Kai Li, Guosong Bai, Zhengqun Liu, Yuqing Zhao, Ruqing Zhong, Lei Liu, Honglin Yan, Jianchuan Zhou, Liang Chen, Hongfu Zhang
{"title":"Comparison of metabolizable energy values of wheat, paddy, and brown rice in roosters determined by free-feeding and tube-feeding methods","authors":"Kai Li, Guosong Bai, Zhengqun Liu, Yuqing Zhao, Ruqing Zhong, Lei Liu, Honglin Yan, Jianchuan Zhou, Liang Chen, Hongfu Zhang","doi":"10.1002/aro2.25","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aro2.25","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of the determination methods (free feeding [FF] and tube feeding [TF]) on the available energy of ingredients (wheat, paddy, and brown rice). A total of 101 adult Hy-Line Brown roosters (35 weeks old) with an initial body weight of 2.72 ± 0.21 kg were used, in which 96 roosters were randomly assigned to the FF group and TF group, and the remaining five birds were selected to determine the endogenous energy loss. Each group consisted of 12 dietary treatments. In the FF group, each diet treatment comprised 2 replicates with 2 birds per replicate and 4 replicates with 1 bird per replicate for each diet in the TF group. The 12 dietary treatments included a basal diet (BD) and 11 test diets, in which wheat, paddy, and brown rice replaced 30% corn, soybean meal, and wheat bran in the BD. The experiment was performed three times. There was a significant effect of source on apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and true metabolizable energy (TME) in paddy (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Results showed that AME in wheat, paddy, and brown rice measured by the FF method were greater than those values gained by the TF method (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The average AME and TME values were 3537, 3140, and 3893 kcal/kg dry matter (DM) and 3555, 3163, and 3933 kcal/kg DM for wheat, paddy, and brown rice, respectively, measured by the FF method. The means of AME and TME evaluated by the TF method were 3270, 2988, and 3764 kcal/kg DM and 3642, 3357, and 4135 kcal/kg DM for wheat, paddy, and brown rice, respectively. In conclusion, the determination method has a considerable effect on available energy, and the TF method underestimates the AME of ingredients.</p>","PeriodicalId":100086,"journal":{"name":"Animal Research and One Health","volume":"2 2","pages":"193-203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aro2.25","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134910597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Epidemiological survey of feline viral infectious diseases in China from 2018 to 2020","authors":"Longlong Cao, Qingxiu Chen, Zijun Ye, Jiakang Li, Yan Zhang, Ying Wang, Linwen Chen, Zhangbiao Chen, Jianyun Jin, Shengbo Cao, Hongjin Zhao, Qiuyan Li, Dengyuan Zhou","doi":"10.1002/aro2.29","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aro2.29","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To analyze the prevalence of feline viral diseases in China, including feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline calicivirus (FCV), feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1), and feline coronavirus (FCoV) infectious diseases from 2018 to 2020, swab samples from 304 cats and serum samples from 193 cats in 18 cities were collected. The etiological investigation results of 304 cats showed that 256 (84.21%) cats were positive, infected with at least one virus, and the positive rates for FPV, FCV, FHV-1, and FCoV were 61.51%, 10.86%, 4.61%, and 55.92%, respectively. The mixed infection exhibited high complexity, and a total of eight mixed infection patterns were detected. The risk factor analysis of each pathogen in different clinical scenarios indicated that FPV positive status was significantly related to all the studied diseases, FCV positive status exhibited the most significant association with gingivostomatitis and conjunctivitis, and FHV-1 positive status was significantly related to upper respiratory tract disease, but FCoV positive status was not significantly related to any disease. Additionally, the prevalence of FPV exhibited a strong seasonality and was related to age, while the prevalence of FCV, FHV-1, and FCoV had nothing to do with season or age. FCV infection was sex related in cats, whereas the prevalence of FCV, FHV-1, and FCoV was not sex related. FPV, FCV, FHV-1, and FCoV were unrelated to breed or residential density. Antibody detection results of 193 serum samples by the virus neutralizing method indicated that the current commercial vaccines might not protect hosts against wild strains of FPV, FCV, and FHV-1 in China. In general, this study enriches epidemiological survey data of common viral diseases in cats in China and provides a theoretical basis for further development of vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":100086,"journal":{"name":"Animal Research and One Health","volume":"1 2","pages":"233-241"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aro2.29","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134911487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Combined effects of vitamin B12 and fumarate on rumen propionate production and methanogenesis in dairy cow in vitro","authors":"Zihao Liu, Kun Wang, Yiguang Zhao, Xuemei Nan, Liang Yang, Mengting Zhou, Xiangfang Tang, Benhai Xiong","doi":"10.1002/aro2.27","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aro2.27","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study explored the combined effects of vitamin B<sub>12</sub> and fumarate supplementation on methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) emission and propionate synthesis in dairy cows through simulated rumen fermentation in vitro. The experimental animals were 3 cows with an average milk yield of 23 ± 2.8 kg/d, a body weight of 618 ± 100 kg, and a parity of 3 ± 1 that were selected as rumen fluid donors. The TMR diet fed to cows is a fermentation substrate. Experiments adopted 2 × 2 factorial design, including control group, vitamin group (1 mg/g DM vitamin B<sub>12</sub>), fumarate group (100 mg/g DM), and combined addition group (1 mg/g DM vitamin B<sub>12</sub> and 100 mg/g DM). All treatments had no effect on the dry matter degradation (DMD). Both vitamin B<sub>12</sub> and fumarate reduced CH<sub>4</sub> emission, increased the propionate concentration, and reduced the acetate/propionate ratio without any observed interaction. Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> made <i>Prevotella</i> and <i>Prevotellaceae_ UCG-003</i> increase in quantity, and fumarate increased the abundance of <i>Succinivibrionaceae</i>_UCG-002 and <i>Selenomonas</i>, both of which are propionate-producing bacteria. At the species level, the supplementation of vitamin B<sub>12</sub> and fumarate slightly changed the abundance of some strains, but it was not statistically significant. Shifts in the abundance of propionate-producing bacteria and methanogenic archaea species suggest an increase in propionate production and a decrease in CH<sub>4</sub> emission. In conclusion, the addition of vitamin B<sub>12</sub> and fumarate changed the fermentation mode of the rumen and reduced the emission of CH<sub>4</sub> by affecting the structure of the rumen microbial community, but no obvious interaction was found between the two.</p>","PeriodicalId":100086,"journal":{"name":"Animal Research and One Health","volume":"1 2","pages":"204-218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aro2.27","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78366261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the CDH18 gene affect growth traits in Hu sheep","authors":"Tianyi Liu, Yazhen Bi, Jingjing Bao, Mingyu Shang, Wenping Hu, Li Zhang","doi":"10.1002/aro2.22","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aro2.22","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Growth traits are critical economic traits in sheep. Genetic polymorphism has a great influence on the improvement of sheep traits. The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of cadherin 18 (<i>CDH18</i>) gene polymorphisms on growth traits in Hu sheep. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the <i>CDH18</i> gene in Hu sheep were identified by Illumina Ovine SNP 50K BeadChip. Five SNPs were screened out within the <i>CDH18</i> gene, where SNP1 (rs423955510) was located in exon and SNP2 (rs412944692), SNP3 (rs416959317), SNP4 (rs398980439) and SNP5 (rs428685044) were located in intron. The expression of the <i>CDH18</i> gene in Hu sheep tissue was analyzed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and the structure and phylogeny of the gene were analyzed using bioinformatics techniques. The results showed that SNP1, SNP2, SNP4, and SNP5 were significantly associated with body weight and body size (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Meanwhile, there were strong linkage disequilibrium relationships between SNP1 and SNP2 (<i>r</i><sup>2</sup> > 0.33). The <i>CDH18</i> gene was expressed in the muscle tissues of Hu sheep at different months. The relative expression levels at weaning and 4-month muscle tissue were higher. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that SNP1 existed in the 5′ untranslated regions, which might affect the efficiency of translation. The above findings suggested that these SNP loci might affect growth traits and could be regarded as potential molecular markers for improving the growth performance of Hu sheep, which lay a molecular foundation for the breeding of sheep and accelerate the pace of sheep breeding.</p>","PeriodicalId":100086,"journal":{"name":"Animal Research and One Health","volume":"3 3","pages":"329-340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aro2.22","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78994903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kejun Yu, Yuanhong Zhao, Hongyi Nie, Zun Wu, Long Geng, Jingnan Huang, Zhaonan Zhang, Yang Lü, Songkun Su, Zhiguo Li
{"title":"Waggle dance-related gene expression profiles in the honey bee (Apis mellifera) brain","authors":"Kejun Yu, Yuanhong Zhao, Hongyi Nie, Zun Wu, Long Geng, Jingnan Huang, Zhaonan Zhang, Yang Lü, Songkun Su, Zhiguo Li","doi":"10.1002/aro2.23","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aro2.23","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The honey bee dance communication system is one of the most intriguing animal communication signals. It allows foragers to share information related to food sources with nestmates using the waggle dance, which involves the transmission of location information through orientation and duration. Honey bee transcriptomes are dynamic with different stages, expressing an ensemble of differential genes that give rise to substantial behavior diversity. Here, we have provided a global view of mRNA expression profiles in three different stages of waggle dancers including dancing start (DS), dancing end (DE), and dancing cessation (DC). This study yielded 212 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Among them, we identified 92 DEGs between DS and DC, 118 DEGs between DE and DC, and 2 DEGs between DS and DE. Further, gene ontology (GO) and KEGG analysis suggested that hormone-mediated signaling pathways