AGU Advances最新文献

{"title":"Variations in Hawaiian Plume Flux Controlled by Ancient Mantle Depletion","authors":"Paul Béguelin,&nbsp;Andreas Stracke,&nbsp;Maxim D. Ballmer,&nbsp;Shichun Huang,&nbsp;Michael Willig,&nbsp;Michael Bizimis","doi":"10.1029/2024AV001434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024AV001434","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mantle plumes—upwellings of buoyant rock in Earth's mantle—feed hotspot volcanoes such as Hawai‘i. The size of volcanoes along the Hawai‘i–Emperor chain, and thus the magma flux of the Hawaiian plume, has varied over the past 85 million years. Fifteen and two million years ago, rapid bursts in magmatic production led to the emergence of large islands such as Pūhāhonu, Maui Nui and Hawai‘i, but the underlying mechanisms remain enigmatic. Here, we use new radiogenic Ce–Sr–Nd–Hf isotope data of Hawaiian shield lavas to quantify the composition and proportion of the different constituents of the Hawaiian plume over time. We find that most of the Hawaiian mantle source is peridotite that has experienced variable degrees of melt depletion before being incorporated into the plume. We show that the most isotopically enriched <i>LOA</i>-type compositions arise from the aggregation of melts from more depleted, trace element-starved peridotite, causing the over-visibility of melts from recycled crust in the mixture. Our results also show that upwelling of chemically more depleted, and thus less dense, more buoyant mantle peridotite occurred synchronously to an observed burst of magma production. Buoyancy variations induced by variably depleted peridotite may not only control the temporal patterns of volcanic productivity in Hawai‘i, but also those of other plumes world-wide. The excess buoyancy of depleted peridotite may therefore be an underrated driving force for convective mantle flow, trigger and sustain active upwelling of relatively cool plumes, and control the geometry of mantle upwellings from variable depths.</p>","PeriodicalId":100067,"journal":{"name":"AGU Advances","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024AV001434","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143622574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Increases in Missouri River Streamflow Driven by Combined Effects of Climate Variability, Land-Use Change, and Elevated CO2","authors":"Matthew P. Dannenberg,&nbsp;Gregory J. McCabe,&nbsp;Erika K. Wise,&nbsp;Miriam R. Johnston,&nbsp;Deborah N. Huntzinger,&nbsp;A. Park Williams","doi":"10.1029/2024AV001432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024AV001432","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Missouri River streamflow increased substantially during the 20th century, with multiple large floods occurring since 1990. Using land surface models and water budget simulations, we examined the extent to which increased flow was driven by natural climate variability, anthropogenic climate trends, land-use and land-cover change (LULCC), and ecological effects of elevated atmospheric CO₂. Natural climate variability (arising largely from coupled ocean-atmosphere circulation systems in both the Pacific and North Atlantic) accounted for ∼765 m³ s⁻¹ of the ∼900 m³ s⁻¹ increase in flow since mid-century, while anthropogenic climate trends negatively forced flow by increasing evapotranspiration more than precipitation. LULCC and elevated CO₂ further increased simulated mean streamflow by ∼550 and ∼70 m³ s⁻¹, respectively, relative to pre-Industrial conditions and ∼100 and ∼65 m³ s⁻¹ relative to mid-20th century conditions. The LULCC effect was especially large in wet years, implying that current land cover is ill-suited for buffering against extreme precipitation, likely in large part due to replacement of forest by cropland in the lower basin. Because increases in Missouri River flow over the past century were driven mostly by a recent (and likely transient) pluvial, our results suggest that flow in the basin could revert to a drier mean state when that pluvial ends, likely made worse by increased evaporative demand from anthropogenic warming.