Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY)最新文献_第10页

Predominance of Movement Speed Over Direction in Neuronal Population Signals of Motor Cortex: Intracranial EEG Data and A Simple Explanatory Model 运动皮层神经元群信号中运动速度优于运动方向:颅内脑电图数据和一个简单的解释模型

Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY) Pub Date : 2016-03-16 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw033

J. Hammer, T. Pistohl, J. Fischer, P. Krsek, M. Tomášek, P. Marusic, A. Schulze-Bonhage, A. Aertsen, T. Ball

{"title":"Predominance of Movement Speed Over Direction in Neuronal Population Signals of Motor Cortex: Intracranial EEG Data and A Simple Explanatory Model","authors":"J. Hammer, T. Pistohl, J. Fischer, P. Krsek, M. Tomášek, P. Marusic, A. Schulze-Bonhage, A. Aertsen, T. Ball","doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhw033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhw033","url":null,"abstract":"How neuronal activity of motor cortex is related to movement is a central topic in motor neuroscience. Motor-cortical single neurons are more closely related to hand movement velocity than speed, that is, the magnitude of the (directional) velocity vector. Recently, there is also increasing interest in the representation of movement parameters in neuronal population activity, such as reflected in the intracranial EEG (iEEG). We show that in iEEG, contrasting to what has been previously found on the single neuron level, speed predominates over velocity. The predominant speed representation was present in nearly all iEEG signal features, up to the 600–1000 Hz range. Using a model of motor-cortical signals arising from neuronal populations with realistic single neuron tuning properties, we show how this reversal can be understood as a consequence of increasing population size. Our findings demonstrate that the information profile in large population signals may systematically differ from the single neuron level, a principle that may be helpful in the interpretation of neuronal population signals in general, including, for example, EEG and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Taking advantage of the robust speed population signal may help in developing brain–machine interfaces exploiting population signals.","PeriodicalId":9825,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY)","volume":"133 1","pages":"2863 - 2881"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90933333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 43

Shaping Early Reorganization of Neural Networks Promotes Motor Function after Stroke 塑造早期神经网络重组促进脑卒中后运动功能

Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY) Pub Date : 2016-03-14 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw034

L. Volz, A. Rehme, J. Michely, C. Nettekoven, S. Eickhoff, Gereon R. Fink, C. Grefkes

{"title":"Shaping Early Reorganization of Neural Networks Promotes Motor Function after Stroke","authors":"L. Volz, A. Rehme, J. Michely, C. Nettekoven, S. Eickhoff, Gereon R. Fink, C. Grefkes","doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhw034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhw034","url":null,"abstract":"Neural plasticity is a major factor driving cortical reorganization after stroke. We here tested whether repetitively enhancing motor cortex plasticity by means of intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) prior to physiotherapy might promote recovery of function early after stroke. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to elucidate underlying neural mechanisms. Twenty-six hospitalized, first-ever stroke patients (time since stroke: 1–16 days) with hand motor deficits were enrolled in a sham-controlled design and pseudo-randomized into 2 groups. iTBS was administered prior to physiotherapy on 5 consecutive days either over ipsilesional primary motor cortex (M1-stimulation group) or parieto-occipital vertex (control-stimulation group). Hand motor function, cortical excitability, and resting-state fMRI were assessed 1 day prior to the first stimulation and 1 day after the last stimulation. Recovery of grip strength was significantly stronger in the M1-stimulation compared to the control-stimulation group. Higher levels of motor network connectivity were associated with better motor outcome. Consistently, control-stimulated patients featured a decrease in intra- and interhemispheric connectivity of the motor network, which was absent in the M1-stimulation group. Hence, adding iTBS to prime physiotherapy in recovering stroke patients seems to interfere with motor network degradation, possibly reflecting alleviation of post-stroke diaschisis.","PeriodicalId":9825,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY)","volume":"22 1","pages":"2882 - 2894"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90781474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 99

A Model of Representational Spaces in Human Cortex 人类皮层表征空间模型

Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY) Pub Date : 2016-03-14 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw068