and participation in pathways controlling the circadian rhythm, nicotinate, and nicotinamide metabolism were attributed to upregulated genes in DS. In addition, the <i>D1 dopamine receptor</i> in dopaminergic pathways, the peptide signaling involving <i>apidaecin</i>, and <i>neprilysin-2</i> may play important roles in intricate behavioral processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":100086,"journal":{"name":"Animal Research and One Health","volume":"1 2","pages":"156-167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aro2.23","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86543589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Transfer of β-agonists from animal feed into Tricholoma gambosum through manure","authors":"Yunsheng Han, Tengfei Zhan, Kai Zhang, Qingyu Zhao, Xiaoqing Guo, Chaohua Tang, Junmin Zhang","doi":"10.1002/aro2.24","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aro2.24","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Fungi are dependent on animal manure as a cultivation medium and may be vulnerable to feed-derived β-agonist contamination. To test whether β-agonists incorporated in animal feed can transport into fungi through manure, a greenhouse study was conducted with <i>Tricholoma gambosum</i> grown in a culture medium amended with medicated cattle manure. Cattle were orally administrated with a single (ractopamine, 670.0 μg/kg BW/day) or a mixture of β-agonists (clenbuterol, ractopamine, and salbutamol at the doses of 5.3, 223.3, and 50.0 μg/kg BW/day, respectively) for 28 days. Three batches of <i>T. gambosum</i> were harvested. A liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry-based method was developed to quantify the number of β-agonists taken up by <i>T. gambosum</i> from animal manure. The analytical recoveries for β-agonists were between 66.61% and 91.78% with relative standard deviations between 1.70% and 12.18%, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was 0.3 ng/g. The ractopamine residues in <i>T. gambosum</i> from batch 1 were 1.3 ng/g and were below the LOQ in batches 2 and 3 in the single treatment group. In the mixed treatment group, ractopamine concentrations were 0.42 and 0.50 ng/g in batches 1 and 2, respectively, and the salbutamol concentration was 1.94 ng/g in batch 1, while clenbuterol was undetectable in all three batches. These results indicated that the β-agonists transferred to <i>T. gambosum</i> in trace amounts and presented a limited risk to consumers.</p>","PeriodicalId":100086,"journal":{"name":"Animal Research and One Health","volume":"1 2","pages":"195-203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aro2.24","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89133695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chaoyu Wen, Fan Zhang, Kang Yang, Sufang Han, Shiyan Jian, Baichuan Deng
{"title":"Dihydromyricetin alleviates intestinal inflammation by changing intestinal microbial metabolites and inhibiting the expression of the MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway","authors":"Chaoyu Wen, Fan Zhang, Kang Yang, Sufang Han, Shiyan Jian, Baichuan Deng","doi":"10.1002/aro2.21","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aro2.21","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a common chronic gastrointestinal disease in humans, has emerged as a global public health challenge. Dihydromyricetin (DHM) has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, which can alleviate inflammation. In this study, we explored the effect and underlying mechanism of DHM on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice and porcine jejunum epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We found that DHM alleviated loss of weight, diarrhea, and damage of colon structure in colitis mice. For the intestinal microbial, a significant rise in the amount of the potentially beneficial genera and a decline in the amount of harmful genera were observed in DHM-treated colitis mice. Metabolomic analysis of cecal content revealed that DHM restored phenylalanine metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, and arachidonic acid metabolism disorders caused by intestinal inflammation. Moreover, DHM decreased the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species in LPS-treated IPEC-J2 cells. DHM also reduced the expression of MyD88 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). In summary, we found that 125 mg/kg DHM administration alleviated diarrhea, reinstated intestinal barrier function, modulated intestinal dysbiosis, and suppressed the expression of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and NF-κB. Therefore, DHM may be a potentially therapeutic agent for IBD.</p>","PeriodicalId":100086,"journal":{"name":"Animal Research and One Health","volume":"1 2","pages":"219-232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aro2.21","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90334982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Genome editing pig models with elements for controllable gene expression","authors":"Qin Jin, Hui Shi, Xiaoyi Liu, Jialu Ju, Kepin Wang, Liangxue Lai","doi":"10.1002/aro2.20","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aro2.20","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Conditional gene regulation systems can control gene expression in predefined tissues or organs at a desired time. Site-specific recombinase systems and chemically induced gene expression systems are the two most widely used approaches for creating genetically modified (GM) animals with conditional regulation of gene expression. Generation of GM pigs with