</p>","PeriodicalId":100067,"journal":{"name":"AGU Advances","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024AV001432","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143602582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Slip-Tremor Interaction at the Very Beginning of Episodic Tremor and Slip in Cascadia","authors":"Yuji Itoh,&nbsp;Anne Socquet,&nbsp;Mathilde Radiguet","doi":"10.1029/2024AV001425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024AV001425","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In Cascadia, the concomitance of slow slip events (SSE) and tremors during Episodic Tremor and Slip (ETS) episodes is well documented. Brittle tremor patches embedded in the ductile matrix deforming aseismically is the most common concept for the fault structure, but whether tremors and their patches impact the SSE initiation is under debate. This study focuses on 13 initiations of major Cascadia ETS. Limited observational constraints exist on the details of ETS initiation because spatiotemporal SSE inversions usually over-smooth their temporal evolution. Scrutinizing tremors and SSE at the beginning of major ETS events gives us insights into their mechanical relationship. We directly retrieve the temporal evolution of the SSE moment by stacking sub-daily Global Positioning System (GPS) time series at multiple sites, without slip inversions. Comparison of the GPS stack with tremor count demonstrates that SSE moment release accelerates drastically <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>∼</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${sim} $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>1 day after the onset of vigorous tremor activity. On the other hand, once the SSE moment release accelerates, the tremor area expands more rapidly, suggesting that the growth of the ETS occurs through a feedback mechanism between slip and tremor once the SSE is well developed. By combining these and previous observations, we propose a conceptual model of ETS initiation: heterogeneous interface strength limits the growth of SSE with unruptured tremor patches acting as relatively high-strength pins contributing to this heterogeneity. In other words, major ETS emerges probably only when collective tremor patches are critically stressed.</p>","PeriodicalId":100067,"journal":{"name":"AGU Advances","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024AV001425","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143595266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Would Adding the Anthropocene to the Geologic Time Scale Matter?","authors":"Francine M. G. McCarthy,&nbsp;Martin J. Head,&nbsp;Colin N. Waters,&nbsp;Jan Zalasiewicz","doi":"10.1029/2024AV001430","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024AV001430","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Abrupt planetary change forced by the cumulative and overwhelming impacts of human activities in the mid-twentieth century supports a new geologic epoch, named after <i>Anthropos</i>, the agent of this change. This transformation extends well beyond Holocene norms and is identified in geologic records worldwide. A proposal to define the Anthropocene series/epoch in varved sediments from Crawford Lake, Ontario was rejected by the International Union of Geological Sciences, but the novel Earth System state will persist for tens of millennia, dampening Milankovitch forcing that paces glacial–interglacial cycles through the Quaternary Period.</p>","PeriodicalId":100067,"journal":{"name":"AGU Advances","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024AV001430","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143581577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thank You to Our 2024 Reviewers","authors":"Alberto Montanari,&nbsp;Ana Barros,&nbsp;Thorsten Becker,&nbsp;Marc Bierkens,&nbsp;Sharon Billings,&nbsp;M. Bayani Cardenas,&nbsp;Eric Davidson,&nbsp;Nicolas Gruber,&nbsp;Eileen Hofmann,&nbsp;Mary Hudson,&nbsp;Tissa Illangasekare,&nbsp;Sarah Kang,&nbsp;Marcos Moreno,&nbsp;Francis Nimmo,&nbsp;Larry Paxton,&nbsp;Francois Primeau,&nbsp;Vincent Salters,&nbsp;David Schimel,&nbsp;Bjorn Stevens,&nbsp;Thomas Stocker,&nbsp;Hang Su,&nbsp;Jessica Tierney,&nbsp;Susan Trumbore,&nbsp;Donald Wuebbles,&nbsp;Peter Zeitler,&nbsp;Binzheng Zhang,&nbsp;Xi Zhang","doi":"10.1029/2025AV001711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025AV001711","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The editorial team of <i>AGU Advances</i> is grateful for the excellent contributions of our peer reviewers. We rely on their expertise to ensure that the manuscripts submitted to the journal undergo a rigorous, fair, and timely review. Remarkably, during 2024, the journal benefitted from the dedication from 273 reviewers, contributing a total of 338 reviews. These reviewers represented 24 countries. These reviewers provided insights of tremendous and generous value, and they assisted our authors in strengthening the rigor, quality, and presentation of their scholarship. Peer reviewing provides