Advanced MembranesPub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.advmem.2021.100015
Haoze Zeng , Shanshan He , Seyed Saeid Hosseini , Bin Zhu , Lu Shao
{"title":"Emerging nanomaterial incorporated membranes for gas separation and pervaporation towards energetic-efficient applications","authors":"Haoze Zeng , Shanshan He , Seyed Saeid Hosseini , Bin Zhu , Lu Shao","doi":"10.1016/j.advmem.2021.100015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advmem.2021.100015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Gas separation (GS) and pervaporation (PV) mainly based on solution-diffusion mechanism, are two important processes for the challenging transport and separation of gaseous and vapor molecules. Various types of contemporary nanomaterials such as covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have demonstrated unique channels with tuneable surface that govern transport and separation of targeted molecules. New opportunities have been revealed through incorporation of emerging nanomaterials into the structure of conventional polymeric membranes and resulted in several advantages notably improved performance and reduced energy consumptions. Due to the broad applications of GS and PV processes in the chemical industry and energy sector, the present manuscript aims to review the principle for gas separation and pervaporation in membrane molecular separation process in terms of solution-diffusion theory. In addition, the current status of membranes containing emerging nanomaterials for GS and PV are discussed comprehensively from different aspects. Furthermore, the current applications of nanomaterials incorporated mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) are described. Finally, the perspectives and future directions of remarkable performance membranes incorporated with diverse emerging nanomaterials are explained so as to facilitate the rapid advancement of energetic-efficient membranes toward practically industrial applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100033,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Membranes","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100015"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772823421000166/pdfft?md5=8b7dd293090f83ebee48466faf7a3466&pid=1-s2.0-S2772823421000166-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76341315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Advanced MembranesPub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.advmem.2022.100029
Liping Zhi , Zhizhang Yuan , Xianfeng Li
{"title":"Recent development and prospect of membranes for alkaline zinc-iron flow battery","authors":"Liping Zhi , Zhizhang Yuan , Xianfeng Li","doi":"10.1016/j.advmem.2022.100029","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advmem.2022.100029","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Alkaline zinc-iron flow battery (AZIFB) is promising for stationary energy storage to achieve the extensive application of renewable energies due to its features of high safety, high power density and low cost. However, the major bottlenecks such as the occurrence of short circuit, water migration and low efficiency have limited its further applications, of which an ion-conducting membrane acts as a pivotal role in addressing these issues. The benchmark Nafion series membranes or anion-exchange membranes are confronted with their low ionic conductivity or poor stability in alkaline media. Therefore, a membrane is required to possess (1) excellent stability to avert the occurrence of short circuit resulted from the destruction of zinc dendrite and degradation of membrane caused by alkaline media, (2) low area resistance and high selectivity to achieve a high efficiency in time of the charge-discharge procedure of AZIFB. In this review, we will start from a brief introduction of AZIFB and cover the categories of membranes applied in AZIFB. And then the fundamental aspects of the membrane, including ion transport mechanism, fabrication & structure design and performance optimization will be highlighted. Finally, the challenges and prospects of the membranes for AZIFB applications will be briefly proposed and discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100033,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Membranes","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100029"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772823422000057/pdfft?md5=2499bcef0dd656496a861af970ab2ce3&pid=1-s2.0-S2772823422000057-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75791384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Tunable mass transport in the artificial smart membranes based on two-dimensional materials","authors":"Dong Han , Xinyao Dong , Geliang Yu , Tiantian Gao , Kai-Ge Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.advmem.2022.100045","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advmem.2022.100045","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Inspired by biological systems in nature, smart membranes with stimuli responsiveness exhibit advantages over traditional membranes with stationary structures and have shown the potential in breaking the thresholds of traditional membrane technologies. Unfortunately, responsive polymeric membranes suffer from inevitable fouling and the trade-off effect between permeability and selectivity, seriously hindering further applications. Recently, smart membranes based on two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials with regulated nanochannel sizes and surface charges triggered by external stimuli have attracted increasing attention and are highly suitable for membrane technologies due to their promising properties. In this review, we summarize the state-of-art progress on the 2D smart membranes (2DSMs) including the general design strategies for fabricating 2DSMs, recent advances in responsive mechanisms under various stimuli and diverse applications such as gas separation, water treatment, ion rectification and osmotic energy harvest. To conclude, we propose a brief perspective on the challenges and opportunities in this fast-growing field.