Sara Boussaha, Ahmed B Abdelwahab, Massimo Bramucci, Luana Quassinti, Khellaf Rebbas, Filippo Maggi
{"title":"First GC/MS Profiling and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Physalis acutifolia (Solanaceae) Essential Oils: Insights From Molecular Docking and ADME Predictions.","authors":"Sara Boussaha, Ahmed B Abdelwahab, Massimo Bramucci, Luana Quassinti, Khellaf Rebbas, Filippo Maggi","doi":"10.1002/cbdv.71312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.71312","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Solanaceae family, particularly the genus Physalis, is a rich source of anticancer bioactive compounds. This study first reports the chemical composition of essential oils (EOs) obtained from fruits (FO), leaves (LO), and a leaf-fruit mixture (LFO) of Physalis acutifolia using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Major components include hexadecanoic acid (36.51% in LO), phytol (32.54% in LFO), and heptacosane (31.37% in FO). Cytotoxic activity was assessed against four human cancer cell lines: A375 (malignant melanoma), T98G (glioblastoma multiforme), MDA-MB-231 (breast adenocarcinoma), and HCT116 (colon carcinoma). LO exhibited potent antiproliferative effects on A375 (IC50 = 9.06 µg/mL). Molecular docking simulations suggest that hexadecanoic acid may activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), while homosalate shows a high-affinity binding to platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA). Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) predictions indicate drug-like properties for ar-turmerol. These findings highlight the anticancer potential of P. acutifolia EOs as candidates for future pharmaceutical examination.</p>","PeriodicalId":9878,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry & Biodiversity","volume":"23 5","pages":"e71312"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147863710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yin Zhang, Ruting Luo, Rui Yang, Xiaomeng Ma, Min Wang
{"title":"Citrus Essential Oils: A Review of Chemical Composition, Bioactivity, Safe Use, and Potential Applications.","authors":"Yin Zhang, Ruting Luo, Rui Yang, Xiaomeng Ma, Min Wang","doi":"10.1002/cbdv.71305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.71305","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The genus Citrus (Rutaceae) produces essential oils (EOs) widely utilized in food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and biomaterial industries due to their distinct organoleptic properties. These EOs are primarily composed of monoterpenes (e.g., limonene), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, and oxygenated derivatives, which exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, antineoplastic, and insecticidal activities. Principal extraction methods include cold pressing (CP), solvent extraction, distillation, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Due to the increasing prevalence of adulteration and pesticide residues, robust analytical methods for their detection are required. This review addresses the major chemical components, common extraction techniques, and biological activities of Citrus EOs. Analytical approaches for identifying adulterants and pesticide residues are also examined. Particular attention is given to furocoumarin-induced photosensitivity, a critical safety concern. Addressing these issues is essential to provide a scientific basis for the rational and expanded application of Citrus EOs in food science, material engineering, and related fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":9878,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry & Biodiversity","volume":"23 5","pages":"e71305"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147863679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sebastián Martínez-Flores, María Guadalupe Martínez-Villarreal, Fernando Domínguez-Martínez, Mariana Lozano-González, Isabel Rivero-Cruz, Laura Flores-Bocanegra, Paulina Del Valle-Pérez, Martha Macías-Rubalcava, Robert Bye, Edelmira Linares, Omar Emiliano Aparicio-Trejo, Rachel Mata
{"title":"Phytochemical and Nutritional Characterization of Porophyllum linaria: Novel Cyclopropane-Containing Waxes and Comparative Analysis With P. macrocephalum.","authors":"Sebastián Martínez-Flores, María Guadalupe Martínez-Villarreal, Fernando Domínguez-Martínez, Mariana Lozano-González, Isabel Rivero-Cruz, Laura Flores-Bocanegra, Paulina Del Valle-Pérez, Martha Macías-Rubalcava, Robert Bye, Edelmira Linares, Omar Emiliano Aparicio-Trejo, Rachel Mata","doi":"10.1002/cbdv.71245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.71245","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An integrative phytochemical investigation of Porophyllum linaria was conducted in comparison with Porophyllum macrocephalum, combining structural elucidation, volatilome profiling, analytical method development, bioactivity, and nutritional assessment. Chromatographic fractionation of a MeOH-CH<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>2</sub> (1:1) extract of P. linaria afforded two undescribed long-chain cyclopropyl alcohol waxes, identified as cis-8,9-methylenuntriacontan-5-ol and cis-7,8-methylenuntriacontan-5-ol, whose structures were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis (1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS) and chemical derivatization. Volatile constituents of both species were characterized, revealing interspecific differences. P. linaria essential oil was dominated by