AGU Advances最新文献

{"title":"Magnetospheric Control of Ionospheric TEC Perturbations via Whistler-Mode and ULF Waves","authors":"Yangyang Shen, Olga P. Verkhoglyadova, Anton Artemyev, Michael D. Hartinger, Vassilis Angelopoulos, Xueling Shi, Ying Zou","doi":"10.1029/2024AV001302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024AV001302","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The weakly ionized plasma in the Earth's ionosphere is controlled by a complex interplay between solar and magnetospheric inputs from above, atmospheric processes from below, and plasma electrodynamics from within. This interaction results in ionosphere structuring and variability that pose major challenges for accurate ionosphere prediction for global navigation satellite system (GNSS) related applications and space weather research. The ionospheric structuring and variability are often probed using the total electron content (TEC) and its relative perturbations (dTEC). Among dTEC variations observed at high latitudes, a unique modulation pattern has been linked to magnetospheric ultra-low-frequency (ULF) waves, yet its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here using magnetically conjugate observations from the THEMIS spacecraft and a ground-based GPS receiver at Fairbanks, Alaska, we provide direct evidence that these dTEC modulations are driven by magnetospheric electron precipitation induced by ULF-modulated whistler-mode waves. We observed peak-to-peak dTEC amplitudes reaching <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>∼</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${sim} $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> 0.5 TECU (1 TECU is equal to <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mn>10</mn>\u0000 <mn>6</mn>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${10}^{6}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> electrons/<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>m</mi>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${mathrm{m}}^{2}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>) with modulations spanning scales of <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>∼</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${sim} $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> 5–100 km. The cross-correlation between our modeled and observed dTEC reached <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>∼</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${sim} $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> 0.8 during the conjugacy period but decreased outside of it. The spectra of whistler-mode waves and dTEC also matched closely at ULF frequencies during the conjugacy period but diverged outside of it. Our findings elucidate the high-latitude dTEC generation from magnetospheric wave-induced precipitation, addressing a significant gap in current physics-based dTEC modeling. Theses results thus improve ionospheric dTEC prediction and enhance our unde","PeriodicalId":100067,"journal":{"name":"AGU Advances","volume":"5 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024AV001302","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142708127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Earth-Based Transmitters Trigger Precipitation of Inner Radiation Belt Electrons: Unveiling Observations and Modeling Results","authors":"Zheng Xiang,&nbsp;Xinlin Li,&nbsp;Daniel N. Baker,&nbsp;Yang Mei,&nbsp;Declan O'Brien,&nbsp;Benjamin Hogan,&nbsp;Hong Zhao,&nbsp;David Brennan,&nbsp;Binbin Ni,&nbsp;Theodore Sarris,&nbsp;Michael A. Temerin","doi":"10.1029/2024AV001354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024AV001354","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Human activity influence Earth's environment, including the space environment hundreds to thousands of kilometers above the Earth. One direct evidence is that the 19.8 kHz electromagnetic signals launched by the North West Cape (NWC) transmitter station in Australia produce a wisp-like energy distribution of precipitating energetic electrons in Earth's inner radiation belt, observed by many Low Earth Orbiting satellites. Typically, satellites observe a single wisp with energy that decreases with increasing L (approximately the radial distance in the equatorial plane), which is produced by a first-order cyclotron resonance of transmitter signals with energetic electrons. Here we report, for the first time, multiple wisps observed by the Relativistic Electron and Proton Telescope integrated little experiment-2 (REPTile-2) on board the recently launched Colorado Inner Radiation Belt Experiment (CIRBE) CubeSat. Based on simulation results, we demonstrate that harmonic cyclotron resonances including the 1, −1, and 2 orders by highly oblique NWC transmitter signals produce these multiple wisps. The discovery of multiple-order cyclotron resonances simultaneously occurring in space sheds new light on wave-particle interactions in near-Earth space. It also has implications for developing artificial radiation belt remediation techniques and understanding the propagation and scattering of plasma waves in planetary magnetospheres.