Turkish journal of biology = Turk biyoloji dergisi最新文献

{"title":"Biological evaluation of novel 6,9-disubstituted purine analogues in high-grade serous ovarian cancer cell lines.","authors":"Duygu Altiparmak, Deren Demirel Yavuz, Pınar Kul Karadenizli, İrem Durmaz Şahin, Meral Tunçbilek","doi":"10.55730/1300-0152.2788","DOIUrl":"10.55730/1300-0152.2788","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) remains one of the most aggressive forms of ovarian malignancy and frequently shows resistance to conventional therapies. This study aimed to synthesize a novel series of purine analogues, 6-[(4-substituted benzyl amine)/(4-substituted aniline)]-9-cyclopentyl purines, and evaluate their anticancer efficacy against HGSOC cell lines.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We assessed the biological effects of the synthesized purine analogues on the OVCAR3, OVSAHO, and KURAMOCHI HGSOC cell lines using the sulforhodamine B assay. To investigate the mechanism of action, we conducted flow cytometry and western blot analyses, focusing on DNA replication and apoptosis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among the tested compounds, compound <b>8</b> showed significant cytotoxic activity with IC₅₀ values in the low micromolar range. Preliminary data from flow cytometry and western blot analyses indicated that compound <b>8</b> may inhibit DNA replication and induce apoptosis, as reflected by changes in cell viability and cell-cycle progression.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Compound <b>8</b> may disrupt key proliferative mechanisms in cancer cells by interfering with DNA synthesis and activating programmed cell death pathways. These findings suggest that compound <b>8</b> is a promising lead candidate for further development in ovarian cancer therapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":94363,"journal":{"name":"Turkish journal of biology = Turk biyoloji dergisi","volume":"50 1","pages":"29-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12978765/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147446462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Corrigendum to \"miR-9-5p alleviates the development of abdominal aortic aneurysm by regulating the differentiation of CD4⁺IL-10⁺T cells via targeting the crosstalk between Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathways\" [Turkish Journal of Biology 49 (4) 2025 380-391].","authors":"Hongfu Liu, Jinyi Zhang, Lubin Li, Benxiang Yu, Chunlei Zhang, Wenqiang Niu, Yawen Cheng, Hengyang Dong, Yukun Zhang, Xinlin Luo, Yanlian Xiong, Yueming Wang","doi":"10.55730/1300-0152.2784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-0152.2784","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This corrects the article on p. 380 in vol. 49, PMID: 40917297.].</p>","PeriodicalId":94363,"journal":{"name":"Turkish journal of biology = Turk biyoloji dergisi","volume":"49 7","pages":"835-836"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12768434/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145914187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quenching-based electrochemiluminescence detection of chlorpyrifos using a portable sensor platform.","authors":"Emre Dokuzparmak","doi":"10.55730/1300-0152.2790","DOIUrl":"10.55730/1300-0152.2790","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphate pesticide extensively used in agriculture, posing significant threats to human health due to its neurotoxic effects. Its presence in food products has raised considerable public health concerns, necessitating the development of rapid, sensitive, and reliable detection methods. This study aims to design and validate an electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor platform operating via a quenching-based mechanism to enable ultrasensitive detection of CPF in food matrices.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The sensing strategy exploits the coreactant mechanism between 2-(dibutylamino)ethanol (DBAE) and [Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺ (tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)), wherein CPF suppresses the ECL emission by interfering with the excited-state electron transfer pathway. The sensing interface was fabricated by integrating carboxyl-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with [Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺ complexes, which were immobilized on a screen-printed carbon electrode using a Nafion polymer film to enhance stability and conductivity. Analytical parameters, including the limit of detection (LoD), linear range, and reproducibility, were systematically optimized. Real sample applicability was assessed using honey matrices to simulate complex food environments.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The developed sensor achieved a LoD of 0.24 ± 0.05 pM (2.4 × 10^-13 M) and a linear dynamic range between 0.73 ± 0.13 pM and 100 ± 1.49 pM. In honey samples, recovery rates ranged from 96.26 ± 3.78% to 101.45 ± 4.16%, demonstrating excellent accuracy and minimal interference. The sensor showed good repeatability, with the ECL signal remaining above 80% of its initial value over eight consecutive measurements. Additionally, the relative standard deviation increased slightly from 1.81% to 2.90% over 30 days, indicating high stability of the sensor during the storage period.