Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases最新文献

{"title":"Apical-out bovine intestinal organoids as an infection model for Cryptosporidium parvum","authors":"Mathilde Svensen Varegg ,&nbsp;Lucy J. Robertson ,&nbsp;Lise Benette Nilsen Hovd ,&nbsp;Maria Stokstad ,&nbsp;Alejandro Jiménez-Meléndez","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100284","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100284","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Cryptosporidium parvum</em> is a major pathogen responsible for neonatal calf diarrhoea, but research has been hampered due to the lack of <em>in vitro</em> models that can complete the life cycle. In this scenario, human and murine small intestinal organoids (enteroids) are emerging as new <em>in vitro</em> tools. However, models employing bovine cells, relevant for the pathogenesis in the target species, are lacking. Thus, a panel of bovine enteroids was isolated in this study. Enteroids have an enclosed apical lumen, and the parasite must be delivered to the apical side of the cells to facilitate infection. Two different methods of reversing cell polarity were used to generate bovine apical-out enteroids: dissociation in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), and dissociation in trypsin. Infection of these enteroids with <em>C. parvum</em> was attempted by incubation of the enteroids with viable, bleach-treated oocysts and subsequent cultivation of the two different enteroid set-ups. Apical-out enteroids dissociated in trypsin supported <em>C. parvum</em> infection and asexual replication, whilst dissociation in EDTA did not. However, only when a high dose of oocysts was administered, were all enteroids included able to support <em>C. parvum</em> replication consistently. When the apical-out enteroids were inoculated with a low dose of oocysts, only one isolate supported <em>C. parvum</em> replication, suggesting enteroid-specific variability. This study reports on infection and asexual replication of <em>C</em>. <em>parvum</em> in bovine apical-out ileal organoids.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100284"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144489544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Why the Jenner/Pasteur paradigm is insufficient for controlling vector-borne diseases and the role of microbiota-mediated interactions","authors":"Ana Laura Cano-Argüelles ,&nbsp;Lianet Abuin-Denis ,&nbsp;Dasiel Obregon ,&nbsp;Lourdes Mateos-Hernandez ,&nbsp;Apolline Maître ,&nbsp;Elianne Piloto-Sardiñas ,&nbsp;Alejandra Wu-Chuang ,&nbsp;Pierre Tonnerre ,&nbsp;Alejandro Cabezas-Cruz","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100291","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100291","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Vaccination campaigns have profoundly influenced the dynamics of infectious diseases, acting as one of the largest ecological experiments in history. By vaccinating billions across decades, we have imposed powerful selective pressures on pathogens, illuminating their ability to adapt, evade, or persist. Rooted in the Jenner/Pasteur paradigm – where exposure to an antigen induces protective immunity – vaccines have revealed how pathogens differ in their ecological susceptibility to immunity. Using this framework, pathogens can be categorized based on their strategies to endure, from those limited by direct immunity to those relying on antigenic variation, chronic infection, or reservoirs. Vector-borne pathogens (VBPs) present a set of challenges to vaccination efforts due to their complex life cycles, stage-specific antigen expression, and reliance on arthropod vectors for transmission. These pathogens not only evade host immunity but also adapt to selective pressures within the vector’s microbiome and immune system. Such complexity often places VBPs beyond the scope of traditional vaccine paradigms, requiring alternative strategies such as transmission-blocking and vector-targeted vaccines. This review explores these insights, examining the interplay between vaccination, pathogen ecology, and evolution – with special emphasis on VBPs – to guide future strategies in vector-borne disease (VBD) control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100291"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144623447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcriptome analysis of Aedes aegypti midgut and salivary gland post-Zika virus infection","authors":"Chunling Zhu ,&nbsp;Yuting Jiang ,&nbsp;Qianghui Zhang ,&nbsp;Jian Gao ,&nbsp;Chaojie Li ,&nbsp;Chunxiao Li ,&nbsp;Yande Dong ,&nbsp;Dan Xing ,&nbsp;Hengduan Zhang ,&nbsp;Teng Zhao ,&nbsp;Xiaoxia Guo ,&nbsp;Tongyan Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100251","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100251","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to investigate the transcriptomic changes in the midgut and salivary glands of <em>Aedes aegypti</em> mosquitoes infected with Zika virus (ZIKV), in order to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between the virus and the mosquito vector. <em>Aedes aegypti</em> from Jiegao (JG) and Mengding (MD) in China were experimentally infected with ZIKV, and the midgut and salivary gland tissues were collected at 2-, 4- and 6 days post-infection (dpi). High-throughput sequencing was performed to analyze the transcriptomic changes between ZIKV-infected and non-infected <em>Ae</em>. <em>aegypti</em> midgut and salivary gland tissues. Bioinformatics tools were employed for further analysis of the transcriptomic data. The expression levels of 8 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were validated using RT-qPCR. A conjoint analysis of small RNA-seq and mRNA-seq was performed to screen interactional miRNA-mRNA