J. S. Guntupalli, Michael Hanke, Y. Halchenko, Andrew C. Connolly, P. Ramadge, J. Haxby

{"title":"A Model of Representational Spaces in Human Cortex","authors":"J. S. Guntupalli, Michael Hanke, Y. Halchenko, Andrew C. Connolly, P. Ramadge, J. Haxby","doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhw068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhw068","url":null,"abstract":"Current models of the functional architecture of human cortex emphasize areas that capture coarse-scale features of cortical topography but provide no account for population responses that encode information in fine-scale patterns of activity. Here, we present a linear model of shared representational spaces in human cortex that captures fine-scale distinctions among population responses with response-tuning basis functions that are common across brains and models cortical patterns of neural responses with individual-specific topographic basis functions. We derive a common model space for the whole cortex using a new algorithm, searchlight hyperalignment, and complex, dynamic stimuli that provide a broad sampling of visual, auditory, and social percepts. The model aligns representations across brains in occipital, temporal, parietal, and prefrontal cortices, as shown by between-subject multivariate pattern classification and intersubject correlation of representational geometry, indicating that structural principles for shared neural representations apply across widely divergent domains of information. The model provides a rigorous account for individual variability of well-known coarse-scale topographies, such as retinotopy and category selectivity, and goes further to account for fine-scale patterns that are multiplexed with coarse-scale topographies and carry finer distinctions.","PeriodicalId":9825,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY)","volume":"34 1","pages":"2919 - 2934"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86259671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 166

Tuning Eye-Gaze Perception by Transitory STS Inhibition 短暂性STS抑制调节眼睛凝视知觉

Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY) Pub Date : 2016-03-05 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw045

A. Saitovitch, Traian Popa, H. Lemaître, E. Rechtman, J. Lamy, D. Grevent, R. Calmon, S. Meunier, F. Brunelle, Y. Samson, N. Boddaert, M. Zilbovicius

{"title":"Tuning Eye-Gaze Perception by Transitory STS Inhibition","authors":"A. Saitovitch, Traian Popa, H. Lemaître, E. Rechtman, J. Lamy, D. Grevent, R. Calmon, S. Meunier, F. Brunelle, Y. Samson, N. Boddaert, M. Zilbovicius","doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhw045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhw045","url":null,"abstract":"Processing eye-gaze information is a key step to human social interaction. Neuroimaging studies have shown that superior temporal sulcus (STS) is highly implicated in eye-gaze perception. In autism, a lack of preference for the eyes, as well as anatomo-functional abnormalities within the STS, has been described. To date, there are no experimental data in humans showing whether it is possible to interfere with eye-gaze processing by modulating STS neural activity. Here, we measured eye-gaze perception before and after inhibitory transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) applied over the posterior STS (pSTS) in young healthy volunteers. Eye-gaze processing, namely overt orienting toward the eyes, was measured using eye tracking during passive visualization of social movies. Inhibition of the right pSTS led participants to look less to the eyes of characters during visualization of social movies. Such effect was specific for the eyes and was not observed after inhibition of the left pSTS nor after placebo TMS. These results indicate for the first time that interfering with the right pSTS neural activity transitorily disrupts the behavior of orienting toward the eyes and thus indirectly gaze perception, a fundamental process for human social cognition. These results could open up new perspectives in therapeutic interventions in autism.","PeriodicalId":9825,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY)","volume":"25 1","pages":"2823 - 2831"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76132173","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 19

Evidence for Competition for Target Innervation in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex. 内侧前额皮质靶神经支配竞争的证据。

Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY) Pub Date : 2016-03-01 Epub Date: 2015-12-03 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv280

Ramon Guirado, Juzoh Umemori, Pia Sipilä, Eero Castrén

{"title":"Evidence for Competition for Target Innervation in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex.","authors":"Ramon Guirado, Juzoh Umemori, Pia Sipilä, Eero Castrén","doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhv280","DOIUrl":"10.1093/cercor/bhv280","url":null,"abstract":"Inputs to sensory cortices are known to compete for target innervation through an activity-dependent mechanism during critical periods. To investigate whether this principle also applies to association cortices such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), we produced a bilateral lesion during early development to the ventral hippocampus (vHC), an input to the mPFC, and analyzed the intensity of the projection from another input, the basolateral amgydala (BLA). We found that axons from the BLA had a higher density of \"en passant\" boutons in the mPFC of lesioned animals. Furthermore, the density of neurons labeled with retrograde tracers was increased, and neurons projecting from the BLA to the mPFC showed increased expression of FosB. Since neonatal ventral hippocampal lesion has been used as an animal model of schizophrenia, we investigated its effects on behavior and found a negative correlation between the density of retrogradely labeled neurons in the BLA and the reduction of the startle response in the prepulse inhibition test. Our results not only indicate that the inputs from the BLA and the vHC compete for target innervation in the mPFC during postnatal development but also that subsequent abnormal rewiring might underlie the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. ","PeriodicalId":9825,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY)","volume":"25 1","pages":"1287-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4737611/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78011834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Reinforcement of the Brain's Rich-Club Architecture Following Early Neurodevelopmental Disruption Caused by Very Preterm Birth. 极早产引起的早期神经发育中断后大脑富俱乐部结构的强化。

Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY) Pub Date : 2016-03-01 Epub Date: 2016-01-07 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv305