β-myrcene, d-limonene, nonanal, decanal, and (E)-2-dodecenal, whereas P. macrocephalum showed a limonene-rich profile with lower aldehyde content. LC-ESI-MS analysis of infusion extracts demonstrated distinct flavonoid patterns, with avicularin as the major marker of P. linaria and quercetin derivatives predominant in P. macrocephalum. Two validated UHPLC-MS methods were developed for the quantification of avicularin and quercetin in the respective species. Aqueous extracts exhibited antihyperglycemic and radical-scavenging activities. Nutrient analysis revealed their high fiber and mineral content. This study expands the chemical diversity of the genus Porophyllum, reports new cyclopropane-derived wax constituents, and provides analytical markers to support species differentiation and quality control. Chemical diversity of plant wax constituents contributes novel structural motifs to the genus Porophyllum.</p>","PeriodicalId":9878,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry & Biodiversity","volume":"23 5","pages":"e71245"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147763782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Cuevaenes F-H, Including Two Rare Chlorinated Cuevaenes From the Marine-Derived Streptomyces malaysiensis HNM0561.","authors":"Yan-Ping Huang, Yan-Fang Luo, Zhi-Wei Hong, Shen-Hao Luo, Shuang-Qing Zhou, Xiao-Long Huang, Zhong-Ping Jiang","doi":"10.1002/cbdv.71279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.71279","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Three new cuevaenes, designated cuevaenes F-H (1-3), together with four known analogues (4-7), were isolated from the marine-derived strain Streptomyces malaysiensis HNM0561. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated using HR-ESIMS, extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, and ECD calculations. Notably, this study establishes the absolute configurations of previously reported cuevaenes (4, 5, and 7) for the first time. Compounds 1 and 2 are distinguished by a rare chlorine substitution at C-17, representing a novel structural motif within the cuevaene family. Additionally, compounds 1-6 were derivatized via esterification with (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane (TMSCHN<sub>2</sub>) to afford the corresponding methyl esters (1a-6a). All isolated and derivatized compounds (1-7 and 1a-6a) were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated BV2 microglial cells. Among them, compounds 3 and 4a exhibited significant inhibitory activity, reducing NO production by 54% and 47% at a concentration of 20 µM, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":9878,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry & Biodiversity","volume":"23 5","pages":"e71279"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147863695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Parastoo Azadbeigi, Sara Seyedshazileh, Ahmadreza Gharaiean-Morshed, Mehrdad Iranshahi, Fatemeh B Rassouli
{"title":"Natural Coumarins Galbanic Acid and Auraptene Improved the Efficacy of Alkeran on Human Osteosarcoma Cells by Targeting ABC Transporters.","authors":"Parastoo Azadbeigi, Sara Seyedshazileh, Ahmadreza Gharaiean-Morshed, Mehrdad Iranshahi, Fatemeh B Rassouli","doi":"10.1002/cbdv.202502926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202502926","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteosarcoma is a severe bone malignancy, and current chemotherapeutic strategies often struggle to effectively halt disease progression. Galbanic acid (GBA) and auraptene (AUR) are natural sesquiterpene coumarins known for their diverse pharmacological activities. This study is the first to evaluate the ability of GBA and AUR to enhance Alkeran-induced toxicity in osteosarcoma cells. GBA and AUR were isolated from Ferula szowitsiana, and the viability and apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells were assessed following treatments with GBA, AUR, and Alkeran-alone and in combination. An efflux assay was conducted to determine the functional interactions of AUR and GBA with ABC transporters, and molecular docking and dynamics simulations were performed to explore their potential interactions. Single treatment of cells with each agent did not induce significant toxicity: however, combination treatments of GBA or AUR with Alkeran significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced cell viability. Synergistic interaction was strong for both coumarins and Alkeran, supported by flow cytometry detection of apoptosis and ABC transporter activity. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations demonstrated favorable and stable interactions of coumarins with ABC transporters. In conclusion, this study provides strong support that GBA and AUR enhanced Alkeran efficacy in osteosarcoma cells by targeting ABC transporters.</p>","PeriodicalId":9878,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry & Biodiversity","volume":"23 5","pages":"e02926"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147834344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Talaroindiones A-C, New Polyketides Characterized From the Cold-Seep-Derived Talaromyces indigoticus CS-469.","authors":"Ruo-Xi Deng, Xiao-Ming Li, Bin-Gui Wang, Ling-Hong Meng","doi":"10.1002/cbdv.71316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.71316","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Three novel polyketides, talaroindiones A-C (1-3), along with two known diphenyl ether derivatives (4 and 5) were isolated from the rice culture medium extract of the marine-derived fungus Talaromyces indigoticus CS-469. The structures of 1-3 were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analysis and confirmed by single-crystal x-ray diffraction. Their absolute configurations were assigned using TDDFT-ECD calculations, while those of 4 and 5 were established by comparison of their experimental optical rotations with literature values. All compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activity. Compound 4 exhibited broad-spectrum inhibitory activities against six bacterial strains, showing particularly potent activity against Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus with MIC values of 2 µg/mL.