campillo Vélez
{"title":"La libertad en la eugenesia liberal: reflexiones sobre el papel del Estado","authors":"Beatriz Eugenia Campillo Vélez","doi":"10.1016/j.bioet.2017.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioet.2017.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The study entitled ‘Freedom in liberal eugenics: reflections on the role of the State’ has its origin in the interest of highlighting a contradiction that has become ‘common place’ in political, philosophical, and bioethical discourses; and this argument states the ethical limits of science and technology is considered an attempt against freedom. Therefore, this position, which intends to be eminently liberal, should start from the absolute approval of any practice being the crucial legitimising factor of individual wills. From this reasoning is deduced a simplistic position that claims that the State should remain silent in the face of ethical and moral issues. Such ‘common place’, we believe, does not recognise the liberal tradition that protects the human rights, providing a predominant role of the State as the guardian of these, and this is by no means neutral.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100174,"journal":{"name":"Bioethics Update","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.bioet.2017.08.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81449285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Bioethics as a counterbalance to medicalization 生物伦理学是对医学化的一种平衡
Bioethics Update Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioet.2018.01.001
Evandro Agazzi
{"title":"Bioethics as a counterbalance to medicalization","authors":"Evandro Agazzi","doi":"10.1016/j.bioet.2018.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.bioet.2018.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100174,"journal":{"name":"Bioethics Update","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.bioet.2018.01.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122425874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Medical ethics and pandemic emergencies 医学伦理和流行病紧急情况
Bioethics Update Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioet.2018.01.002
David E. Schrader
{"title":"Medical ethics and pandemic emergencies","authors":"David E. Schrader","doi":"10.1016/j.bioet.2018.01.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioet.2018.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>2018 is the 100th anniversary of an influenza epidemic that took the lives of between fifty and a hundred million people. Traditional medical ethics places the primary obligation of medical personnel on the care of individual patients. Yet in a time of pandemic emergency, the shear scope of demand for medical treatment may well make it impossible to meet both the public health needs of collective humanity and the collected needs of individual patients. Medical ethics must address this dilemma.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100174,"journal":{"name":"Bioethics Update","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.bioet.2018.01.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91602848","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
El poshumanismo: ¿promesa o amenaza de la tecnociencia? Principios de una biopolítica mínima 后人文主义:技术科学的承诺还是威胁?最低限度生物政治原则
Bioethics Update Pub Date : 2018-01-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioet.2017.06.001
Eugenio Moya
{"title":"El poshumanismo: ¿promesa o amenaza de la tecnociencia? Principios de una biopolítica mínima","authors":"Eugenio Moya","doi":"10.1016/j.bioet.2017.06.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioet.2017.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In 2004, Neil Harbisson, who was born with dyschromatopsia, was not allowed to renew his UK passport. His passport photo was rejected. The UK Passport Authority would not allow Harbisson to appear with electronic equipment on his head. Harbisson wrote back to them insisting that the ‘eyeborg’ (electronic eye) should be considered part of his body as he had become a cyborg. Letters from his doctor, friends and partners were sent to the Passport Office to give him support. Finally, Harbisson's device was included and he became the first cyborg recognised by a government. Thanks to the Technoscience, he is a different kind of post-human being: ‘Harbisson 2.0’. This paper evaluates the risks of our future post-human and raises five principles of minimal Biopolitics.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100174,"journal":{"name":"Bioethics Update","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.bioet.2017.06.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91602849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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