Cardiology in Review最新文献

{"title":"Effect of Aromatherapy on Anxiety and Physiological Parameters in Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","authors":"Muhammad Hussain, Muhammad Hassan, Taha Ahmed, Abdul Hannan, Asharib Sohaib, Hassan Abdul Aziz Dhedhi","doi":"10.1097/CRD.0000000000001472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0000000000001472","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anxiety is common among patients undergoing coronary angiography and may adversely affect physiological stability and procedural outcomes. Although pharmacological anxiolytics are commonly used, they may be associated with undesirable adverse effects. Aromatherapy has been proposed as a complementary intervention with potential anxiolytic benefits. This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the effectiveness of inhalational aromatherapy in reducing anxiety and improving physiological parameters in patients undergoing coronary angiography. The review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidelines and registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (CRD420261329600). A comprehensive search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane CENTRAL was performed from database inception to October 2025. Randomized controlled trials comparing inhalational aromatherapy with standard care or placebo before coronary angiography were included. Outcomes of interest were anxiety scores, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate. Data were pooled using a random-effects model and reported as standardized mean differences (SMDs) or mean differences with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Three randomized controlled trials involving 274 participants met the inclusion criteria. Baseline anxiety levels were comparable between the aromatherapy and control groups (SMD 0.06, 95% CI -0.18 to 0.30; I2 = 3%). Aromatherapy significantly reduced postprocedural anxiety (SMD -0.66, 95% CI -1.20 to -0.13; I2 = 79%). No statistically significant differences were observed between groups in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, or respiratory rate. These findings suggest that aromatherapy may be an effective complementary intervention for reducing anxiety in patients undergoing coronary angiography, although its effects on physiological parameters remain uncertain. Larger, high-quality randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":9549,"journal":{"name":"Cardiology in Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148975611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiometabolic Risk Reduction Through Selective Amylin Receptor Agonism: Emerging Cardiovascular Implications of Eloralintide.","authors":"Alina Sigalov, William H Frishman","doi":"10.1097/CRD.0000000000001468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0000000000001468","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Obesity remains a major modifiable driver of cardiovascular disease. Emerging antiobesity pharmacotherapies demonstrate substantial weight loss alongside improvements in multiple cardiometabolic parameters. This literature review summarizes the early clinical studies of eloralintide, a selective long-acting amylin receptor agonist, and evaluates whether its weight loss and cardiometabolic effects may be relevant to cardiovascular risk reduction. Early clinical studies suggest a potentially distinct and favorable cardiometabolic profile for eloralintide, including reductions in body weight, pulse rate, blood pressure, inflammatory markers, lipid parameters, and preferential fat mass loss. The reduction in pulse rate stands out as it contrasts with the increase in heart rate that is associated with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. The favorable profile may be further supported by eloralintide's preferential fat mass loss and improvements in both the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and lipid markers. While these findings are promising, current evidence is limited as it is based on preclinical, phase 1, and phase 2 studies with relatively small sample sizes and short durations. No amylin receptor agonist, including eloralintide, has been evaluated in a dedicated cardiovascular outcomes trial, and their ability to reduce major adverse cardiovascular events remain to be studied. Therefore, epidemiological benchmarks should be viewed as contextual rather than predictive. Future clinical studies and dedicated cardiovascular outcomes trials will be essential to determine whether these early cardiometabolic improvements translate to clinically meaningful cardiovascular risk reduction.</p>","PeriodicalId":9549,"journal":{"name":"Cardiology in Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148975561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Ischemia-Plaque Paradox: A Mechanistic Framework for Chronic Coronary Syndromes.","authors":"Lloyd W Klein","doi":"10.1097/CRD.0000000000001461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0000000000001461","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Percutaneous coronary intervention relieves angina in chronic coronary syndromes, yet contemporary randomized trials have not shown that relieving ischemia reduces death or myocardial infarction when added to optimal medical therapy. This discordance requires a mechanistic reevaluation. Inducible ischemia identifies obstructive coronary disease and the likelihood of angina but does not reliably identify plaques that will rupture. Fractional flow reserve-guided percutaneous intervention reduces urgent revascularization without reducing death