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100033,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Membranes","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100045"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772823422000215/pdfft?md5=25a64f78f915118caf4586a245f26d03&pid=1-s2.0-S2772823422000215-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81277388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Advanced MembranesPub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.advmem.2022.100033
Yuan-hui Tang , Juan Liu , Bo Zhou , Lin Wang , Ya-kai Lin , Chun-hui Zhang , Xiao-lin Wang
{"title":"A criterion of diluent selection for the polymeric membrane formation via thermally induced phase separation process based on Hansen solubility parameter theory","authors":"Yuan-hui Tang , Juan Liu , Bo Zhou , Lin Wang , Ya-kai Lin , Chun-hui Zhang , Xiao-lin Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.advmem.2022.100033","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advmem.2022.100033","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The Hansen solubility parameter (HSP) theory, which includes the Hansen dispersion (D), polar (P), and hydrogen (H) components and a derivative ‘solubility parameter distance, Ra’ parameter, was adopted to evaluate the interaction between different polymers and their various diluents, so as to obtain a valuable and feasible criterion for the diluent selection of the thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) process for the preparation of polymeric membranes. Firstly, a full-scale database of the four HSP parameters of typical polymer-diluent systems was obtained based on a complete literature review about the phase separation process of all the polymer/diluents systems that have been applied to prepare polymeric membranes via TIPS and our additional exploratory experiments for membrane formation mechanism, in which two different phase separation processes including solid to liquid and liquid to liquid were distinguished. Relationships between the Ra parameter and the phase separation behavior were figured out to get a criterion for selecting the single diluent for the typical polymers. Moreover, the diluent selection was extended by adding a second diluent, and a schematic three-dimensional phase diagram was drawn to provide a feasible understanding of the TIPS process of the polymer-binary diluent system. Taking polypropylene (PP) as the representative example, plenty of exploratory experiments for the membrane formation mechanism based on a literature review were conducted to propose a guide based on the Hansen polar and hydrogen solubility component parameters to help select a proper binary diluent system.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100033,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Membranes","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100033"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772823422000094/pdfft?md5=2e36a968bd6433d26e7a624868dd6002&pid=1-s2.0-S2772823422000094-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82098665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Advanced MembranesPub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.advmem.2022.100040
Hongfang Guo , Jing Wei , Yulei Ma , Jing Deng , Shouliang Yi , Bangda Wang , Liyuan Deng , Xia Jiang , Zhongde Dai
{"title":"Facilitated transport membranes for CO2/CH4 separation - State of the art","authors":"Hongfang Guo , Jing Wei , Yulei Ma , Jing Deng , Shouliang Yi , Bangda Wang , Liyuan Deng , Xia Jiang , Zhongde Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.advmem.2022.100040","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advmem.2022.100040","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Membrane separation is a promising alternative for gas purification. Facilitated transport (FT) membranes, with reversible reactions to promote CO<sub>2</sub> transport, can simultaneously obtain high CO<sub>2</sub> permeability and selectivity of CO<sub>2</sub> over other gases, such as CH<sub>4</sub>, making FT membranes particularly interesting for CO<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> separation. An overview of the state-of-the-art FT membranes used for CO<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> separation is desired for the R&D of industrial membrane applications. This paper has reviewed the development progress and advances in various FT membranes for CO<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> separation, including mobile carrier FT membranes, fixed site carrier FT membranes, and mixed matrix FT membranes. Over 100 different kinds of membrane materials with over 500 gas separation data have been summarized with performance data collected and analyzed. Perspectives of FT membranes for CO<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> separation are also proposed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100033,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Membranes","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100040"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772823422000161/pdfft?md5=3915f0e3a6c6b0f7dc561e73d0fb3243&pid=1-s2.0-S2772823422000161-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77096407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Advanced MembranesPub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.advmem.2022.100038
