AJO International最新文献

{"title":"Corrigendum to “Rates of change and longitudinal variability of using multiple OCT retinal nerve fibre layer ring sizes in glaucoma” [AJO International (2024) Volume 2, Issue 1, 2025, 100092]","authors":"Vincent Tran , Matteo Posarelli , Minas T. Coroneo , Mark Batterbury , Jeremy C.K. Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.ajoint.2024.100094","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajoint.2024.100094","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":100071,"journal":{"name":"AJO International","volume":"2 1","pages":"Article 100094"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical and management factors linked to good visual outcomes in Acanthamoeba keratitis: A Systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Germán Mejía-Salgado ,&nbsp;Juan Daniel Ribero ,&nbsp;Joaquín Alonso Pérez-Vivas ,&nbsp;Emmanuel Vazquez ,&nbsp;Ana María Amaya-Sánchez ,&nbsp;Alejandro Tello ,&nbsp;Virgilio Galvis","doi":"10.1016/j.ajoint.2024.100095","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajoint.2024.100095","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Summarize clinical characteristics and management-related factors associated with good visual outcomes in <em>Acanthamoeba</em> keratitis (AK), aiming to evaluate their collective impact on a global scale.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Systematic review and metanalysis.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024538378). Searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase, Virtual Health Library, and MedXRiv on January 13, 2024. Primary studies involving at least 10 eyes diagnosed with AK were included. The risk of bias was assessed using validated tools depending on the study design. Data extraction focused on demographics, clinical features, diagnostic methods, and treatment outcomes. Narrative synthesis, proportion meta-analysis, I² heterogeneity assessment, and Mann-Whitney U test were performed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Eighty-one studies involving 3,854 individuals (4,033 eyes) were analyzed. Patients who achieved good visual outcomes (final Corrected Distance Visual Acuity [CDVA] of 20/25 or better) were younger (mean age 27.7 vs. 35.8 years, <em>p</em>=0.031). Significant predictors of good visual outcomes included radial keratoneuritis (OR=3.44, 95 % CI: 1.57–7.52) and corneal epitheliopathy alone (OR=2.22, 95 % CI: 1.27–3.89) at presentation. Conversely, the presence of a ring-shaped stromal infiltrate at presentation (OR=0.21, 95 % CI: 0.07–0.58) and the use of corticosteroids before diagnosis (OR=0.18, 95 % CI: 0.09–0.68) were associated with a lower likelihood of achieving good visual outcomes. Post-diagnosis corticosteroid use did not significantly affect outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Early-stage AK signs, indicated by corneal epitheliopathy and radial keratoneuritis without a ring-shaped stromal infiltrate, are associated with good visual outcomes. Corticosteroid use before diagnosis is detrimental, but post-diagnosis use does not significantly impact outcomes. Younger patients generally have a better prognosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100071,"journal":{"name":"AJO International","volume":"2 1","pages":"Article 100095"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143171585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical outcomes of triamcinolone acetonide in pediatric cataract surgery with intraocular lens implantation: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Rian Vilar Lima ,&nbsp;Mateus Pimenta Arruda ,&nbsp;Sara Hira ,&nbsp;João Lucas de Magalhães Leal Moreira ,&nbsp;Larissa Irigoyen Teixeira Barbosa ,&nbsp;Maria Carolina Rocha Muniz ,&nbsp;Samuel Montenegro Pereira ,&nbsp;Mariana Tosato Zinher ,&nbsp;Giulia Steuernagel Del Valle","doi":"10.1016/j.ajoint.2024.100093","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajoint.2024.100093","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Children are prone to several complications following cataract surgery. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of intracameral triamcinolone acetonide (TA) on inflammatory postoperative complications and intraocular pressure (IOP) in pediatric cataract surgery with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis according to the PRISMA guidelines.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The search was performed in MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases. We included studies that compared the incidence of complications in patients who received TA during cataract surgery with IOL implant versus cataract surgery with IOL alone. We also performed a trial sequential analysis (TSA) to address the required sample size for each outcome. Prospective registration was made under the protocol CRD42023495272.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The total dataset included 292 eyes, 126 (43.1 %) of which received TA. We found a significant reduction in the incidence of visual axis obscuration (VAO) (OR: 0.13; CI: 0.02 - 0.71; I² = 0 %; p = 0.019) and posterior synechiae (OR: 0.43; CI: 0.21 - 0.88; I² = 0 %; p = 0.021). There was no effect of the intervention in IOP at 6 months and beyond (SMD: 0.02; CI: -0.66 - 0.70; I² = 0 %; p = 0.85). TSA demonstrated the need for additional studies to reach reliable conclusions regarding cell deposits and IOP before 1 month.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Intracameral injection of TA was superior to surgery without TA in reducing VAO and posterior synechiae in pediatric cataract surgery with IOL implantation and has apparent safety regarding IOP.