pairs during ZIKV infection. Using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes, we constructed a protein-protein interaction network of genes and subsequently identified hub genes. The most significant transcriptional changes in <em>Ae</em>. <em>aegypti</em> occurred at 2 dpi. On 2, 4 and 6 dpi, 11 genes showed significant changes in both the midgut and salivary glands of the same mosquito strain, while 25 genes exhibited significant changes in the same tissue between the JG and MD strains. The expression tendencies of 8 DEGs obtained by RNA-Seq were similar to those detected by RT-qPCR. Furthermore, we individually identified 10 hub genes in the midgut and salivary glands. Based on previous miRNA research, we discovered the involvement of 9 miRNAs in the regulation of these hub genes. Our findings demonstrate that <em>Ae</em>. <em>aegypti</em> exhibit distinct transcriptomic changes in response to ZIKV infection. The identification of the hub genes and their regulatory miRNAs provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying ZIKV infection in mosquitoes. This study contributes to a better understanding of the pathogen-vector interactions and may aid in the development of targeted strategies for ZIKV control.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100251"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143644026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Entomological surveillance of onchocerciasis in Burkina Faso: Progress towards interrupting transmission in blackflies in the main river basins of the country","authors":"Lassane Koala ,&nbsp;Achille S. Nikièma ,&nbsp;Mathias Ouedraogo ,&nbsp;Justin Compaoré ,&nbsp;Clarisse Bougouma ,&nbsp;Karim Sanon ,&nbsp;Aimé G. Adjami ,&nbsp;Moussa S. Sanfo ,&nbsp;Inaki Tirados ,&nbsp;Philip McCall ,&nbsp;Paul Bessel ,&nbsp;Thomas R. Unnasch ,&nbsp;Daniel A. Boakye ,&nbsp;Soungalo Traore ,&nbsp;Roch K. Dabire","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100259","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100259","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Current guidelines for onchocerciasis elimination rely heavily upon assessment of the presence of <em>Onchocerca volvulus</em> in the vector <em>Simulium damnosum</em> (<em>sensu lato</em>). This entomological study was conducted over four years in several regions of Burkina Faso to determine the progress made towards interrupting onchocerciasis transmission. Larvae and adult blackflies were collected in eight river basins (Comoé, Léraba, Dienkoa, Mouhoun, Bougouriba, Bambassou, Nakambé, Nazinon and Sissili). Larvae were analyzed by cytotaxonomy, and the adult blackflies analyzed for the presence of infective larvae of <em>O. volvulus</em> by PCR. Blackfly infectivity rates were first determined by year for each basin, then compared to the thresholds established by the WHO. The results indicate that the blackflies collected belong to the savannah group species <em>Simulium damnosum</em> (<em>sensu stricto</em>) and <em>Simulium sirbanum</em>. Hybrids of the two species were also identified. Overall, the prevalence of flies carrying infective larvae was below the threshold of 0.05% established by the WHO, indicating important progress towards the interruption of onchocerciasis transmission in Burkina Faso, although hotspots with infectivity rates well above the WHO’s thresholds remain. <em>Onchocerca volvulus</em> continues to be transmitted in six of the nine basins evaluated, all of which border neighboring countries. These data indicate that it will be necessary to maintain entomological surveillance in these hotspot areas until transmission is interrupted throughout the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100259"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors contributing to mosquito-borne disease: A systematic review in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region","authors":"Abdullah Al-Manji ,&nbsp;Anak Agung Bagus Wirayuda ,&nbsp;Rawaa Abubakr Abuelgassim Eltayib ,&nbsp;Mohammed Al-Azri ,&nbsp;Moon Fai Chan","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100281","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100281","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mosquitoes can carry and spread many diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. All these mosquito-borne diseases (MBD) represent a significant global burden of infectious diseases, including morbidity and mortality. This systematic review delves into the multifaceted factors contributing to the spread of MBD in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. Following PRISMA guidelines, we reviewed peer-reviewed English-language observational and experimental studies published between May 1990 and January 2023, focusing on the interaction between population, environmental, disease, and mosquito factors in MBD. The review includes 32 studies (30 articles) that revealed a complex relationship between various risk factors and the presence of MBD. The review distinguishes between seroprevalence studies, which assess exposure to infection in asymptomatic populations, and overt disease studies, which focus on symptomatic cases and the host-specific factors that affect disease severity. It identifies key risk factors such as age, geography, gender, professional occupation, and socio-economic status, noting their varying impacts on disease transmission and progression across different MBDs. Environmental factors such as climate, mosquito breeding habitats, and urbanization are also reported as significant drivers of vector distribution and human-vector interactions. The review emphasizes the need for tailored, region-specific interventions to control MBD in the MENA region and highlights the importance of integrated vector control, improved