a natural way to engage in continuous learning and professional development. The majority of our reviewers are geoscientists, although we also have interdisciplinary contributions as the scope of Advances covers the extended domain of geosciences, intersecting with economics, communication and computational science, and the social sciences at large. Authors benefit greatly from reviewers' comments and suggestions: already more than 10 years ago, a study reported that most authors (90%) believe that peer review improved the last paper they published (Mulligan et al., 2013, https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.22798). Although the research and publishing arena is rapidly changing, peer review is considered the optimal standard for evaluating and selecting quality scientific manuscripts for publication, and therefore is highly deserving of our appreciation. We thank all of our peer reviewers for their selfless service and dedication to the scientific community. Your continuing support to the authors and editorial team of <i>AGU Advances</i> is deeply appreciated.</p>","PeriodicalId":100067,"journal":{"name":"AGU Advances","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025AV001711","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143571210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fire, Fuel, and Climate Interactions in Temperate Climates","authors":"Stephanie K. Kampf,&nbsp;Camille S. Stevens-Rumann,&nbsp;Leónia Nunes,&nbsp;Ana Catarina Sequeira,&nbsp;Francisco Castro Rego,&nbsp;Cristina Fernández,&nbsp;Ana Hernández-Duarte,&nbsp;Clara E. Mosso,&nbsp;Jean Pierre Francois,&nbsp;Alejandro Miranda","doi":"10.1029/2024AV001628","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024AV001628","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Temperate regions around the world are experiencing longer fire weather seasons, yet trends in burned area have been inconsistent between regions. Reasons for differences in fire patterns can be difficult to determine due to variable vegetation types, land use patterns, fuel conditions, and human influences on fire ignition and suppression. This study compares burned areas to climate and fuel conditions in three temperate regions: the desert, shrub, and forest ecoregions of western North America, west-central Europe, and southwestern South America. In each region the mean annual aridity index (AI, precipitation over potential evapotranspiration) spans arid to humid climates. We examined how the fraction of area burned from 2001 to 2021 varied with mean annual AI, mean aboveground biomass, and land cover type distributions. All three regions had low fractions of area burned for the driest climate zones (AI &lt; 0.5), a sign of fuel limitation to burned area. Fraction of area burned increased with mean aboveground biomass for these dry zones. Fraction of area burned peaked at intermediate AI (0.7–1.5) for all regions and declined again in the wettest climate zones (AI &gt; 1.5), a sign of climate limitation to burned area. Of the three regions, western North America had the highest burned area, fraction of area burned, and fire sizes. Fragmentation of vegetation patches by the high Andes Mountains in southwestern South America and by intensive land use changes in west-central Europe likely limited fire sizes. All three regions are at risk for future wildfires, particularly in areas where fire is currently climate limited.</p>","PeriodicalId":100067,"journal":{"name":"AGU Advances","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024AV001628","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143554721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Need for Better Monitoring of Climate Change in the Middle and Upper Atmosphere","authors":"Juan A. Añel,&nbsp;Ingrid Cnossen,&nbsp;Juan Carlos Antuña-Marrero,&nbsp;Gufran Beig,&nbsp;Matthew K. Brown,&nbsp;Eelco Doornbos,&nbsp;Scott Osprey,&nbsp;Shaylah Maria Mutschler,&nbsp;Celia Pérez Souto,&nbsp;Petr Šácha,&nbsp;Viktoria Sofieva,&nbsp;Laura de la Torre,&nbsp;Shun-Rong Zhang,&nbsp;Martin G. Mlynczak","doi":"10.1029/2024AV001465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024AV001465","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions significantly impact the middle and upper atmosphere. They cause cooling and thermal shrinking and affect the atmospheric structure. Atmospheric contraction results in changes in key atmospheric features, such as the stratopause height or the peak ionospheric electron density, and also results in reduced thermosphere density. These changes can impact, among others, the lifespan of objects in low Earth orbit, refraction of radio communication and GPS signals, and the peak altitudes of meteoroids entering the Earth's atmosphere. Given this, there is a critical need for observational capabilities to monitor the middle and upper atmosphere. Equally important is the commitment to maintaining and improving long-term, homogeneous data collection. However, capabilities to observe the middle and upper atmosphere are decreasing rather than improving.