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100071,"journal":{"name":"AJO International","volume":"2 1","pages":"Article 100093"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143104311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring vision tests as a surrogate for depression screening in patients with a visual impairment: A cross-sectional study","authors":"Karen Eden ,&nbsp;Andrew G. Day ,&nbsp;Aidan Pucchio ,&nbsp;Rohit Shukla ,&nbsp;Mark Bona","doi":"10.1016/j.ajoint.2024.100091","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajoint.2024.100091","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To investigate if vision tests can act as a surrogate for depression screening in visually impaired adult patients, and explore the association between self-reported visual function and depression.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Cross-sectional.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Consecutive adult patients (≥18 years) (<em>n</em> = 237) who received a low vision assessment at a hospital-based vision rehabilitation clinic between July 2018 to March 2020, were recruited into the study. The clinic serves patients that have a visual acuity ≤6/15 in the better seeing eye, constricted visual fields &lt;20°, or functional deficits relating to vision loss. Patients were screened for depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). The association between risk of depression and vision tests (distance visual acuity, reading acuity, critical print size, contrast sensitivity, and fixation stability) and patient reported visual function (The National Eye Institute, Visual Functioning Questionnaire-25 (VFQ-25)), was measured using multivariable linear regression modelling.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Eighteen percent of patients scored ≥10 on the PHQ-9, indicating risk of major depression. There was no significant association between the vision test scores and the PHQ-9. However, there was a significant association between distance visual acuity (<em>p</em> = 0.010), reading acuity (<em>p</em> = 0.008), contrast sensitivity (<em>p</em> &lt; 0.0001) and the VFQ-25 mental health domain. Further, all VFQ-25 domains were significantly associated with the PHQ-9.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>While the vision test scores were not significantly associated with risk of depression, self-reported visual functioning was. We were unable to demonstrate vision tests acting as a surrogate for the PHQ9 when identifying patients at risk of generalized depression. Further investigation is warranted to determine if a correlation can be found with a different mental health-screening tool.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100071,"journal":{"name":"AJO International","volume":"2 1","pages":"Article 100091"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143171584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rates of change and longitudinal variability of using multiple OCT retinal nerve fibre layer ring sizes in glaucoma","authors":"Vincent Tran ,&nbsp;Matteo Posarelli ,&nbsp;Minas T Coroneo ,&nbsp;Mark Batterbury ,&nbsp;Jeremy C.K. Tan","doi":"10.1016/j.ajoint.2024.100092","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajoint.2024.100092","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To compare the proportion of segmentation errors, rates of change and longitudinal variability of optical coherence tomography (OCT) circumpapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (cp-RNFL) global and sectoral thickness measurements when using three different ring sizes in a cohort of healthy and glaucomatous eyes.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Retrospective cohort study.</div></div><div><h3>Subjects</h3><div>205 eyes of 105 patients with normal, suspect or manifest glaucoma.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Subjects underwent cp-RNFL scans on four or more consecutive follow up visits (mean follow up 4.5 years). Scans were taken using the Spectralis® OCT (Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany). Global thickness and six sectoral thickness values in the three ring sizes (3.5, 4.1, 4.7 mm) were extracted. Longitudinal variability was quantified by mean absolute regression residuals (MAR).</div></div><div><h3>Main outcome measures</h3><div>Rates of change (RoC) and longitudinal variability of global and sectoral cp-RNFL thickness across three ring sizes.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The rate of global cp-RNFL thinning in the 3.5 mm ring was -0.40 µm/year (CI -0.58 to -0.22, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001), while the inferotemporal sector displayed the greatest rate of thinning (-0.97 µm/year, CI -1.26 to -0.68, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). There was no significant difference in the RoC of thickness values in the 4.1 mm and 4.7 mm compared to the 3.5 mm ring size in the global or any of the six sectors. Longitudinal variability was consistently lower in the 4.7 mm compared to the smaller ring sizes, with a significant difference observed in the inferonasal, inferotemporal and superonasal sectors.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>While there was no significant difference in the global and sectoral RoC across ring sizes, the larger RNFL ring sizes demonstrated significantly lower longitudinal variability for inferonasal, inferotemporal and superonasal sectors compared to the smaller ring sizes. Using larger RNFL ring sizes may therefore provide more accurate estimates of the true rate of change overtime.