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This ECL sensor provides an efficient analytical tool for detecting CPF residues in food products. The combination of MWCNT-based signal amplification and the DBAE/[Ru(bpy)₃]²⁺ quenching-based mechanism enables ultrasensitive performance, rendering the system promising for real-time food safety monitoring and regulatory compliance testing.</p>","PeriodicalId":94363,"journal":{"name":"Turkish journal of biology = Turk biyoloji dergisi","volume":"50 1","pages":"62-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12978767/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147446489","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of antimicrobial synergism of actinomycin derivatives from <i>Streptomyces parvus</i> 35M1 against <i>Escherichia coli</i> ATCC 25922.","authors":"Özge Can, Mustafa Ünver Kurt, Melis Küçüksolak, Ataç Uzel, Erdal Bedir","doi":"10.55730/1300-0152.2787","DOIUrl":"10.55730/1300-0152.2787","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>Limited drug development and increased antibiotic tolerance among Gram-negative bacteria have led researchers to consider combination therapy. Actinomycin derivatives, particularly actinomycin D, exhibit a wide range of bioactivities, including antibacterial effects. However, actinomycin D is less effective against Gram-negative pathogens. Therefore, it is essential to demonstrate the synergy of actinomycin D and its derivatives with clinically known antibiotics against <i>Escherichia coli</i> ATCC 25922 and investigate the effects on cellular morphology.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong><i>Streptomyces parvus</i> 35M1 isolated from coastal sediment in İzmir/Türkiye was identified via genome sequencing. Large-scale (30 L) fermentation followed by chromatographic purification yielded compounds <b>1</b> (actinomycin D), <b>2</b> (actinomycin X₂), and <b>3</b> (actinomycin X_0ß), structurally confirmed by NMR spectroscopy. Later, checkerboard assays were used to assess combinatorial interactions with clinically relevant antibiotics in triplicate across two independent biological replicates. Synergistic interactions were evaluated in SynergyFinder using Zero Interaction Potency, Highest Single Agent, Loewe Additivity, and Bliss Independence models. Morphological alterations under synergistic treatments were examined via scanning electron microscopy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Individual actinomycins exhibited weak antimicrobial activity (MICs > 100 μM). Nevertheless, strong synergistic effects were actinomycins D and X₂ combinations with polymyxin B and kanamycin (Most Synergistic Area scores >10). Relatively high synergy scores were obtained for the actinomycin X₂-polymyxin B combination, with values of 33.49, 32.69, 33.98, and 38.18 in the Loewe, Bliss, ZIP, and HSA models, respectively. Only actinomycin X₂ synergized with nalidixic acid (MSAs ≥13.49 ± 2.63), while all actinomycins displayed additive/indifferent effects with rifampicin and ampicillin. Further, SEM analysis revealed cellular deformation, including elongation, membrane rupture, and dent formation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This work represents the first multimodel synergy analysis of actinomycin analogs against <i>E. coli</i>, underscoring their potential. However, these findings are limited to in vitro assays on a single reference strain; thus, further validation with in vivo models will be necessary.</p>","PeriodicalId":94363,"journal":{"name":"Turkish journal of biology = Turk biyoloji dergisi","volume":"50 1","pages":"17-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12978764/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147446551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mir-22 inhibits the proliferation, migration, and invasion of human CD133-positive glioblastoma stem cells.","authors":"Sevil Köse, Özlenen Özkan, Ömer Özkan","doi":"10.55730/1300-0152.2781","DOIUrl":"10.55730/1300-0152.2781","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive and fatal malignancies of the central nervous system. Despite advancements in treatment strategies, effective therapies for GBM remain insufficient, necessitating further improvements. Notably, miR-22 has been found to be significantly downregulated in both glioblastoma tissues and cell lines. In this study, we aim to evaluate miR-22 expression levels in GBM (U87) and CD133-positive (CD133⁺) GBM stem cells (GSCs) and to investigate its effects on proliferation, colony formation, migration, invasion, and wound-healing in U87 and CD133⁺ U87 cells in vitro.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We isolated CD133⁺ U87 cells using magnetic-activated cell sorting and determined the percentage of CD133⁺ cells by flow cytometry. qRT-PCR detected miR-22 expression. We transfected miR-22 miRNA into U87, CD133⁺, and CD133^- U87 cells using a lipid-based transfection reagent. Cell viability was assessed spectrophotometrically on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 using the CCK-8 viability assay. Transwell assays were used to analyze migration and invasion. Wound healing was assessed using a scratch assay.