Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society最新文献

{"title":"The Sundowner Winds Experiment (SWEX) in Santa Barbara, CA: Advancing Understanding and Predictability of Downslope Windstorms in Coastal Environments","authors":"Leila M. V. Carvalho, Gert-Jan Duine, Craig Clements, Stephan F. J. De Wekker, Harindra J. S. Fernando, David R. Fitzjarrald, Robert G. Fovell, Charles Jones, Zhien Wang, Loren White, Anthony Bucholtz, Matthew J. Brewer, William Brown, Matt Burkhart, Edward Creegan, Min Deng, Marian De Orla-Barille, David Emmitt, Steve Greco, Terry Hock, James Kasic, Kiera Malarkey, Griffin Modjeski, Steven Oncley, Alison Rockwell, Daisuke Seto, Callum Thompson, Holger Vӧmel","doi":"10.1175/bams-d-22-0171.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-22-0171.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Coastal Santa Barbara is among the most exposed communities to wildfire hazards in southern California. Downslope, dry and gusty windstorms are frequently observed on the south-facing slopes of the Santa Ynez Mountains that separates the Pacific Ocean from the Santa Ynez Valley. These winds, known as “Sundowners”, peak after Sunset and are strong throughout the night and early morning. The Sundowner Winds Experiment (SWEX) was a field campaign funded by the National Science Foundation that took place in Santa Barbara, CA, between 1 April and 15 May 2022. It was a collaborative effort of ten institutions to advance understanding and predictability of Sundowners, while providing rich data sets for developing new theories of downslope windstorms in coastal environments with similar geographic and climatic characteristics. Sundowner spatiotemporal characteristics are controlled by complex interactions among atmospheric processes occurring upstream (Santa Ynez Valley), and downstream due to the influence of a cool and stable marine boundary layer. SWEX was designed to enhance spatial measurements to resolve local circulations and vertical structure from the surface to the mid-troposphere, and from the Santa Barbara Channel to the Santa Ynez Valley. This article discusses how SWEX brought cutting-edge science and the strengths of multiple ground-based and mobile instrument platforms to bear on this important problem. Among them are flux towers, mobile and stationary lidars, wind profilers, ceilometers, radiosondes, and an aircraft equipped with three lidars and a dropsonde system. The unique features observed during SWEX using this network of sophisticated instruments are discussed here.","PeriodicalId":9464,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139497787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A glimpse into the future: The 2023 ocean temperature and sea-ice extremes in the context of longer-term climate change","authors":"Till Kuhlbrodt, Ranjini Swaminathan, Paulo Ceppi, Thomas Wilder","doi":"10.1175/bams-d-23-0209.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-23-0209.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the year 2023, we have seen extraordinary extrema in high sea-surface temperature (SST) in the North Atlantic and in low sea-ice extent in the Southern Ocean, outside the 4-sigma envelope of the 1982-2011 daily timeseries. Earth’s net global energy imbalance (12 months up to September 2023) amounts to +1.9 W/m2 as part of a remarkably large upward trend, ensuring further heating of the ocean. However, the regional radiation budget over the North Atlantic does not show signs of a suggested significant step increase from less negative aerosol forcing since 2020. While the temperature in the top 100 m of the global ocean has been rising in all basins since about 1980, specifically the Atlantic basin has continued to further heat up since 2016, potentially contributing to the extreme SST. Similarly, salinity in the top 100 m of the ocean has increased in recent years specifically in the Atlantic basin, and in addition in about 2015 a substantial negative trend for sea-ice extent in the Southern Ocean began. Analysing climate and Earth System model simulations of the future, we find that the extreme SST in the North Atlantic and the extreme in Southern Ocean sea-ice extent in 2023 lie at the fringe of the expected mean climate change for a global surface-air temperature warming level (GWL) of 1.5°C, and closer to the average at a 3.0°C GWL. Understanding the regional and global drivers of these extremes is indispensable for assessing frequency and impacts of similar events in the coming years.","PeriodicalId":9464,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139498069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Attribution of the August 2022 Extreme Heatwave in Southern China: Role of Dynamical and Thermodynamical Processes","authors":"Hainan Gong, Kangjie Ma, Zhiyuan Hu, Zizhen Dong, Yuanyuan Ma, Wen Chen, Renguang Wu, Lin Wang","doi":"10.1175/bams-d-23-0175.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-23-0175.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We estimate that anthropogenic forcing caused half of the observed temperature anomaly during the August 2022 heatwave in southern China. Thermodynamical processes, especially soil moisture–SAT feedback, amplified the heatwave.","PeriodicalId":9464,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139483251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Developing Rapid Response Protocols for Rapidly Intensifying Tropical Cyclones","authors":"Christian M. Appendini","doi":"10.1175/bams-d-23-0327.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-23-0327.1","url":null,"abstract":"\"Developing Rapid Response Protocols for Rapidly Intensifying Tropical Cyclones\" published on 15 Jan 2024 by American Meteorological Society.","PeriodicalId":9464,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139469281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Charting the future of the FLUXNET network","authors":"Kyle B. Delwiche, J. Nelson, N. Kowalska, C. E. Moore, G. Shirkey, T. Tarin, J. R. Cleverly, T.F. Keenan","doi":"10.1175/bams-d-23-0316.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-23-0316.1","url":null,"abstract":"\"Charting the future of the FLUXNET network\" published on 11 Jan 2024 by American Meteorological Society.","PeriodicalId":9464,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139421893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expanding the Concept of Knowledge Transition through Social Science Research","authors":"Megan Porter, Rodolfo Hernández, Blake Checkoway, Erik R. Nielsen, Castle Williamsberg, Gina Eosco, Katy Christian, Ashley Morris, Erica Grow Cei, Keely Patelski, Jen Henderson","doi":"10.1175/bams-d-23-0310.