sanitation, surveillance programmes, and public health education. The review also stresses the growing influence of climate change on disease patterns and calls for a multi-sectoral approach to MBD control. While focusing on the MENA region, the findings suggest the need for further research and region-specific public health policies to mitigate the impact of these diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100281"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144522523","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of recent Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum gp60 subtypes","authors":"Deborah B. Oladele ,&nbsp;Martin Swain ,&nbsp;Guy Robinson ,&nbsp;Amanda Clare ,&nbsp;Rachel M. Chalmers","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100292","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100292","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Cryptosporidium</em> spp. are known to cause gastroenteritis (cryptosporidiosis) in numerous hosts, including humans. Understanding the diversity within this genus of parasites requires accurate subtyping, which is frequently performed by sequencing part of the <em>gp60</em> (60-kDa glycoprotein) gene. This literature review examines <em>Cryptosporidium hominis</em> and <em>Cryptosporidium parvum gp60</em> subtypes reported between December 2018 and January 2024 in humans, livestock, and non-human primates (NHPs). The review highlights emerging trends in the subtypes reported and reveals the shifting dominance of subtype families, which can be influenced by factors such as anthroponotic interactions. The <em>C. parvum</em> IIa and IId families remain major contributors to infections across a variety of hosts, with recent reports indicating the continued emergence of the IId family. Furthermore, previously established and newly reported subtypes detected in NHPs highlight the potential for genetic recombination between human-adapted and NHP-adapted subtypes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":"8 ","pages":"Article 100292"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144680211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal distribution and cercarial shedding of Bulinus spp. snails: Implications for urogenital schistosomiasis control in the Simiyu Region, northwestern Tanzania","authors":"Nyanda C. Justine ,&nbsp;Humphrey D. Mazigo ,&nbsp;Antje Fuss ,&nbsp;Bonnie L. Webster ,&nbsp;Eveline T. Konje ,&nbsp;Klaus Brehm ,&nbsp;Andreas Mueller","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100248","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100248","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urogenital schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease of significant public health concern caused by the trematode species <em>Schistosoma haematobium</em>. Its transmission is localised and heterogeneous, with seasonal occurrences in Tanzania primarily facilitated by <em>Bulinus</em> spp. snails, which serve as intermediate hosts. To plan effective, data-driven control measures, it is crucial to understand the epidemiology of schistosomes in these snails. This study aimed to investigate the seasonal distribution, abundance, and <em>Schistosoma</em> spp. infections (assessed <em>via</em> cercarial emergence) in <em>Bulinus</em> spp. snails in two districts, Maswa and Meatu, in the Simiyu Region of Tanzania. Malacological surveys were conducted at 90 sites in total, comprising sites in 35 rivers, 32 ponds, and 23 branching streams. Each study site was sampled once during the rainy season and once during the dry season. Snails were collected using a standard scoop- and handpicking technique by two people for 15 min at each site. The collected snails were morphologically identified and subjected to a cercarial emergence experiment. Water physicochemical characteristics were recorded simultaneously with snail collection using a portable multiparameter water meter. The data were analysed using STATA v. 17. A total of 4997 <em>Bulinus</em> spp<em>.</em> snails were collected from 90 sites in the two districts. Of these, 91.4% (95% CI: 90.5–92.1%) were morphologically identified as <em>Bulinus nasutus</em> and 8.6% (95% CI: 7.8–9.4%) were identified as <em>Bulinus globosus</em>. <em>Bulinus</em> spp. snail abundance was almost evenly distributed across seasons, with 50.4% (95% CI: 48.9–51.7%) collected during the dry season and 49.6% (95% CI: 48.2–51.0%) collected during the rainy season. Water temperature and salinity were significantly negatively correlated with snail abundance (both <em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). <em>Schistosoma</em> spp. cercarial emergence followed a seasonal pattern and was significantly higher during the rainy season (<em>P</em> = 0.005). Our findings underscore that <em>B. nasutus</em> was the most abundant freshwater snail distributed at nearly all the study sites during the rainy and dry seasons. Therefore, appropriate snail control strategies are recommended to complement ongoing schistosomiasis control strategies in the Simiyu Region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100248"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143149006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the hemolymphatic miRNome composition of the schistosomiasis vector snail Biomphalaria glabrata","authors":"Sarah Dametto ,&nbsp;Benjamin Gourbal ,&nbsp;Cristian Chaparro ,&nbsp;Silvain Pinaud ,&nbsp;David Duval","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>MiRNAs are single-stranded short noncoding sequences which display crucial roles on gene transcription regulation in many biological processes especially such as embryonic development, cell proliferation or apoptosis. Also, they are recognized for triggering the host’s internal defence mechanisms