</p>","PeriodicalId":100067,"journal":{"name":"AGU Advances","volume":"6 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024AV001465","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143513807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Fault Slip Mode Unveiled in the Regional Dynamic Triggering of the 2023 Turkey Kahramanmaraş Earthquake Sequence","authors":"Heng Luo,&nbsp;Yijian Zhou,&nbsp;Zeyan Zhao,&nbsp;Mehmet Köküm,&nbsp;Teng Wang,&nbsp;Han Yue,&nbsp;Zexin Wang,&nbsp;Nan Hu,&nbsp;Abhijit Ghosh,&nbsp;Xiaodong Song,&nbsp;Roland Bürgmann","doi":"10.1029/2024AV001457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024AV001457","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Faults can slip at vastly different rates, generating both high-stress-drop regular earthquakes and low-stress-drop slow slip events (SSEs). Here, we document a transitional mode of high-stress-drop but “silent” slip with two <i>M</i>_w <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>≥</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $mathit{ge }$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> 5 events that were triggered by the 2023 Turkey Kahramanmaraş earthquake sequence. Specifically, we identify eight fault slip events from radar interferometry, none of which are reported in seismic catalogs. Except for four typical aseismic creep events, two events represent earthquakes whose waveforms were obscured within the coda waves of the mainshocks. Notably, we find two silent events that did not radiate discernible high-frequency seismic energy nor produce local aftershocks but did exhibit high stress drops of 4–6 MPa, similar to regular earthquakes. These two “silent” events likely represent a new fault slip mode positioned between regular earthquakes and SSEs. The identification of these diverse shallow slip events, which are missed in seismic catalogs, calls for reevaluation of faulting mechanisms, the nature of static/dynamic triggering effects, and seismic hazard assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":100067,"journal":{"name":"AGU Advances","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024AV001457","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143475411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constraining Dike Opening Models With Seismic Velocity Changes Associated With the 2023–2024 Eruption Sequence on the Reykjanes Peninsula","authors":"E. Bird,&nbsp;J. Atterholt,&nbsp;J. Li,&nbsp;E. Biondi,&nbsp;Q. Zhai,&nbsp;L. Li,&nbsp;Y. Yang,&nbsp;J. Fang,&nbsp;X. Wei,&nbsp;V. Hjörleifsdóttir,&nbsp;A. Klesh,&nbsp;V. Kamalov,&nbsp;T. Gunnarsson,&nbsp;Z. Zhan","doi":"10.1029/2024AV001516","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024AV001516","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The stress field perturbation caused by magmatic intrusions within volcanic systems induces strain in the surrounding region. This effect results in the opening and closing of microcracks in the vicinity of the intrusion, which can affect regional seismic velocities. In late November 2023, we deployed a distributed acoustic sensing interrogator to convert an existing 100-km telecommunication fiber-optic cable along the coast of Iceland's Reykjanes peninsula into a dense seismic array, which has run continuously. Measuring changes in surface wave moveout with ambient noise cross-correlation, we observe up to 2% changes in Rayleigh wave phase velocity <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>(</mo>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>d</mi>\u0000 <mi>v</mi>\u0000 <mo>/</mo>\u0000 <mi>v</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <mo>)</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $(dv/v)$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> following eruptions in the peninsula's 2023–2024 sequence that are likely associated with magmatic intrusions into the eruption-feeding dike. We apply a Bayesian inversion to compute the posterior distribution of potential dike opening models for each eruption by considering <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>d</mi>\u0000 <mi>v</mi>\u0000 <mo>/</mo>\u0000 <mi>v</mi>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $dv/v$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> measurements for varying channel pairs and frequency bands, and assuming this velocity change is tied to volumetric strain associated with dike-opening. Our results are in agreement with those based on geodetic measurement and provide independent constraints on the depth of the dike, demonstrating the viability of this novel inversion and new volcano monitoring directions through fiber sensing.