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100071,"journal":{"name":"AJO International","volume":"2 1","pages":"Article 100092"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143104310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ophthalmic manifestations and complications following electrical injury: A comprehensive systematic review","authors":"Hashem Abu Serhan ,&nbsp;Mohammad J.J. Taha ,&nbsp;Mohammad T. Abuawwad ,&nbsp;Ahmed S. Hegazy ,&nbsp;Shams Khaled Sameer ,&nbsp;Warda Abdulnasser Alrubasy ,&nbsp;Rakan M. Sulaiman ,&nbsp;Ayham Rami Sara ,&nbsp;Ahmed J. Taha ,&nbsp;Obaida Falah ,&nbsp;Yousef A. Fouad ,&nbsp;Ayman G Elnahry","doi":"10.1016/j.ajoint.2024.100089","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajoint.2024.100089","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To review all reported types of ocular injury caused by electrical injury.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>A systematic review.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>PROSPERO registered our protocol (CRD42023395437). PRISMA guidelines were adhered to in the study design. From the beginning until April 17, 2023, all published original research was retrieved. To ensure that no pertinent documents had been missed, a revised search was conducted prior to the official analysis. Frequencies and percentages were used to examine the participants' baseline characteristics, the kind of electrical damage, and the management. The study was carried out using IBM SPSS Corp. Statistical Product and Service Solutions version 26, Chicago, USA.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 34 case reports and series with 38 patients were included, with 163 injuries. Most patients were electricians, and men (<em>n</em> = 36, 94 %). The mean (±SD) age of patients was 32 years old (±13). Complications involved all ocular structures, from the eyelids to the retina, ranging from mild manifestations such as conjunctival injection and chemosis to severe conditions like retinal detachment. The most common reported complication was cataract (81.5 %), which was reported in 24 cases. The final prognosis was mainly affected by the voltage and location of the electric entry or exit. The average voltage varied according to the ocular structure due to different tissue resistance.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Electric injury can result in various types of ocular damage affecting mainly the lens and retina. Our findings could help inform public health policies, particularly those related to workplace and occupational education. Future studies discussing the prognostic values of ocular electric injury are of essential need.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100071,"journal":{"name":"AJO International","volume":"2 1","pages":"Article 100089"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143172564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Badminton-related eye injuries: A case series from Malaysia","authors":"Annette K. Hoskin ,&nbsp;Fadzilah H Rahim ,&nbsp;Maftuhim Addenan ,&nbsp;Hannie Ch'ng ,&nbsp;Fatin N Zamawi ,&nbsp;Shyang L Lim ,&nbsp;Nor F Mohamad ,&nbsp;Hong N Lee ,&nbsp;Sharifah A Taufik ,&nbsp;May M Choo ,&nbsp;Stephanie L Watson ,&nbsp;Tengku A Kamalden","doi":"10.1016/j.ajoint.2024.100084","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajoint.2024.100084","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Report on the visual outcomes and risk factors associated with badminton related eye injuries from a case series from Malaysia.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Badminton-related eye injuries identified retrospectively from the University of Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC) medical records from 2010 to 2021, by searching ‘shuttlecock’ and ‘badminton’. All ages and genders with badminton-related eye and adnexal injuries requiring hospitalization were included. Demographics, mechanism and circumstances of the injury, imaging, presentation and final visual outcome were collated. The data were analysed to determine clinical, demographic and outcome trends.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The case series included 17 patients with badminton-related eye injuries with male to female ratio 7.5:1 and median age 36 ± 19 years-old (range 10–61 years old). 86 % of injuries were caused by the shuttlecock and, where identified all were associated with doubles play (9/9) with no eye protection (13/13). Vision impairment was identified in 69% patients with imaging identifying retinal damage in 2 patients.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our case series identified that vision impairment was associated with the majority of badminton-related eye injuries. Doubles play, the shuttlecock and a lack of eye protection were associated with eye injury.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100071,"journal":{"name":"AJO International","volume":"2 1","pages":"Article 100084"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143104307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rituximab and intravenous immunoglobulin in the treatment of cicatrizing conjunctivitis associated with pemphigoid","authors":"Blessing Johnny ,&nbsp;Krista N. Thompson ,&nbsp;Ebuka Eziama ,&nbsp;Arturo R. Dominguez ,&nbsp;Jennifer H. Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.ajoint.2024.100087","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajoint.2024.100087","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To characterize the use of rituximab (RTX) and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) in the treatment of cicatrizing conjunctivitis associated with pemphigoid.