Vyacheslav R Karolis, Sean Froudist-Walsh, Philip J Brittain, Jasmin Kroll, Gareth Ball, A David Edwards, Flavio Dell'Acqua, Steven C Williams, Robin M Murray, Chiara Nosarti

{"title":"Reinforcement of the Brain's Rich-Club Architecture Following Early Neurodevelopmental Disruption Caused by Very Preterm Birth.","authors":"Vyacheslav R Karolis, Sean Froudist-Walsh, Philip J Brittain, Jasmin Kroll, Gareth Ball, A David Edwards, Flavio Dell'Acqua, Steven C Williams, Robin M Murray, Chiara Nosarti","doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhv305","DOIUrl":"10.1093/cercor/bhv305","url":null,"abstract":"The second half of pregnancy is a crucial period for the development of structural brain connectivity, and an abrupt interruption of the typical processes of development during this phase caused by the very preterm birth (<33 weeks of gestation) is likely to result in long-lasting consequences. We used structural and diffusion imaging data to reconstruct the brain structural connectome in very preterm-born adults. We assessed its rich-club organization and modularity as 2 characteristics reflecting the capacity to support global and local information exchange, respectively. Our results suggest that the establishment of global connectivity patterns is prioritized over peripheral connectivity following early neurodevelopmental disruption. The very preterm brain exhibited a stronger rich-club architecture than the control brain, despite possessing a relative paucity of white matter resources. Using a simulated lesion approach, we also investigated whether putative structural reorganization takes place in the very preterm brain in order to compensate for its anatomical constraints. We found that connections between the basal ganglia and (pre-) motor regions, as well as connections between subcortical regions, assumed an altered role in the structural connectivity of the very preterm brain, and that such alterations had functional implications for information flow, rule learning, and verbal IQ. ","PeriodicalId":9825,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY)","volume":"90 1","pages":"1322-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4737614/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82264079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Evidence for a Caregiving Instinct: Rapid Differentiation of Infant from Adult Vocalizations Using Magnetoencephalography. 照顾本能的证据：利用脑磁图快速区分婴儿和成人的发声。

Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY) Pub Date : 2016-03-01 Epub Date: 2015-12-11 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv306

Katherine S Young, Christine E Parsons, Else-Marie Jegindoe Elmholdt, Mark W Woolrich, Tim J van Hartevelt, Angus B A Stevner, Alan Stein, Morten L Kringelbach

{"title":"Evidence for a Caregiving Instinct: Rapid Differentiation of Infant from Adult Vocalizations Using Magnetoencephalography.","authors":"Katherine S Young, Christine E Parsons, Else-Marie Jegindoe Elmholdt, Mark W Woolrich, Tim J van Hartevelt, Angus B A Stevner, Alan Stein, Morten L Kringelbach","doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhv306","DOIUrl":"10.1093/cercor/bhv306","url":null,"abstract":"Crying is the most salient vocal signal of distress. The cries of a newborn infant alert adult listeners and often elicit caregiving behavior. For the parent, rapid responding to an infant in distress is an adaptive behavior, functioning to ensure offspring survival. The ability to react rapidly requires quick recognition and evaluation of stimuli followed by a co-ordinated motor response. Previous neuroimaging research has demonstrated early specialized activity in response to infant faces. Using magnetoencephalography, we found similarly early (100-200 ms) differences in neural responses to infant and adult cry vocalizations in auditory, emotional, and motor cortical brain regions. We propose that this early differential activity may help to rapidly identify infant cries and engage affective and motor neural circuitry to promote adaptive behavioral responding, before conscious awareness. These differences were observed in adults who were not parents, perhaps indicative of a universal brain-based \"caregiving instinct.\" ","PeriodicalId":9825,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY)","volume":"63 1","pages":"1309-1321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4737615/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81362541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Identification of Parvalbumin Interneurons as Cellular Substrate of Fear Memory Persistence 小白蛋白中间神经元作为恐惧记忆持续的细胞基质的鉴定

Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY) Pub Date : 2016-02-22 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw001

Gürsel Çalışkan, Iris Müller, M. Semtner, A. Winkelmann, Ahsan S. Raza, J. Hollnagel, Anton Rösler, U. Heinemann, O. Stork, J. Meier