</p>","PeriodicalId":100067,"journal":{"name":"AGU Advances","volume":"5 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024AV001354","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142707801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anthropogenic Aerosols Have Significantly Weakened the Regional Summertime Circulation in the Northern Hemisphere During the Satellite Era","authors":"Joonsuk M. Kang,&nbsp;Tiffany A. Shaw,&nbsp;Lantao Sun","doi":"10.1029/2024AV001318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024AV001318","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reanalysis data show a significant weakening of summertime circulation in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) midlatitudes in the satellite era with implications for surface weather extremes. Recent work showed the weakening is not significantly affected by changes in the Arctic, but did not examine the role of different anthropogenic forcings such as aerosols. Here we use the Detection and Attribution Model Intercomparison Project (DAMIP) simulations to quantify the impact of anthropogenic aerosol and greenhouse gas forcing. The DAMIP simulations show aerosols and greenhouse gases contribute equally to zonal-mean circulation weakening. Regionally, aerosol dominates the Pacific storm track weakening whereas greenhouse gas dominates in the Atlantic. Using a regional energetic framework, we show why the impact of aerosol is the largest in the Pacific. Reduced sulfate aerosol emissions over Eurasia and North America increase (clear-sky) surface shortwave radiation and turbulent fluxes. This enhances land-to-ocean energy contrast and energy transport via stationary circulations to the ocean. Consequently, energy converges poleward of oceanic storm tracks, demanding weaker poleward energy transport storm tracks, and the storm tracks weaken. The impact is larger over the Pacific following the larger emission decrease over Eurasia than North America. Similar yet opposite, increased aerosol emissions over South and East Asia decrease shortwave radiation and weaken land-to-ocean energy transport. This diverges energy equatorward of the Pacific storm track, further weakening it. Our results show aerosols are a dominant driver of regional circulation weakening during the NH summertime in the satellite era and a regional energetic framework explaining the underlying processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":100067,"journal":{"name":"AGU Advances","volume":"5 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024AV001318","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142707800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward a Universal Model of Hyporheic Exchange and Nutrient Cycling in Streams","authors":"Ahmed Monofy,&nbsp;Stanley B. Grant,&nbsp;Fulvio Boano,&nbsp;Megan A. Rippy,&nbsp;Jesus D. Gomez-Velez,&nbsp;Sujay S. Kaushal,&nbsp;Erin R. Hotchkiss,&nbsp;Sydney Shelton","doi":"10.1029/2024AV001373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024AV001373","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this paper we demonstrate that several ubiquitous hyporheic exchange mechanisms can be represented simply as a one-dimensional diffusion process, where the diffusivity decays exponentially with depth into the streambed. Based on a meta-analysis of 106 previously published laboratory measurements of hyporheic exchange (capturing a range of bed morphologies, hydraulic conditions, streambed properties, and experimental approaches) we find that the reference diffusivity and mixing length-scale are functions of the permeability Reynolds Number and Schmidt Number. These dimensionless numbers, in turn, can be estimated for a particular stream from the median grain size of the streambed and the stream's depth, slope, and temperature. Application of these results to a seminal study of nitrate removal in 72 headwater streams across the United States, reveals: (a) streams draining urban and agricultural landscapes have a diminished capacity for in-stream and in-bed mixing along with smaller subsurface storage zones compared to streams draining reference landscapes; (b) under steady-state conditions nitrate uptake in the streambed is primarily biologically controlled; and (c) median reaction timescales for nitrate removal in the hyporheic zone are <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>≈</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> ${approx} $</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>0.5 and 20 hr for uptake by assimilation and denitrification, respectively. While further research is needed, the simplicity and extensibility of the framework described here should facilitate cross-disciplinary discussions and inform reach-scale studies of pollutant fate and transport and their scale-up to watersheds and beyond.</p>","PeriodicalId":100067,"journal":{"name":"AGU Advances","volume":"5 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024AV001373","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142641953","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emerging Climate Change Signals in Atmospheric Circulation","authors":"T. A. Shaw,&nbsp;J. M. Arblaster,&nbsp;T. Birner,&nbsp;A. H. Butler,&nbsp;D. I. V. Domeisen,&nbsp;C. I. Garfinkel,&nbsp;H. Garny,&nbsp;K. M. Grise,&nbsp;A. Yu. Karpechko","doi":"10.1029/2024AV001297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024AV001297","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The circulation response to climate change shapes regional climate and extremes. Over the last decade an increasing number of atmospheric circulation signals have been documented, with some attributed to human activities. The circulation signals represent an exciting opportunity for improving our understanding of dynamical mechanisms, testing our theories and reducing uncertainties. The signals have also presented puzzles that represent an opportunity for better understanding the circulation response to climate change, its contribution to climate extremes, interactions with moisture, and connection to thermodynamic discrepancies. The next decade is likely to be a golden age for dynamics with many advances possible.