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Retrospective consecutive case series of patients with ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP) and mucous membrane pemphigoid with ocular involvement (ocMMP) treated with RTX/IVIG.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A retrospective chart review was performed on patients at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center between 2012-2024 with ocMMP or OCP undergoing treatment with RTX/IVIG. Data collected included patient demographics, ocular history, response to RTX/IVIG, and adverse events. Primary outcomes were ocular response to the treatment. The secondary outcome was the change or decrease in concomitant steroid dependence.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>A total of 31 patients (20, 64.5% female) met inclusion criteria. There were 20 (64.5%) patients with ocMMP, and 11 (35.5%) patients with OCP. The mean age at initiation of RTX was 64 years. In our cohort, 2 (6.5%) patients had no response to treatment, 10 (32.3%) achieved a partial response, 6 (19.4%) achieved clinical remission with steroids, 11 (35.5%) achieved steroid-free remission, and 2 (6.5%) achieved durable remission. The mean time to remission was 9.0 months. Mean follow up time was 54 months and the mean time to relapse was 32 months. There were five adverse events in our cohort: 1 case of neutropenia, 1 cerebrovascular accident, and 3 malignancies.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>High dose RTX/IVIG is an effective treatment for cicatrizing conjunctivitis associated with pemphigoid, particularly in patients with severe recalcitrant disease. Judicious use due to risk of serious adverse events may limit widespread use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100071,"journal":{"name":"AJO International","volume":"2 1","pages":"Article 100087"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143172566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Studies of birth month confirm the role of education in myopia development: A review","authors":"Noel A. Brennan ,&nbsp;Xu Cheng ,&nbsp;Monica Jong ,&nbsp;Mark A. Bullimore","doi":"10.1016/j.ajoint.2024.100090","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajoint.2024.100090","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The association of education and myopia has been long known. Only recently has causality been established wherein more time spent in education leads to more myopia. A series of five studies conducted in China and published in the last 3 years have demonstrated a consistent link between birth month and myopia. Given the regulated age of school entry in China, the collective agreement of these papers provides compelling evidence that the schooling environment rather than age <em>per se</em> is the key element driving myopia onset and degree.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100071,"journal":{"name":"AJO International","volume":"2 1","pages":"Article 100090"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143172565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parental axial lengths and prenatal conditions related to child axial length: The TMM BirThree Cohort Study","authors":"Mami Ishikuro ,&nbsp;Nobuo Fuse ,&nbsp;Taku Obara ,&nbsp;Aoi Noda ,&nbsp;Genki Shinoda ,&nbsp;Masatsugu Orui ,&nbsp;Akira Uruno ,&nbsp;Sayaka Yoshida ,&nbsp;Naoko Takada ,&nbsp;Shunsuke Fujioka ,&nbsp;Takayuki Nishimura ,&nbsp;Akiko Hanyuda ,&nbsp;Ryo Kawasaki ,&nbsp;Toru Nakazawa ,&nbsp;Shinichi Kuriyama","doi":"10.1016/j.ajoint.2024.100088","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ajoint.2024.100088","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>We investigated the association between actual parental axial length, prenatal conditions, and the axial length in preschool children.</div></div><div><h3>Design</h3><div>Cohort study</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study included 1,819 children (mean age: 4.2 ± 0.4 years, 50.1% girls) and their parents enrolled in the Tohoku Medical Megabank Project Birth and Three-Generation Cohort Study in Japan. Axial length was measured using OA-1000 Optical Biometer. A marginal model with generalized estimating equations was used for association analysis. Variables included the child's age, sex, height at the second wave, prenatal conditions (large for gestational age [LGA], resuscitation, acidosis, small placenta at birth, multiple pregnancies, maternal hypertensive disorders of pregnancy), parental age, and the mean axial length of both parents’ eyes at the second wave. Path analysis was performed to investigate the relationships among the variables.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Axial length was shorter in girls than in boys (regression coefficient (β) [95% confidence interval] -0.52 [-0.57, -0.47]). Age and height were associated with longer axial lengths (0.10 [0.022, 0.18] and 0.025 [0.019, 0.031], respectively). Parental axial lengths were positively associated with children's axial lengths (0.12 [0.10, 0.14] for fathers and 0.12 [0.094, 0.14] for mothers). LGA was associated with longer axial lengths (0.12 [0.033, 0.20]), whereas small placenta and multiple pregnancies were associated with shorter axial lengths (-0.11 [-0.17, -0.045] and -0.21 [-0.33, -0.091], respectively). The path coefficient for both parents’ axial lengths in relation to their children's axial lengths was 0.23.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Parental axial lengths and prenatal conditions may determine axial length during early life.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":100071,"journal":{"name":"AJO International","volume":"2 1","pages":"Article 100088"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143104306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}