or infarction. Most spontaneous infarctions arise from lesions that were not severely obstructive before rupture. Coronary artery bypass grafting reduces spontaneous infarction in complex multivessel and left main disease, plausibly through more complete revascularization and through placement of grafts distal to long diseased segments that preserve perfusion if proximal plaque rupture occurs. Advances in intracoronary imaging and coronary computed tomography angiography can identify high-risk plaque features, but trials of focal treatment of non-flow-limiting vulnerable plaques have not shown benefit. Modern medical therapy with high-intensity lipid lowering, icosapent ethyl in selected patients, anti-inflammatory approaches, and therapies for diabetes and chronic kidney disease has lowered overall event rates. Chronic coronary syndromes comprise 2 overlapping but distinct pathophysiological mechanisms. Flow-limiting stenoses cause angina and are effectively treated by percutaneous coronary intervention. Plaque instability causes infarction and is modified by systemic therapy. Bypass surgery in selected patients with complex coronary anatomy addresses both mechanisms by relieving flow limitation and protecting myocardium against future plaque events.</p>","PeriodicalId":9549,"journal":{"name":"Cardiology in Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148975783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Metabolic Dysfunction to Vascular Remodeling: A Multi-Indicator Framework for Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease.","authors":"Jing Ran, Zongtao Chen","doi":"10.1097/CRD.0000000000001475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0000000000001475","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Subclinical cardiovascular disease (SCVD) encompasses a spectrum of vascular abnormalities that emerge well before the onset of overt cardiovascular events. Although a wide range of metabolic, inflammatory, and vascular markers have been associated with SCVD, current assessment strategies remain largely dependent on individual indicators, limiting their ability to capture the multidimensional and dynamic nature of disease progression. Increasing evidence suggests that SCVD develops through a continuum of interconnected biological processes, beginning with metabolic dysregulation, progressing through chronic low-grade inflammation, and ultimately leading to vascular remodeling and calcification. Notably, many of these processes can be partially reflected by routinely available health examination data, providing an opportunity to move beyond traditional risk factor assessment toward a more integrated evaluation of vascular health. In this review, we summarize the pathophysiological basis of SCVD and discuss the stage-specific significance of commonly available examination indicators across metabolic, inflammatory, structural, and functional domains. We further examine emerging strategies for multi-indicator integration, including conventional risk models, expanded assessment frameworks, and machine learning-based approaches. Collectively, these observations support a shift from isolated marker interpretation toward dynamic and stage-oriented assessment frameworks that better reflect the biological complexity of SCVD progression.</p>","PeriodicalId":9549,"journal":{"name":"Cardiology in Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148975542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Post-Procedural Angiography-Based Physiological Indices and Clinical Outcomes After Drug-Coated Balloon Treatment of In-Stent Restenosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Muhammad Mudasir, Abdul Rehman, Prem Kumar, Muhammad Jawad, Ramesha Tahir, Muhammad Ibrahim Rashid, Raja Muhammad Umer","doi":"10.1097/CRD.0000000000001466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0000000000001466","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drug-coated balloons (DCBs) represent an accepted approach for in-stent restenosis (ISR); however, post-procedural predictors for risk stratification remain limited. Angiography-based physiological parameters, including quantitative flow ratio (QFR), microvascular QFR (μQFR), and coronary angiography-derived fractional flow reserve (caFFR), enable noninvasive functional assessment, but their clinical implications after DCB intervention for ISR are not well established. A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from inception to May 2026 was conducted to identify studies evaluating post-procedural angiography-based physiological parameters in ISR patients treated with DCB. Pooled relative risks (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using random-effects models, and heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. Five studies comprising 1702 patients were included. Mean age ranged from 59 to 75 years, with 75-78% males. Patients with lower post-procedural physiological index values had a significantly higher risk of vessel-oriented composite outcomes (a composite of cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization) compared with those with higher values (28.0% vs 10.3%; RR 4.65, 95% CI 1.67-12.91; P = 0.014; 5 studies). Similarly, target vessel revascularization was more frequent in the lower-value group (28.8% vs 7.5%; RR 4.88, 95% CI 1.26-18.91; P = 0.034; 4 studies). No significant associations were observed for myocardial infarction, target lesion revascularization, or cardiovascular death. Post-procedural angiography-derived physiological indices provide important prognostic information after DCB treatment for ISR. Lower values are associated with an increased risk of adverse clinical outcomes, supporting their role in risk stratification.