Yao-Shen Guo , Qiaohong Liu , Yue Shen , Naixin Wang , Yan-li Ji , Mwema Wanjiya , Quan-Fu An , Cong-Jie Gao
{"title":"Preparation of anti-fouling zwitterionic nanofiltration membrane with tunable surface charge","authors":"Yao-Shen Guo , Qiaohong Liu , Yue Shen , Naixin Wang , Yan-li Ji , Mwema Wanjiya , Quan-Fu An , Cong-Jie Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.advmem.2022.100038","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advmem.2022.100038","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Anti-fouling property is of vital significance and remains a challenge in the membrane separation field. In this work, N-diethylethylenediamine (DEEDA) was incorporated into the polyamide matrix first. Then, an anti-fouling zwitterionic nanofiltration membrane with tunable surface charge was fabricated by the grafting of p-xylylene dichloride (XDC) on the membrane surface. The resulting nanofiltration membrane possessed zwitterionic groups of positively charged N<sup>+</sup> and negatively charged COO<sup>-</sup>. Meanwhile, the surface charge could be tuned precisely by the concentration of XDC. A neutrally charged nanofiltration membrane was obtained when the concentration of XDC was 1.0 wt% and the preparing membrane showed permeance of 9.1 L·m<sup>-2</sup>·h<sup>-1</sup>·bar<sup>-1</sup> with high rejection of CaCl<sub>2</sub> (90.8%) and Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> (91.3%) at pH = 6.5. This membrane exhibited excellent anti-fouling properties towards not only negatively charged bovine serum albumin but also positively charged lysozyme. The optimum membrane, PA-XDC-1.0, had flux recovery rates of 95.0% and 94.0% for bovine serum albumin and lysozyme, respectively, which was higher than those of PA-DEEDA-0 (86.1% and 80.7%). This work offered a facile way to fabricate an anti-fouling zwitterionic nanofiltration membrane with tunable surface charge, which had wide applications in water purification.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100033,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Membranes","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100038"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772823422000148/pdfft?md5=b2477c56ab22c2bd5863cca097ad4b01&pid=1-s2.0-S2772823422000148-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73742083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Advanced MembranesPub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.advmem.2022.100043
Hao Wang , Chongyang Yang , Shuo Wang , Sheng Hu
{"title":"Tunable ion transport through ultimately small channels","authors":"Hao Wang , Chongyang Yang , Shuo Wang , Sheng Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.advmem.2022.100043","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advmem.2022.100043","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Biological membranes allow not only fast and selective ion permeation but also tunable ion transport, passively or actively on demands, in response to external stimuli such as light, voltage, temperature, etc. At the core of the membrane is the ultimate small ion channels approaching the dimension of a single ion and water molecule in the angstrom scale. To mimic and better understand the functioning of biological ion channels, artificial systems of similar sizes are developed recently. As novel platforms, these systems provide insights into many important problems such as mechanisms of non-continuum ion transport that are difficult to be investigated in larger structures. The unique couplings among ions, channels and various external stimuli at this spatial scale further inspire potential technologies where efficient and tunable ion transport is required. We review the main concepts of creating angstrom-scale channels and focus on discussing the tunable ion transport behavior inside. Permeability and selectivity of ion permeation controlled by light, electric field and solution environment variation are highlighted.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100033,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Membranes","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100043"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772823422000197/pdfft?md5=c80eea7e6f96aec5845668f072636417&pid=1-s2.0-S2772823422000197-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89272820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Advanced MembranesPub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.advmem.2022.100025
Guining Chen, Tianlei Wang, Guangru Zhang, Gongping Liu, Wanqin Jin