and immune cell responses thereby playing crucial role in host-parasite interactions. In the present study, a snap-shot of miRNAs, referred to as the miRNome, is described from the hemolymph, the main immune-related compartment of <em>Biomphalaria glabrata</em> snails, one of the intermediate hosts of the trematode parasite <em>Schistosoma mansoni</em>, the causative agent of schistosomiasis. A high throughput sequencing approach of small RNAs has revealed the presence of 63 miRNAs in the hemolymphatic compartment. Mollusc-specific miRNAs including <em>bgl-miR-1985-</em>5p and <em>bgl-miR-1984-</em>5p were identified, along with 25 novel miRNAs. Bioinformatic predictions, thanks to multiple software tools, helped us to identify more than 6000 potential miRNA target gene candidates. Among them is BgTEP1, a complement-like factor involved in parasite clearance. Interestingly, this factor appeared to be targeted by a newly identified miRNA, named <em>bgl-miR-22707-5p</em>. Our study underscores the inherent diversity of miRNAs in the hemolymph of <em>B. glabrata</em> and discusses their potential role in the regulation of the snail’s innate immune response.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100262"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143879294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mating system of Biomphalaria sudanica, a vector of Schistosoma mansoni","authors":"Jenessa Olson ,&nbsp;Tom Pennance ,&nbsp;Johannie M. Spaan ,&nbsp;Maurice R. Odiere ,&nbsp;Jacob A. Tennessen ,&nbsp;Michelle L. Steinauer","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100241","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100241","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Biomphalaria</em> snails are intermediate hosts for schistosome parasites, which cause morbidity and mortality in humans worldwide. We aimed to determine the mating system of <em>Biomphalaria sudanica</em>, a hermaphroditic vector of schistosomiasis in the African Great Lakes, with the goal of informing the design of genetic studies such as linkage mapping to improve genome assembly and genetic association studies to identify snail resistance genes. To determine the relative rates of outcrossing <em>versus</em> selfing, we assayed the progeny of experimental crosses of snails in the laboratory using a PCR and restriction enzyme digest to determine snail genotype and parentage. Out of 7 experimental crosses and 56 total offspring assayed, 100% were derived from outcrossing rather than inbreeding. These results indicate that <em>B. sudanica</em> is primarily an outcrossing species, although previous work has shown that this species retains the capability of self-fertilization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100241"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11772146/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143061943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative analysis of duck Tembusu virus Cluster 1 and Cluster 2.1 in Culex tritaeniorhynchus: Insights into viral characteristics, infectivity, and innate immune response","authors":"Chalida Sri-in ,&nbsp;Duangduean Prakairungnamthip ,&nbsp;Kanana Rungprasert ,&nbsp;Aunyaratana Thontiravong ,&nbsp;Lyric C. Bartholomay ,&nbsp;Sonthaya Tiawsirisup","doi":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100274","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.crpvbd.2025.100274","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The disease caused by the duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is one of the most prevalent arthropod-borne viral diseases in poultry. DTMUV is classified into three distinct clusters based on significant genetic divergence: Cluster 1, Cluster 2 (subdivided into 2.1 and 2.2), and Cluster 3. The virulence of DTMUV in ducks is potentially associated with the virus genotype. The evaluation of different clusters of DTMUV is based predominantly on the characterization of infected duck hosts, and limited attention has been paid to understanding viral virulence toward the infected mosquito vectors. In this study, we explore the infectivity patterns of DTMUV Cluster 1 (DTMUV 1) and Cluster 2.1 (DTMUV 2.1) in the primary mosquito vector, <em>Culex tritaeniorhynchus</em>. Our objective was to explore the relationship between the mosquito vector and DTMUV genotype, intending to determine whether the mosquito vector alters viral biology, thereby influencing the consequential infectivity characteristics in the host cells. We found that variation in viral nonstructural protein-5 (an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) may influence the antigenicity process in <em>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus</em>. Our results revealed DTMUV1 underwent higher replication than DTMUV2.1 in mosquito salivary glands and saliva. Furthermore, DTMUV1 derived from mosquito saliva produced larger plaque sizes in baby hamster kidney-21 (BHK-21) cells than DTMUV2.1 derived from mosquito saliva. Interestingly, DTMUV2.1 was more efficient than DTMUV1 in inducing the production of mRNAs for macroglobulin complement-related factor, thioester-containing protein, and antimicrobial peptides (cecropin family) within the mosquito salivary gland. Our findings collectively suggest that <em>Cx. tritaeniorhynchus</em> can influence an environment conducive to modifying the amino acid composition of DTMUV1 and DTMUV2.1 in a manner that may affect the innate immune response, consequently augmenting viral virulence.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94311,"journal":{"name":"Current research in parasitology & vector-borne diseases","volume":"7 ","pages":"Article 100274"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144167900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}