</p>","PeriodicalId":9549,"journal":{"name":"Cardiology in Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148975675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy and Safety of Ongericimab in Patients With Dyslipidemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials With GRADE Assessment.","authors":"Ahmed Talkhan, Mohamed Hamouda Elkasaby, Ahmed S A Osman, Muhammad M Elsharkawy, Mazen Momtaz Shehata, Kareem Khalefa, Ahmed Seleim, Amr M Abou Elezz, William H Fishman, Wilbert S Aronow","doi":"10.1097/CRD.0000000000001473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0000000000001473","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dyslipidemia is a major modifiable risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and many high-risk patients do not reach target low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels despite conventional therapy. Ongericimab is a humanized monoclonal antibody against proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane CENTRAL from inception to April 4, 2026 for randomized controlled trials comparing ongericimab with placebo in dyslipidemia, pooled data using random-effects models, and rated certainty with GRADE. Five double- blind trials (10 intervention-placebo comparisons; 1415 participants), all conducted in China, were included. Ongericimab reduced LDL-C at 12 weeks by 69.39 percentage points relative to placebo (95% confidence interval, -73.67 to -65.11), with sustained reductions at 24 weeks (-68.19; -73.67 to -62.71) and 52 weeks (-68.99; -78.33 to -59.65). At 12 weeks, it also reduced apolipoprotein B (-60.68), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (-66.30), total cholesterol (-46.49), lipoprotein(a) (-45.74), and triglycerides (-25.89), and increased apolipoprotein A1 (8.15) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (10.33) (all P < 0.0001). Treatment-emergent adverse events (risk ratio 1.01; 0.90-1.14), serious adverse events (1.52; 0.30-7.58), injection-related adverse events (1.31; 0.45-3.78), and laboratory abnormalities did not differ from placebo.</p>","PeriodicalId":9549,"journal":{"name":"Cardiology in Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148929081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discontinuation of Oral Anticoagulation After Successful Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","authors":"Aditya Karthikeyan, Adir Alper, Avrohom Karp, Maisha Maliha, Weijia Li, Sumant Pargaonkar, Vishakha Modak, Apoorva Doshi, Sridhar Mangalesh, Vikyath Satish, Pr Eetham Ezhilarasu, Divya Raghunandan, William H Frishman, Eleonora Gashi","doi":"10.1097/CRD.0000000000001458","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0000000000001458","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The optimal strategy for long-term oral anticoagulation (OAC) after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) remains uncertain. Although current guidelines recommend anticoagulation based on thromboembolic risk scores irrespective of rhythm status, this recommendation has not been validated by randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We included 3 RCTs, ODIn-AF (Prevention of Silent Cerebral Thromboembolism by Oral Anticoagulation With Dabigatran After Pulmonary Vein Isolation for Atrial Fibrillation), ALONE-AF (AnticoaguLation ONE Year After Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation), and OCEAN (Optimal Anticoagulation for Higher-Risk Patients Post-Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation Trial), enrolling patients at least 6 months postablation with no recurrent atrial arrhythmias. Primary efficacy outcomes were all stroke and embolism (including cerebral emboli). The primary safety outcome was major bleeding. Secondary outcomes included clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding and other thromboembolic and bleeding events. Risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled using a random-effects model. In total, 2324 patients were included. Discontinuation of anticoagulation therapy did not significantly increase the risk of all stroke and embolism, at least 6 months postcatheter ablation [RR, 0.58 (0.11-3.12); I2 = 54%]. OAC discontinuation was associated with lower risk of major bleeding [RR, 0.33 (0.11-0.95); I2 = 0%] and clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding [RR, 0.40 (0.19-0.84); I2 = 0%]. No significant differences were observed for other thromboembolic and bleeding events. Sensitivity analyses using per-protocol populations were significant only for a reduction in clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding [RR, 0.33 (0.17-0.65); I2 = 0%]. In patients remaining arrhythmia-free for at least 6 months after AF ablation, discontinuation of OAC was associated with fewer bleeding events without a statistically significant increase in thromboembolic risk. These hypothesis-generating findings highlight the need for larger, well-powered RCTs to better inform postablation anticoagulation strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":9549,"journal":{"name":"Cardiology in Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148918588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase at the Crossroads of Cardiometabolic Disease and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease.","authors":"Marko Kozyk, Olena Strubchevska, Kateryna Strubchevska, Megha M Kothari, Stephen J Peterson, William H Frishman, Wilbert S