</p>","PeriodicalId":100067,"journal":{"name":"AGU Advances","volume":"5 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024AV001297","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142641840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence for Magnetically-Driven Accretion in the Distal Solar System","authors":"Elias N. Mansbach,&nbsp;Benjamin P. Weiss,&nbsp;Eduardo A. Lima,&nbsp;Michael Sowell,&nbsp;Joseph L. Kirschvink,&nbsp;Roger R. Fu,&nbsp;Saverio Cambioni,&nbsp;Xue-Ning Bai,&nbsp;Jodie B. Ream,&nbsp;Chisato Anai,&nbsp;Atsuko Kobayashi,&nbsp;Hironori Hidaka","doi":"10.1029/2024AV001396","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024AV001396","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Paleomagnetic measurements of meteorites indicate that magnetic fields existed in the inner solar nebula capable of driving accretion at rates similar to those observed for young stellar objects with protoplanetary disks. However, the field strength in the solar system beyond ∼7 astronomical units (AU) and its role in accretion remain poorly constrained. Returned samples from asteroid (162173) Ryugu offer the possibility of determining the nebular field intensity in this distal region. Here, we report paleomagnetic studies of three Ryugu particles which reveal that alteration occurred in the presence of a null or relatively weak (&lt;15.8 μT) field within 3 million years (Ma) after solar system formation. This resolves previously contrasting reports that Ryugu's parent body experienced alteration in the presence of a strong (&gt;80 μT) magnetic field and weak or null field (&lt;3 μT). In addition, we re-examine previous paleomagnetic and Mn-Cr chronometry studies of three other distally-sourced meteorites, Tagish Lake, Tarda, and Wisconsin Range 91600, which measured paleointensities of &lt;0.9, &lt;1.7 and 5.1 ± 4.5 μT respectively. While it was previously unclear whether these records were acquired while the nebula was present, our re-analysis suggests that their records are sufficiently old (i.e., &lt;3.5 Ma after solar system formation) to be nebular in origin. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the distal solar system nebular field, while faint, was likely still strong enough to drive accretion at rates like those observed in the inner solar system.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":100067,"journal":{"name":"AGU Advances","volume":"5 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024AV001396","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142596420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Substantial Global Radial Variations of Basalt Content Near the 660-km Discontinuity","authors":"Shangqin Hao,&nbsp;S. Shawn Wei,&nbsp;Peter M. Shearer","doi":"10.1029/2024AV001409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024AV001409","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Mid-ocean ridges generate basalt and harzburgite, which are introduced into the mantle through subduction as a mechanical mixture, contributing to both lateral and radial compositional heterogeneity. The possible accumulation of basalt in the mantle transition zone has been examined, but details of the mantle composition below the 660-km discontinuity (hereafter d660) remain poorly constrained. In this study, we utilize the subtle waveform details of <i>S660S</i>, the underside shear-wave reflection off the d660, to interpret the seismic velocity, density, and compositional structure near, and particularly below, the d660. We identify a significant difference in <i>S660S</i> waveform shape in subduction zones compared to other regions. The inversion results reveal globally enriched basalt at the d660, with a notably higher content in subduction zones, consistent with the smaller impedance jump and <i>S660S</i> peak amplitude. The basalt fraction decreases significantly to less than 10% near 800-km depth, forming a global harzburgite-enriched layer and resulting in a steep seismic velocity gradient just below the d660, in agreement with 1D global reference models. The striking compositional radial variations near the d660 verify geodynamic predictions and challenge the applicability of homogeneous radial compositional models in the mantle. These variations may also affect the viscosity profile and, consequently, the dynamics at the boundary between the upper and lower mantle.</p>","PeriodicalId":100067,"journal":{"name":"AGU Advances","volume":"5 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024AV001409","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142599002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toward Modeling Continental-Scale Inland Water Carbon Dioxide Emissions","authors":"Brian Saccardi,&nbsp;Craig B. Brinkerhoff,&nbsp;Colin J. Gleason,&nbsp;Matthew J. Winnick","doi":"10.1029/2024AV001294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2024AV001294","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Inland waters emit significant amounts of carbon dioxide (CO₂) to the atmosphere; however, the global magnitude and source distribution of inland water CO₂ emissions remain uncertain. These fluxes have previously been “statistically upscaled” by independently estimating dissolved CO₂ concentrations and gas exchange velocities to calculate fluxes. This scaling, while robust and defensible, has known limitations in representing carbon source limitations and spatial variability. Here, we develop and calibrate a CO₂ transport model for the continental United States, simulating carbon transport and transformation in &gt;22 million hydraulically connected rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. We estimate 25% lower CO₂ fluxes compared to upscaling estimates forced by the same observational calibration data. While precise CO₂ source distribution estimates are limited by the resolution of model parameterizations, our model suggests that stream corridor CO₂ production dominates over groundwater inputs at the continental scale. Our results further suggest that the lack of observational networks for groundwater CO₂ and scalable metabolic models of aquatic CO₂ production remain the most salient barriers to further coupling of our model with other Earth system components.