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-23-0310.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9464,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","volume":"47 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139440877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vientos - A new satellite mission concept for 3D wind measurements by combining passive water vapor sounders with Doppler wind lidar","authors":"Xubin Zeng, Hui Su, Svetla Hristova-Veleva, Derek J. Posselt, Robert Atlas, Shannon T. Brown, Ross D. Dixon, Eric Fetzer, Thomas J. Galarneau, Michael Hardesty, Jonathan H. Jiang, Pekka P. Kangaslahti, Amir Ouyed, Thomas S. Pagano, Oliver Reitebuch, Remy Roca, Ad Stoffelen, Sara Tucker, Anna Wilson, Longtao Wu, Igor Yanovsky","doi":"10.1175/bams-d-22-0283.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-22-0283.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract It is challenging to accurately characterize the three-dimensional distribution of horizontal wind vectors (known as 3D winds). Feature-matching satellite cloud top or water vapor fields have been used for decades to retrieve atmospheric motion vectors, but this approach is mostly limited to a single and uncertain pressure level at a given time. Satellite wind lidar measurements are expected to provide more accurate data and capture the line-of-sight wind for clear skies, within cirrus clouds, and above thick clouds, but only along a curtain parallel to the satellite track. Here we propose Vientos – a new satellite mission concept that combines 2 or more passive water vapor sounders with Doppler wind lidar to measure 3D winds. The need for 3D wind observations is highlighted by inconsistencies in reanalysis estimates, particularly under precipitating conditions. Recent studies have shown that 3D winds can be retrieved using water vapor observations from two polar-orbiting satellites separated by 50 minutes, with the help of advanced optical flow algorithms. These winds can be improved through the incorporation of a small number of co-located higher-accuracy measurements via machine learning. The Vientos concept would enable simultaneous measurements of 3D winds, temperature, and humidity, and is expected to have a significant impact on scientific research, weather prediction, and other applications. For example, it can help better understand and predict the preconditions for organized convection. This article summarizes recent results, presents the Vientos mission architecture, and discusses implementation scenarios for a 3D wind mission under current budget constraints.","PeriodicalId":9464,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","volume":"298 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139421890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrological Projections under CMIP5 and CMIP6: Sources and Magnitudes of Uncertainty","authors":"Yi Wu, Chiyuan Miao, Louise Slater, Xuewei Fan, Yuanfang Chai, Soroosh Sorooshian","doi":"10.1175/bams-d-23-0104.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-23-0104.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Projections of future hydrological conditions rely largely on global climate models, but model performance varies greatly. In this study, we investigated projected changes in runoff (R), precipitation (P), evapotranspiration (ET), and soil moisture (SM) based on the fifth and sixth phases of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5 and CMIP6) and quantified the uncertainties of their projected changes on annual and seasonal scales. The results indicate that all four hydrological variables show an increase over most of the global land: annual projections of R, P, ET, and SM from CMIP6 increase in 72%, 81%, 82%, and 66% of the global land area, respectively, under a high emissions scenario during the period 2080–99 relative to 1970–99. We estimated the uncertainties in CMIP6 from different sources on an annual scale and found that model uncertainty dominates the total projected uncertainties during the twenty-first century [76% (R), 73% (P), 89% (ET), and 95% (SM) in the 2090s], and the contribution of internal variability decreases with time. The low-latitude regions have the greatest uncertainty in hydrological projections. In CMIP6, the uncertainty of projected changes in P contributes the most to the uncertainty of projected changes in R, with a contribution of 93% on annual scale, followed by ET and SM. Overall, the performances of the CMIP5 and CMIP6 models are similar in terms of hydrological changes and the composition of their uncertainties. This study provides a theoretical reference for the further improvement and development of hydrological components in global climate models.","PeriodicalId":9464,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139397221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fostering science-industry connections in Australia’s severe-storm science community","authors":"Timothy H. Raupach, Joshua S. Soderholm, Joanna Aldridge","doi":"10.1175/bams-d-23-0325.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-23-0325.1","url":null,"abstract":"\"Fostering science-industry connections in Australia’s severe-storm science community\" published on 05 Jan 2024 by American Meteorological Society.","PeriodicalId":9464,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139376647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving the Science for Wildland Fire Prediction at S2S Scales","authors":"D.D. Turner, L. Ott, P.F. Steblein, M. Stieglitz, O. Tweedy, J. Furman, C.S. James","doi":"10.1175/bams-d-23-0184.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-23-0184.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The size, duration, impact, and cost of wildland fire is increasing over the last several decades. A recent ICAMS-sponsored workshop focused on the scientific questions and challenges associated with subseasonal-to-seasonal wildfire outlooks. Opinions from this workshop, including recommended cross-agency motivation and activities, are provided.","PeriodicalId":9464,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139376466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}