Aronow","doi":"10.1097/CRD.0000000000001474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0000000000001474","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is traditionally recognized as a sensitive marker of hepatobiliary dysfunction, but emerging evidence indicates that it is a key mediator between metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and cardiometabolic disease (CMD). This review explores the transformation of GGT from a passive diagnostic indicator into a systemic pro-oxidant driver and prognostic marker. GGT's role extends well beyond the gamma-glutamyl cycle. GGT triggers the catabolism of extracellular glutathione and, in the presence of transition metals, produces reactive oxygen species and initiates the development of atherosclerotic plaque. Clinical evidence significantly supports this mechanism. GGT levels correlate closely with markers of systemic inflammation and multiorgan dysfunction. Elevated GGT is associated with an increased risk of early-onset coronary artery disease and sustained cardiovascular mortality.</p>","PeriodicalId":9549,"journal":{"name":"Cardiology in Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148917833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence, Controversies, and Practical Progress of Early Initiation of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Hospitalized Patients With Acute Heart Failure.","authors":"Binbin Ji, Haochen Dong","doi":"10.1097/CRD.0000000000001471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0000000000001471","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Admission for acute heart failure (AHF) represents a critical therapeutic window for intervention. Conventional therapies centered on maintaining hemodynamic balance fail to improve patients' long-term prognosis. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) constitute a pivotal therapeutic agent for heart failure (HF), and the timing and dosing strategies for their early administration after hospitalization have become a major research focus. This review summarizes the evidence base, major controversies, and real-world clinical application regarding the early use of SGLT2is in patients with AHF. Our previous research demonstrated that early initiation of SGLT2i therapy following clinical stabilization significantly improves clinical outcomes and reduces HF readmission, representing an innovative therapeutic strategy. Prior work from our research group also indicated that kidney-tonifying and blood-activating prescriptions can ameliorate myocardial energy metabolism, alleviate inflammatory responses, and mitigate myocardial fibrosis, identifying a promising therapeutic target for HF treatment. Nevertheless, several debates persist in routine clinical practice, including the definition of the \"early\" initiation window, patient selection criteria (particularly assessment of hemodynamic stability), risks of hypovolemia, and diabetic ketoacidosis. Recent international guidelines recommend initiating SGLT2is promptly once patients with HF achieve clinical stability. Successful implementation relies on establishing a multidisciplinary in-hospital initiation pathway, enhancing patient education, and optimizing transitional care communication after hospital discharge. SGLT2i therapy yields substantial net clinical benefits when administered to patients with AHF. Future research priorities should include generating evidence for special populations such as elderly patients and those with multiple comorbidities, long-term evaluation of hard clinical endpoints, cost-effectiveness analyses, and the development of individualized precision diagnosis and treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":9549,"journal":{"name":"Cardiology in Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148918633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Coronary Calcification: A Nuanced View.","authors":"Yeru Zhao, Ziyi Xu, Chongfu Jia","doi":"10.1097/CRD.0000000000001449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0000000000001449","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is a marker of atherosclerosis. Various quantitative indicators, such as CAC score (CACS) and CAC volume, are associated with the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), whereas CAC density has a protective effect. However, the interrelationships among these indicators and their respective risk factors remain to be fully elucidated. This narrative review explores the prognostic value and interrelationships of quantitative CAC indicators, as well as their associated risk factors. Traditional CACS, which integrates CAC volume and density, is generally positively correlated with MACE. Nevertheless, its prognostic significance is dual, particularly in the context of statin therapy, where an increase in density-driven scores often indicates plaque stability. High CAC density and its rapid progression serve as protective factors against MACE; however, this protective effect becomes insignificant when CAC volume exceeds 130 mm3. Male sex, smoking, and diabetes tend to promote the progression of CAC volume, whereas female sex, lipoprotein(a), physical activity, and body weight are associated with the progression of CAC density. Notably, CAC assessment has evolved from a single traditional CACS to a comprehensive, multi-parameter evaluation system incorporating such as CACS, CAC density, and volume. Effectively leveraging their interrelationships can help improve the predictive value of CAC.</p>","PeriodicalId":9549,"journal":{"name":"Cardiology in Review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148910963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}