controllable elements, usually involving multiple gene editing, used to be a major challenge due to a lack of germ line-competent pluripotent stem cells. With the emergence of artificial endonuclease-mediated gene editors, a variety of GM pigs with recombinase-specific recognition elements or chemically induced elements for conditional regulation of gene expression have been generated by the combination of site-directed knock-in of somatic cells and somatic cell nuclear transfer technology, allowing conditional deletion of endogenous genes or overexpression of exogenous genes in pigs. These inducible tool pig models will greatly facilitate the production of GM pigs and broaden the applications of transgenic pigs in biomedicine and agriculture fields. In this paper, we review the progress in the construction and application of pigs with controllable elements using gene editing techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":100086,"journal":{"name":"Animal Research and One Health","volume":"1 2","pages":"242-258"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aro2.20","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88912290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Deer antler reserve mesenchyme cells with hyaluronan alleviates cartilage damage in a rat model","authors":"Boyin Jia, Xin Li, Xintong Han, Fuquan Ma, Linlin Zhang, Xue Wang, Xinrui Yan, Yu Zhang, Jianming Li, Pengfei Hu, Yusu Wang, Naichao Diao, Kun Shi, Ying Zong, Rui Du, Chunyi Li","doi":"10.1002/aro2.18","DOIUrl":"10.1002/aro2.18","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reserve mesenchyme cells (RMCs) of deer antlers have been considered as the promising cell source for repairing injury-induced articular cartilage or cartilage degeneration. However, systematic investigation of RMC differentiation to repair injured cartilage and its combination with biomaterials has not been reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of RMCs in combination with hyaluronic acid (HA) in promoting chondrogenic differentiation through simulating native environments and their efficacy in articular cartilage repair. The RMCs were cultured in vitro for the characterization of these cells, including morphology, surface marker expression, and multipotent differentiation potential (adipogenesis, chondrogenesis, and osteogenesis). When combined with HA in vitro, RMCs increased expression levels of the chondrogenic marker gene (COL II and COMP) but decreased levels of the hypertrophic marker gene (COL X). Using a rat articular cartilage defect model, we evaluated the effects of RMCs in combination with HA on cartilage defect repair at 4 and 8 weeks through macroscopical, histological, and immunohistochemical examinations. Compared with other groups, treatment with RMCs + HA reduced cartilage loss and degree of cartilage surface worn, whereas cartilage content was significantly increased. These results suggest that the combination of RMCs with HA can effectively repair cartilage defects. We believe that effective cartilage defect repair will benefit from the use of RMCs together with favorable biomaterials, such as HA.</p>","PeriodicalId":100086,"journal":{"name":"Animal Research and One Health","volume":"1 2","pages":"180-194"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aro2.18","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75986946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Links between industrial livestock production, disease including zoonoses and antimicrobial resistance","authors":"Peter Stevenson","doi":"10.1002/aro2.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/aro2.19","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A range of studies indicates that keeping farm animals in crowded, stressful conditions leads to an increased risk of the emergence, transmission, and amplification of pathogens including zoonoses. Some such zoonoses could lead to a pandemic. Biosecurity, though essential, is not on its own sufficient to prevent the entry of disease into large, intensive livestock housing. To minimize disease risks, both biosecurity measures and the keeping of animals in conditions that are supportive of good health and effective immunocompetence are necessary. A further threat to human health arises from the routine use of antimicrobials in intensive livestock production to prevent disease. This high use of antimicrobials contributes significantly to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in animals, which can then be transferred to people, thereby undermining the efficacy of the antimicrobials that are so important in human medicine. If we want to save our antimicrobials and minimize the risk of future zoonoses and pandemics, we need to move to “health-oriented systems” for the rearing of animals, systems in which good health is inherent in the farming methods rather than being dependent on the routine use of antimicrobials. Health-oriented systems should avoid high stocking densities and large group size, should minimize stress and mixing of animals, and ensure that animals can perform their natural behaviors as the inability to do so is highly stressful. They should avoid the use of animals selected for excessive production levels as these appear to involve an increased risk of immunological problems and pathologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":100086,"journal":{"name":"Animal Research and One Health","volume":"1 1","pages":"137-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/aro2.19","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50152259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}