{"title":"Membrane materials targeting carbon capture and utilization","authors":"Guining Chen, Tianlei Wang, Guangru Zhang, Gongping Liu, Wanqin Jin","doi":"10.1016/j.advmem.2022.100025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advmem.2022.100025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Over the past decades, fossil fuel combustion has emitted large quantities of CO<sub>2</sub> into the atmosphere, resulting in global climate change. Nowadays, it's considered a feasible strategy to capture CO<sub>2</sub> from some significant point sources. Three main strategies have been developed, namely post-combustion, pre-combustion, and oxy-fuel combustion. Recent research indicates that the membrane technology for CO<sub>2</sub> capture has become competitive compared with conventional technologies because of the improved separation performance in materials and process designs. This paper mainly reviews the progress and breakthroughs of membrane materials for the three gas separation systems corresponding to the CO<sub>2</sub> capture strategies. Besides, the CO<sub>2</sub> utilization by the membrane process has also been highlighted.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100033,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Membranes","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100025"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S277282342200001X/pdfft?md5=7333d554c1bb9315ecaa5678987aac3f&pid=1-s2.0-S277282342200001X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83485364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Advanced MembranesPub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.advmem.2022.100032
Dan Lu , Zhikan Yao , Lei Jiao , Misbah Waheed , Zhilin Sun , Lin Zhang
{"title":"Separation mechanism, selectivity enhancement strategies and advanced materials for mono-/multivalent ion-selective nanofiltration membrane","authors":"Dan Lu , Zhikan Yao , Lei Jiao , Misbah Waheed , Zhilin Sun , Lin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.advmem.2022.100032","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advmem.2022.100032","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Mono-/multivalent ion-selective separation has become a common requirement at the water-energy nexus, including energy storage and conversion, water purification, and sustainable industrial processes. In this review, we summarize the theory of ion transport through membrane and mechanisms of selective ion separation in nanofiltration (NF) briefly. Recent advancing in improving the mono-/multivalent ion selectivity of thin-film composite (TFC) NF membrane via size sieving enhancement, electric charge property regulation and co-enhancement of size sieving and electric charge properties are concluded. What's more, three material classes—surface assembly materials, nanomaterials and biomimetic ion channels are highlighted as candidates for the preparation of ion-selective NF membranes. Lastly, design directions and critical challenges for developing high-selectivity nanofiltration membranes based on the ion-selective mechanisms are provided.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100033,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Membranes","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100032"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772823422000082/pdfft?md5=38c45915f404ed4868bda388347ea70a&pid=1-s2.0-S2772823422000082-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77011786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Advanced MembranesPub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.advmem.2022.100039
Panchan Dansawad , Yujie Yang , Xin Li , Xiaopeng Shang , Yanxiang Li , Zhiwei Guo , Yashi Qing , Shengyong Zhao , Siming You , Wangliang Li
{"title":"Smart membranes for oil/water emulsions separation: A review","authors":"Panchan Dansawad , Yujie Yang , Xin Li , Xiaopeng Shang , Yanxiang Li , Zhiwei Guo , Yashi Qing , Shengyong Zhao , Siming You , Wangliang Li","doi":"10.1016/j.advmem.2022.100039","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.advmem.2022.100039","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Oily wastewater poses a significant impact on both environments and human societies. Especially, the treatment of oil/water emulsions for separating oil from water is challenging due to the high stability of oil/water emulsions. Smart membranes, known as stimuli-responsive membranes, are one of the emerging technologies that have been paid wide attention for separating oil/water emulsions in recent years. Smart membranes possess the unique features of switchable wettability between hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity after being triggered by external stimuli and have desired anti-fouling properties. This review summarizes the development of smart membranes for oil/water emulsions separation during the past five years (2018 – present). It was found that solvent stimuli-responsive membranes are the most popular type of smart membranes for oil/water emulsions separation. For multi-stimuli-responsive membranes that can respond to more than one stimulus, future research should focus on developing appropriate fabrication strategies to increase the separation and anti-fouling performances of the membranes. Additionally, surface coating, surface grafting, and copolymer blending are the most popular methods for smart membranes fabrication. However, these methods might not be universally applicable to the different types of stimuli-responsive membranes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":100033,"journal":{"name":"Advanced Membranes","volume":"2 ","pages":"Article 100039"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S277282342200015X/pdfft?md5=400b1b0d2183b636f845f952c82eb735&pid=1-s2.0-S277282342200015X-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82209902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}