</p>","PeriodicalId":9878,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry & Biodiversity","volume":"23 5","pages":"e71316"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147834249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peipei Zhang, Yang Chen, Yuan Lu, Kejing Li, Leyuan Mi, Juan Li
{"title":"Inhibition of Histone Lactylation by Dichloromethane Extract From Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch on Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells.","authors":"Peipei Zhang, Yang Chen, Yuan Lu, Kejing Li, Leyuan Mi, Juan Li","doi":"10.1002/cbdv.202502905","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202502905","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Histone lactylation, a recently identified post-translational modification, is closely linked to the pathogenesis and progression of malignant tumors, making it a promising therapeutic target for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Increasing clinical and experimental evidence indicates that elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels serve as both a diagnostic biomarker and an indicator of poor prognosis in AML, reflecting enhanced glycolytic activity and chemotherapy resistance. Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch (PS), a traditional medicinal herb, exhibits broad pharmacological activities, including heat-clearing, detoxifying, antibacterial, antiviral, and antitumor effects. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its antileukemic activity, particularly in AML, remain insufficiently defined. To elucidate how DEPS exerts therapeutic effects in AML through the HIF-1α-histone lactylation axis, we systematically established the association between DEPS-mediated inhibition of histone lactylation and cellular hypoxia. Lactylation pan-antibody incubation confirmed preliminarily that DEPS significantly inhibits histone lactylation modification. Lactate restoration experiments further demonstrated that DEPS markedly suppresses lactate-induced activation of HIF-1α signaling, reducing downstream metabolic proteins and VEGFA expression. Under hypoxic conditions, AML cells displayed increased proliferation and histone lactylation, both of which were attenuated by DEPS treatment. Sodium L-lactate enhanced the expression of HIF-1α and its downstream effectors (HK2, PDK1, PKM2, GLUT1, LDHA, and VEGFA), whereas subsequent DEPS exposure significantly reversed these changes. Ultimately, DEPS inhibits H3/H4 lysine lactylation, induces G2/M cell-cycle arrest, and promotes apoptosis in THP-1 and HL-60 cells, including doxorubicin-resistant HL-60 cells. Collectively, our findings reveal previously uncharacterized antileukemic mechanisms of DEPS involving suppression of the HIF-1α signaling pathway and histone lactylation. These results highlight the importance of epigenetic regulation in AML and support the therapeutic potential of DEPS in AML treatment and reversal of chemoresistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":9878,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry & Biodiversity","volume":"23 5","pages":"e02905"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147834254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Compound Enzyme-Assisted Extraction and Characterization of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. Polysaccharides and Their Ameliorative Effects on MAFLD.","authors":"Wen-Xuan Zhao, Rui Zhang, Guo-Qiang Li, Cun-Ping Wang, Yan-Feng He, Hong-Tao Bi","doi":"10.1002/cbdv.202503580","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202503580","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Trigonella foenum-graecum L. seed polysaccharides (FSP) belong to a very important species of biological macromolecules with prebiotic activity, which are the basic substances that have broad application potential in food and pharmaceutical fields. However, systematic studies focusing on the compound enzyme-assisted extraction of FSP and their hepatoprotective effects remain limited. This study aimed to optimize the compound enzyme-assisted extraction of FSP, analyze the structural features of deproteinized FSP (DFSP), and evaluate its therapeutic potential against metabolism-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). The results showed that the optimal extraction conditions were an enzymatic hydrolysis temperature of 50°C, an enzymatic hydrolysis pH of 5.3, an enzymatic hydrolysis time of 1.9 h, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 23:1 mL g<sup>-1</sup>, under which the polysaccharide yield reached 24.88% ± 0.15%. The molecular weight distribution of fenugreek seed polysaccharides was 7157.46, 2785.65, and 642.61 Da, and they were mainly composed of mannose and galactose. In vivo experiments indicated that DFSP exerted a liver-protective effect on MAFLD mice, accompanied by improvements in lipid metabolic parameters, antioxidant capacity, and inflammatory responses. Therefore, this study provides a scientific basis for further investigations into the fine structure and potential hepatoprotective effects of DFSP.</p>","PeriodicalId":9878,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry & Biodiversity","volume":"23 5","pages":"e03580"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147834317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohamed Shaker S Adam, Ahmed Khalil, Omar M El-Hady, Mohammed A Alkhalifah, Ibrahim Alfurayj