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MiR-22 expression was lower in CD133⁺ U87 cells than in U87 cells. MiR-22 overexpression suppressed proliferation in U87, CD133⁺, and CD133^- U87 cells. MiR-22 overexpression also inhibited migration and invasion in both CD133⁺ and CD133^- U87 cells and impaired wound-healing capacity in both U87 and CD133^- U87 cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results suggest that miR-22 acts as a tumor suppressor in GBM and CD133⁺ GSCs. Therefore, miR-22 represents a potential therapeutic target for cancer stem cell-based glioblastoma treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":94363,"journal":{"name":"Turkish journal of biology = Turk biyoloji dergisi","volume":"49 7","pages":"800-810"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12768440/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145914354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of epigenetic monotherapy candidates in taxane-resistant CRPC.","authors":"Buse Cevatemre, İpek Bulut, Ezgi Karyemez, Ceyda Açilan","doi":"10.55730/1300-0152.2778","DOIUrl":"10.55730/1300-0152.2778","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>Taxane resistance remains a significant challenge in the effective treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Given the association of epigenetic regulation with chemotherapy resistance and cancer progression, this study aims to identify epigenetic vulnerabilities in two CRPC cell lines (DU145 and 22Rv1) established as resistant to two different taxanes, docetaxel (Dtx) and cabazitaxel (Cbz), using a small-molecule screening approach.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A small-molecule library targeting epigenetic regulators, including histone deacetylases (HDAC), histone methyltransferases, histone demethylases, bromodomain proteins, deoxyribonucleic acid methyltransferases, protein arginine deiminase, and histone acetyltransferase was utilized. Drug screening was performed on parental and taxane-resistant CRPC cell lines. Cell viability was assessed using the sulforhodamine B assay to identify compounds impairing the growth of resistant cells. Selected hits were further evaluated for their impact on colony-forming capacity using clonogenic assays, and cell death was confirmed by Annexin V/PI flow cytometry. Western blotting was used to assess histone modification marks (e.g., H3K27Ac, H3K4me2) and protein targets, including HDAC7 and lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1). In combination studies, resistant cell lines were exposed to fixed-dose taxanes in combination with selected compounds. Combenefit software was used to generate synergy maps.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Screening results revealed that taxane-resistant CRPC cells remained susceptible to multiple epigenetic inhibitors rather than a single dominant class. Among the identified compounds, 4-Iodo-SAHA (HDAC inhibitor) and SP2509 (LSD1 inhibitor) emerged as cytotoxic agents, inducing cell death at levels comparable to those of parental cells. Further validation confirmed their efficacy in impairing cell viability and long-term survival in taxane-resistant CRPC cells, as demonstrated by Annexin V/PI flow cytometry. Both compounds induced epigenetic modulations consistent with their targets, reflected by increased histone marks (H3K27Ac for 4-Iodo-SAHA; H3K4me2 for SP2509), and were also associated with depletion of HDAC7 and LSD1, respectively. Combination assays demonstrated that both compounds potentiated Dtx activity and helped overcome resistance in taxane-resistant CRPC models.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study highlights epigenetic vulnerabilities in taxane-resistant CRPC and identifies 4-Iodo-SAHA and SP2509 as promising monotherapy candidates, demonstrating their ability to potentiate Dtx activity and overcome resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":94363,"journal":{"name":"Turkish journal of biology = Turk biyoloji dergisi","volume":"49 7","pages":"757-769"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12768438/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145914331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence in medical and biological research: promise and perils of ChatGPT and DeepSeek in advancing healthcare.","authors":"Mahmut Enes Kayaalp, Onur Gültekin, Serhat Akçaalan, Hamit Çağlayan Kahraman, Hüseyin Nevzat Topçu, Gülşah Kavrul Kayaalp","doi":"10.55730/1300-0152.2765","DOIUrl":"10.55730/1300-0152.2765","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>Artificial intelligence (AI), particularly large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and DeepSeek, is being increasingly applied in clinical care, research, and education. The aim of this review is to examine how these tools may transform the conduct of medical and biological research and to define their limitations.