{"title":"Identification of Parvalbumin Interneurons as Cellular Substrate of Fear Memory Persistence","authors":"Gürsel Çalışkan, Iris Müller, M. Semtner, A. Winkelmann, Ahsan S. Raza, J. Hollnagel, Anton Rösler, U. Heinemann, O. Stork, J. Meier","doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhw001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhw001","url":null,"abstract":"Parvalbumin-positive (PV) basket cells provide perisomatic inhibition in the cortex and hippocampus and control generation of memory-related network activity patterns, such as sharp wave ripples (SPW-R). Deterioration of this class of fast-spiking interneurons has been observed in neuropsychiatric disorders and evidence from animal models suggests their involvement in the acquisition and extinction of fear memories. Here, we used mice with neuron type-targeted expression of the presynaptic gain-of-function glycine receptor RNA variant GlyR α3L185L to genetically enhance the network activity of PV interneurons. These mice showed reduced extinction of contextual fear memory but normal auditory cued fear memory. They furthermore displayed increase of SPW-R activity in area CA3 and CA1 and facilitated propagation of this particular network activity pattern, as determined in ventral hippocampal slice preparations. Individual freezing levels during extinction and SPW-R propagation were correlated across genotypes. The same was true for parvalbumin immunoreactivity in the ventral hippocampus, which was generally augmented in the GlyR mutant mice and correlated with individual freezing levels. Together, these results identify PV interneurons as critical cellular substrate of fear memory persistence and associated SPW-R activity in the hippocampus. Our findings may be relevant for the identification and characterization of physiological correlates for posttraumatic stress and anxiety disorders.","PeriodicalId":9825,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY)","volume":"43 1","pages":"2325 - 2340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74223656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 63

Behavioral and Neural Markers of Flexible Attention over Working Memory in Aging 老年人灵活注意对工作记忆的行为和神经标记

Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY) Pub Date : 2016-02-09 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw011

Robert M. Mok, N. Myers, George Wallis, A. Nobre

{"title":"Behavioral and Neural Markers of Flexible Attention over Working Memory in Aging","authors":"Robert M. Mok, N. Myers, George Wallis, A. Nobre","doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhw011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhw011","url":null,"abstract":"Working memory (WM) declines as we age and, because of its fundamental role in higher order cognition, this can have highly deleterious effects in daily life. We investigated whether older individuals benefit from flexible orienting of attention within WM to mitigate cognitive decline. We measured magnetoencephalography (MEG) in older adults performing a WM precision task with cues during the maintenance period that retroactively predicted the location of the relevant items for performance (retro-cues). WM performance of older adults significantly benefitted from retro-cues. Whereas WM maintenance declined with age, retro-cues conferred strong attentional benefits. A model-based analysis revealed an increase in the probability of recalling the target, a lowered probability of retrieving incorrect items or guessing, and an improvement in memory precision. MEG recordings showed that retro-cues induced a transient lateralization of alpha (8–14 Hz) and beta (15–30 Hz) oscillatory power. Interestingly, shorter durations of alpha/beta lateralization following retro-cues predicted larger cueing benefits, reinforcing recent ideas about the dynamic nature of access to WM representations. Our results suggest that older adults retain flexible control over WM, but individual differences in control correspond to differences in neural dynamics, possibly reflecting the degree of preservation of control in healthy aging.","PeriodicalId":9825,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY)","volume":"28 1","pages":"1831 - 1842"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76318594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 63

Neural Mechanisms Behind Identification of Leptokurtic Noise and Adaptive Behavioral Response 细峰噪声识别和适应性行为反应背后的神经机制

Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY) Pub Date : 2016-02-04 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw013

M. d'Acremont, P. Bossaerts

{"title":"Neural Mechanisms Behind Identification of Leptokurtic Noise and Adaptive Behavioral Response","authors":"M. d'Acremont, P. Bossaerts","doi":"10.1093/cercor/bhw013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhw013","url":null,"abstract":"Large-scale human interaction through, for example, financial markets causes ceaseless random changes in outcome variability, producing frequent and salient outliers that render the outcome distribution more peaked than the Gaussian distribution, and with longer tails. Here, we study how humans cope with this evolutionary novel leptokurtic noise, focusing on the neurobiological mechanisms that allow the brain, 1) to recognize the outliers as noise and 2) to regulate the control necessary for adaptive response. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging, while participants tracked a target whose movements were affected by leptokurtic noise. After initial overreaction and insufficient subsequent correction, participants improved performance significantly. Yet, persistently long reaction times pointed to continued need for vigilance and control. We ran a contrasting treatment where outliers reflected permanent moves of the target, as in traditional mean-shift paradigms. Importantly, outliers were equally frequent and salient. There, control was superior and reaction time was faster. We present a novel reinforcement learning model that fits observed choices better than the Bayes-optimal model. Only anterior insula discriminated between the 2 types of outliers. In both treatments, outliers initially activated an extensive bottom-up attention and belief network, followed by sustained engagement of the fronto-parietal control network.","PeriodicalId":9825,"journal":{"name":"Cerebral Cortex (New York, NY)","volume":"15 1","pages":"1818 - 1830"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83575442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 27