{"title":"Dinuclear Copper(II) and Molybdenum(VI) Complexes of Bis-Tridentate Hydrazonylthiophene: Synthesis and Biochemical Evaluation.","authors":"Mohamed Shaker S Adam, Ahmed Khalil, Omar M El-Hady, Mohammed A Alkhalifah, Ibrahim Alfurayj","doi":"10.1002/cbdv.202503487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202503487","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An economical multidentate 2,5-dicarbohydrazide-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)thiophene ligand (HL) was synthesized in a facile way. For the coordination capability, HL bonded to Cu<sup>2+</sup> and cis-MoO<sub>2</sub> <sup>2+</sup> cations for the design of two new complexes of CuL and cis-MoO<sub>2</sub>L, respectively. The inhibitive action of HL (as a free organic reagent) impacted by its complexing forms in CuL and cis-MoO<sub>2</sub>L on the proliferating capacity of various microorganism series and normal/tumor cell lines of humankind was examined, and their antioxidant capacity was evaluated. Consequently, Cu<sup>2+</sup> and cis-MoO<sub>2</sub> <sup>2+</sup> cations exhibited modified biochemical actions against the developed proliferation of the bacterial-fungal and tumor cells over the uncoordinated HL ligand through the measured areas of microorganisms' dead zones (mm) and the half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC<sub>50</sub>, µM) of the proliferated tumor cell lines in vitro, spectroscopically. The affinity of binding strength and modes of HL, CuL, and cis-MoO<sub>2</sub>L with calf thymus DNA (ctDNA) were estimated by the variations in the viscometric and colorimetric characteristics of the current compounds, referring to the obvious effect of Cu<sup>2+</sup> and cis-MoO<sub>2</sub> <sup>2+</sup> cations with their high electronegativity and redox potential. Spectroscopic analyses were employed to examine the interaction of HL, CuL, and cis-MoO<sub>2</sub>L with ctDNA through the derived data of K<sub>b</sub> and <math> <semantics><mrow><mi>Δ</mi> <msubsup><mi>G</mi> <mi>b</mi> <mo>≠</mo></msubsup> </mrow> <annotation>$Delta G_b^{neq}$</annotation></semantics> </math> , as 1.31, 1.55, and 1.61 × 10<sup>6</sup> mol<sup>-</sup> <sup>1</sup> dm<sup>3</sup>, and as -40.14, -44.38, and -45.43 kJ mol<sup>-</sup> <sup>1</sup>, respectively. Hence, Cu<sup>2+</sup> and cis-MoO<sub>2</sub> <sup>2+</sup> cations demonstrated a significant influence on the biological action of their complexes based on their different charges, oxidation states, and coordination geometries relative to the uncoordinated organic HL ligand.</p>","PeriodicalId":9878,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry & Biodiversity","volume":"23 5","pages":"e03487"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147763849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adriana C de Faria, Antônio Pedro L Mesquita, Elaine F F da Cunha, Matheus P Freitas
{"title":"A Comprehensive Molecular Modeling Study of Phenyltriazolinone Derivatives as Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase (PPO) Inhibitors.","authors":"Adriana C de Faria, Antônio Pedro L Mesquita, Elaine F F da Cunha, Matheus P Freitas","doi":"10.1002/cbdv.71268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.71268","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Herbicides that inhibit protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO) constitute an important class of highly effective agrochemicals with broad applications. In this work, an integrated computational strategy was employed to investigate the PPO inhibitory activity of a series of phenyltriazolinone herbicides containing five-membered heterocyclic rings. The approach combined quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling, molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (PBSA) calculations. Recently synthesized compounds from this class were designed to modify the chemical structures of known PPO inhibitors and enhance their herbicidal performance. QSAR modeling of the available bioactivity data enabled the proposal of new derivatives, among which compound P7 exhibited a predicted pIC<sub>50</sub> value of 7.11. Two additional candidates, P4 and P5, were also predicted to display higher herbicidal activity than the reference compound sulfentrazone. These findings were further supported by molecular docking and molecular dynamics analyses, which confirmed favorable binding modes and stable interactions with the PPO enzyme. Binding affinities were additionally evaluated through Gibbs free energy calculations using the PBSA method. Finally, feasible synthetic routes were proposed for the most promising compounds, supporting their potential development as next-generation PPO inhibitors.</p>","PeriodicalId":9878,"journal":{"name":"Chemistry & Biodiversity","volume":"23 5","pages":"e71268"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13133543/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147811400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}