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A narrative synthesis of the literature was performed, encompassing studies published between 2020 and 2025. Peer-reviewed journals, systematic reviews, and high-impact original research articles were included to ensure an evidence-based overview. The principle applications, validation metrics, and clinical implications across orthopedics, oncology, cardiology, internal medicine, and the biological sciences were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>LLMs demonstrate strong potential in supporting physicians during clinical decision-making, enhancing patient education, and assisting researchers in their work. They are valuable for language-related tasks and for generating structured, clear, and comprehensible content. However, concerns persist regarding data privacy, algorithmic bias, factual accuracy, and excessive dependence on data-driven outputs. Responsible implementation requires safeguards such as human oversight, model transparency, and domain-specific training.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>AI tools such as ChatGPT, DeepSeek, and similar models are transforming the way healthcare is delivered and studied. Their current capabilities appear highly promising. However, clinicians, technical experts, and policymakers must collaborate to ensure the safe, equitable, effective, and ethical integration of these technologies into real-world healthcare workflows.</p>","PeriodicalId":94363,"journal":{"name":"Turkish journal of biology = Turk biyoloji dergisi","volume":"49 5","pages":"585-599"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12614363/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145544803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gamma secretase inhibitors, DAPT and MK0752, exhibit synergistic anticancer effects with cisplatin and docetaxel in 2D and 3D models of breast cancer.","authors":"Kübra Telli, Johannes Gubat, Pádraig D'Arcy, Özden Yalçin Özuysal","doi":"10.55730/1300-0152.2776","DOIUrl":"10.55730/1300-0152.2776","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>Breast cancer remains a major malignancy among women, and severe side effects and the development of acquired drug resistance frequently hinder current therapeutic strategies. The Notch signaling pathway, a key regulator of cell fate, is commonly dysregulated in breast cancer and associated with poor prognosis. Gamma-secretase inhibitors (GSIs) block Notch receptor activation and have shown potential anticancer efficacy. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic activity of two commonly used GSIs, DAPT and MK0752, combined with docetaxel or cisplatin in both 2D and 3D breast cancer models.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Triple-negative, highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 and ER+/PR+ MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines were treated with DAPT or MK0752 alone or in combination with docetaxel or cisplatin. Drug efficacy and potential synergism were evaluated in 2D monolayer cultures and 3D spheroid models. Sequential treatment strategies were also assessed, where docetaxel or cisplatin was administered prior to GSI exposure.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell lines exhibited notable sensitivity to DAPT and MK0752 combinations with docetaxel or cisplatin in 2D and 3D cultures. Synergistic enhancement of cytotoxicity was observed, particularly in sequential treatment regimens. Pretreatment with docetaxel or cisplatin followed by GSI exposure demonstrated superior growth inhibition compared with either monotherapy or simultaneous combination treatments.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study highlights the therapeutic potential of combining GSIs with standard chemotherapeutics to overcome drug resistance in breast cancer. The observed synergy and sequencing effects provide a strong basis for further mechanistic and translational investigations to optimize GSI-based combinational therapy strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":94363,"journal":{"name":"Turkish journal of biology = Turk biyoloji dergisi","volume":"49 7","pages":"738-745"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12768437/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145914349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flavonoids and phenolic compounds: a promising avenue for neurodegenerative disease therapy.","authors":"Teslime Özge Şahin, Özge Cemali, Merve Özdemir, Şerife Ayten, Duygu Ağagündüz","doi":"10.55730/1300-0152.2767","DOIUrl":"10.55730/1300-0152.2767","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, and ALS are characterized by a progressive loss of nerve cells, for which no definitive cure currently exists. These conditions share common pathological mechanisms, including chronic neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Flavonoids and other plant-derived phenolic compounds have recently attracted attention for the treatment of such conditions due to their antiinflammatory and antioxidant properties. This review explores the neuroprotective mechanisms of flavonoids and evaluates