</p>","PeriodicalId":100067,"journal":{"name":"AGU Advances","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024AV001516","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143447119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reading the Record of Baselevel Change, River Incision, and Surface Uplift on the Colorado Plateau","authors":"Lon D. Abbott","doi":"10.1029/2025AV001669","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2025AV001669","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Ever since geologist John Wesley Powell led the first daring descent through the canyons of the Colorado Plateau's Green and Colorado Rivers in 1869, their origin has been the subject of intense study (Powell, &lt;span&gt;1875&lt;/span&gt;). In fact, historians of science often assert that debates Powell had about canyon formation with contemporaries William Morris Davis, G.K. Gilbert, and Clarence Dutton were integral to the birth of geomorphology, the first scientific discipline to originate in North America (Oldroyd &amp; Grapes, &lt;span&gt;2008&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A distinctive feature of many Colorado Plateau rivers is that instead of detouring around locales where tectonic processes have arched and uplifted the rocks (the famous Colorado Plateau anticlines and monoclines), the rivers instead flow directly into the deformed rocks and cut majestic canyons, including the Grand Canyon. Powell and his colleagues understandably focused on the puzzle of how and when the rivers managed to do that, pondering whether they were “antecedent” (with courses established prior to deformation), or “superimposed” (lowered onto the deformed rocks from above, with courses originally set on undeformed rocks that erosion has since removed) (Rabbitt, &lt;span&gt;1969&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;But deformed rocks are the exception, not the rule, on the Colorado Plateau. So, a second puzzle is how and when the Plateau rose to its current 2,000 m average elevation absent major deformation. Despite over 150 years of research, the intertwined puzzles of canyon incision and plateau uplift remain unsolved. Obtaining consensus answers to these questions is important, especially since incision of the Colorado River, the master stream draining 642,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; of the American Southwest, controls the tempo of geomorphic change across this vast region. No one study will singlehandedly solve these puzzles, but Tanski et al. (&lt;span&gt;2025&lt;/span&gt;) move our understanding forward in important ways by deriving incision histories for the Colorado River in Glen (Figure 1) and Meander Canyons, analyzing longitudinal profiles of the river and its tributaries, and constructing a model to track upstream migration of a wave of rapid incision associated with integration of the modern Colorado River.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We now know the Colorado Plateau anticlines and monoclines formed ∼65 Ma, during the Laramide Orogeny (Davis &amp; Bump, &lt;span&gt;2009&lt;/span&gt;), and the modern course of the Colorado River wasn't established until ∼5.3 Ma, when drainage integrated across the Colorado Plateau-Basin and Range boundary at the Grand Wash Cliffs (R. S. Crow et al., &lt;span&gt;2021&lt;/span&gt;; Dorsey et al., &lt;span&gt;2007&lt;/span&gt;). So, strictly speaking, the Colorado River can't be antecedent, but since many processes cause river reaches to mix and match, debate rages over how integration of the modern Colorado River was accomplished (e.g., Barnett et al., &lt;span&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;; Blackwelder, &lt;span&gt;1934&lt;/span&gt;; Flowers &amp; Farley, &lt;span&gt;2012&lt;/span&gt;; Hill &amp; P","PeriodicalId":100067,"journal":{"name":"AGU Advances","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2025AV001669","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143438965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}