</p>","PeriodicalId":100067,"journal":{"name":"AGU Advances","volume":"5 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2024AV001294","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142574090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increased Occurrence of Large-Scale Windthrows Across the Amazon Basin","authors":"J. David Urquiza-Muñoz,&nbsp;Susan Trumbore,&nbsp;Robinson I. Negrón-Juárez,&nbsp;Yanlei Feng,&nbsp;Alexander Brenning,&nbsp;C. Michael Vasquez-Parana,&nbsp;Daniel Magnabosco Marra","doi":"10.1029/2023AV001030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023AV001030","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Convective storms with strong downdrafts create windthrows: snapped and uprooted trees that locally alter the structure, composition, and carbon balance of forests. Comparing Landsat imagery from subsequent years, we documented temporal and spatial variation in the occurrence of large (≥30 ha) windthrows across the Amazon basin from 1985 to 2020. Over 33 individual years, we detected 3179 large windthrows. Windthrow density was greatest in the central and western Amazon regions, with ∼33% of all events occurring in ∼3% of the monitored area. Return intervals for large windthrows in the same location of these “hotspot” regions are centuries to millennia, while over the rest of the Amazon they are &gt;10,000 years. Our data demonstrate a nearly 4-fold increase in windthrow number and affected area between 1985 (78 windthrows and 6,900 ha) and 2020 (264 events and 32,170 ha), with more events of &gt;500 ha size since 1990. Such extremely large events (&gt;500 ha up to 2,543 ha) are responsible for interannual variation in the overall median (84 ± 5.2 ha; ±95% CI) and mean (147 ± 13 ha) windthrow area, but we did not find significant temporal trends in the size distribution of windthrows with time. Our results document increased damage from convective storms over the past 40 years in the Amazon, filling a gap in temporal records for tropical regions. Our publicly accessible large windthrow database provides a valuable tool for exploring dynamic conditions leading to damaging storms and their ecological impact on Amazon forests.</p>","PeriodicalId":100067,"journal":{"name":"AGU Advances","volume":"5 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2023AV001030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142561628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adjustments to Climate Perturbations—Mechanisms, Implications, Observational Constraints","authors":"Johannes Quaas,&nbsp;Timothy Andrews,&nbsp;Nicolas Bellouin,&nbsp;Karoline Block,&nbsp;Olivier Boucher,&nbsp;Paulo Ceppi,&nbsp;Guy Dagan,&nbsp;Sabine Doktorowski,&nbsp;Hannah Marie Eichholz,&nbsp;Piers Forster,&nbsp;Tom Goren,&nbsp;Edward Gryspeerdt,&nbsp;Øivind Hodnebrog,&nbsp;Hailing Jia,&nbsp;Ryan Kramer,&nbsp;Charlotte Lange,&nbsp;Amanda C. Maycock,&nbsp;Johannes Mülmenstädt,&nbsp;Gunnar Myhre,&nbsp;Fiona M. O’Connor,&nbsp;Robert Pincus,&nbsp;Bjørn Hallvard Samset,&nbsp;Fabian Senf,&nbsp;Keith P. Shine,&nbsp;Chris Smith,&nbsp;Camilla Weum Stjern,&nbsp;Toshihiko Takemura,&nbsp;Velle Toll,&nbsp;Casey J. Wall","doi":"10.1029/2023AV001144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1029/2023AV001144","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Since the 5th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (AR5) an extended concept of the energetic analysis of climate change including forcings, feedbacks and adjustment processes has become widely adopted. Adjustments are defined as processes that occur in response to the introduction of a climate forcing agent, but that are independent of global-mean surface temperature changes. Most considered are the adjustments that impact the Earth energy budget and strengthen or weaken the instantaneous radiative forcing due to the forcing agent. Some adjustment mechanisms also impact other aspects of climate not related to the Earth radiation budget. Since AR5 and a following description by Sherwood et al. (2015, https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-13-00167.1), much research on adjustments has been performed and is reviewed here. We classify the adjustment mechanisms into six main categories, and discuss methods of quantifying these adjustments in terms of their potentials, shortcomings and practicality. We furthermore describe aspects of adjustments that act beyond the energetic framework, and we propose new ideas to observe adjustments or to make use of observations to constrain their representation in models. Altogether, the problem of adjustments is now on a robust scientific footing, and better quantification and observational constraint is possible. This allows for improvements in understanding and quantifying climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":100067,"journal":{"name":"AGU Advances","volume":"5 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2023AV001144","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142439077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}