their potential for the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A literature search of the Web of Science, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases was conducted to evaluate the therapeutic potential of flavonoids and phenolic compounds against neurodegenerative diseases. The search terms included \"polyphenols\", \"flavonoids\", and related compounds, along with \"Alzheimer's\", \"Parkinson's\", \"Huntington's\", and \"Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis\". Eligible studies included clinical trials, randomized controlled trials, and in vitro and in vivo research published in English. Priority was given to studies from the last decade, although older but significant publications were also included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The findings of multiple studies report the ability of flavonoid compounds such as quercetin, myricetin, apigenin, and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) to modulate critical signaling pathways, reduce oxidative stress, prevent the accumulation of neurotoxic proteins, and support mitochondrial function. These bioactive molecules have exhibited significant potential in slowing disease progression and preserving neuronal integrity. Their therapeutic application, however, has been limited by their poor bioavailability, low stability, and rapid metabolism.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Flavonoids have shown promise as naturally derived agents with multi-targeted activity against neurodegenerative processes. Enhancing their absorption and stability through novel delivery systems and structural modifications could significantly improve their clinical efficacy. When administered early or as a complementary therapy, flavonoids can be considered a safe and effective approach to the management of neurodegenerative diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":94363,"journal":{"name":"Turkish journal of biology = Turk biyoloji dergisi","volume":"49 5","pages":"635-659"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12614369/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145544801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applications of transfer learning in sunflower disease detection: advances, challenges, and future directions.","authors":"Yonis Gulzar","doi":"10.55730/1300-0152.2763","DOIUrl":"10.55730/1300-0152.2763","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background/aim: </strong>Sunflower (<i>Helianthus annuus</i>) is a crop of high economic and nutritional importance that continues to suffer significant yield losses due to foliar diseases. Traditional image-based and laboratory detection techniques remain limited by subjectivity, cost, and scalability. Transfer learning (TL) has recently emerged as an effective approach to overcoming these challenges involving the reuse of pretrained deep models for plant pathology tasks. Presented here is a systematic examination of recent TL-based studies on sunflower disease classification to identify prevailing trends, research gaps, and future opportunities.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A structured Scopus query was employed to retrieve peer-reviewed articles published between 2021 and 2025. Strict inclusion and exclusion criteria ensured technical relevance to TL-based sunflower disease detection. Subsequently, 30 studies meeting the criteria were critically reviewed and analyzed in terms of model architecture, dataset characteristics, preprocessing strategies, and reported evaluation metrics. The comparative assessment focused on convolutional neural networks (CNNs), transformer-based architectures, and hybrid models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis revealed a dominant reliance on pretrained CNNs such as ResNet, VGG, Inception, and EfficientNet. Several studies employed lightweight or federated learning variants to enhance deployment feasibility under field conditions. Among the commonly observed challenges were limited dataset diversity, class imbalance, and insufficient explainability. A key word cooccurrence analysis indicated an evolving research focus, transitioning from basic deep learning implementation to explainable and privacy-preserving frameworks optimized for edge devices.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The review revealed substantial progress in TL applications for the diagnosis of sunflower disease but underscored the need for larger, standardized datasets and cross-regional validation. Future studies should prioritize interpretable, adaptive architectures that can function in real-world agricultural environments. The insights drawn from this synthesis extend beyond sunflower pathology, offering a foundation for scalable, domain-transferable TL solutions in broader plant disease detection contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":94363,"journal":{"name":"Turkish journal of biology = Turk biyoloji dergisi","volume":"49 5","pages":"534-549"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12614360/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145544807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}