Critical reviews in biomedical engineering最新文献

{"title":"Vessel Segmentation for Fundus Images Based on High-Resolution Networks with Gamma Correction and CLAHE Preprocessing.","authors":"Tian Swee Tan, Fujie Qiu, Jahanzeb Sheikh, Zishu Wang, Michael Loong Peng Tan, Yan Chai Hum, José Javier Serrano Olmedo, Leong Kah Meng","doi":"10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2026059614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2026059614","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Retinal vessel segmentation plays a crucial role in the early diagnosis and treatment of ophthalmic diseases, yet manual segmentation methods are time-consuming and prone to human error. The increasing demand for automated solutions has led to the exploration of deep learning-based approaches that improve segmentation accuracy and efficiency. However, existing methods often struggle with poor image resolution, a lack of robustness across datasets, and challenges in detecting fine vessel structures, limiting their applicability in large-scale clinical settings. To address these limitations, this study proposes a deep learning-based framework using high-resolution network (HRNet) combined with an advanced preprocessing pipeline, including grayscale conversion, gamma correction, CLAHE, and normalization, to enhance image quality for segmentation. The proposed HRNet-based framework was evaluated on two publicly available datasets, DRIVE and CHASE_DB1. It achieved the highest sensitivity of 0.8193 on DRIVE and the highest specificity of 0.9807 on CHASE_DB1, demonstrating its capability to balance fine vessel detection and false positive reduction. These findings indicate that the proposed framework effectively improves the segmentation accuracy of ophthalmoscope images, enhancing its potential for clinical decision-making in ophthalmology.</p>","PeriodicalId":94308,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in biomedical engineering","volume":"54 2","pages":"41-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149187280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the Medical Structured Data Desensitization Method Based on a Bayesian Network.","authors":"Lei Xu, Ruiyuan Liang, Yu Liu","doi":"10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2025059919","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2025059919","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To address the prevalent privacy concerns associated with patient data in current clinical medical data analysis, this paper proposes a medical structured data desensitization method based on Bayesian Network. The proposed method involves constructing a data generation model by learning the statistical and correlational attributes of the original dataset, thereby producing a desensitized dataset that maintains characteristic probability similarity with the source data. The experimental results, based on the analysis of clinical data, demonstrate that the desensitized data generated by this method exhibits exceptional performance in preserving intrinsic data feature correlations while maximizing data utility. In machine learning tasks, the desensitized data can achieve comparable model performance indicators to those obtained from the original data. The chi-square (x2) test results indicate a significant consistency in probability distributions between the desensitized data and the original data, demonstrating that the desensitized data serves as a reliable substitute for the original data in statistical analyses. The proposed method not only provides a practical solution for clinical data desensitization but also offers a novel pathway to overcome data silo challenges in medical artificial intelligence applications, thereby facilitating secure data sharing and collaboration in healthcare research.</p>","PeriodicalId":94308,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in biomedical engineering","volume":"54 2","pages":"77-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149187308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Macromolecular Dispersion in Synovial Fluid Under Generalized Plane Couette Flow.","authors":"Rekha Bali, Prakhar Bajpai","doi":"10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2026062986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2026062986","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The tribological performance of an artificial knee joint is significantly impacted by the macromolecular components of synovial fluid because insufficient dispersion of these molecules causes aseptic loosening. This study uses Taylor dispersion theory to investigate the dispersion of proteins, hyaluronic acid (HA), and other macromolecules present in synovial fluid. The fluid motion is represented by a generalized plane Couette flow between two infinite, horizontal parallel plates modeling the joint space. The study investigates the combined influence of convective and diffusive transport processes on the dispersion of macromolecular components. The flow of synovial fluid is governed by the momentum equation which couples with the advection-diffusion equation to characterize solute transport. The governing partial differential equations are solved using Crank Nicolson scheme, subject to initial and boundary conditions. Result shows that the imposed pressure gradient significantly enhances axial dispersion causing the macromolecular components to spread more effectively in the downstream direction. The mean concentration distribution appears to decrease with increasing time and axial distance. Among albumin, γ-globulin and HA, albumin exhibits the highest dispersion coefficient. Furthermore, a 20% reduction in gap size (from 1 to 0.8 μm) leads to a 53.8% increase in the dispersion coefficient.</p>","PeriodicalId":94308,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in biomedical engineering","volume":"54 4","pages":"73-86"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149187337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Catheters on Blood Flow and Heat Transfer in Stenotic Arteries with Thrombosis.","authors":"Rekha Bali, Neha Gupta","doi":"10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2026061020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2026061020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the human cardiovascular system, the flow of fluid through blood vessels is important in many biological and biomedical fields. Stenosis & thrombosis are vascular disorders that can block many blood vessels. To clear constrictions in an artery, various types of catheters are used, which generate frictional forces between the clot's wall and the catheter. This paper presents an analysis of blood flow and heat transfer during the initial phase of axisymmetric stenosis and thrombosis in a vessel containing a catheter. Blood's rheological behaviour is described by a non-Newtonian K-L fluid model. In the proposed model, the nonlinear momentum equation is simplified under various assumptions to find an analytical solution. Exact solutions are obtained using boundary conditions. The novelty of this work is that the velocity & temperature profile has not yet been analysed in conjunction with stenosis, thrombosis, and catheter presence, using the non-Newtonian K-L fluid model. An explicit expression for velocity, temperature, and flow resistance has been obtained. The obtained results have been shown for flow characteristics through graphs for various values of stenosis height, clot height, plasma viscosity, and different catheter radii. The highest velocity is found at the centre and diminishes at the wall. Velocity decreases as the constriction height increases. It is observed that using a larger radius catheter, velocity quickly decreases in the core compared with the central region due to the narrowing of the flow passage area. The temperature of the fluid increases in a stenotic artery with thrombosis in the presence of the catheter, and also increases as the radius of the catheter increases.</p>","PeriodicalId":94308,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in biomedical engineering","volume":"54 3","pages":"65-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149187228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wearable Technologies for Cancer Therapy and Monitoring: A Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Rupam Bera, Shikha Baghel Chauhan, Indu Singh","doi":"10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2025059902","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2025059902","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wearable devices have emerged as pivotal innovations in oncology, revolutionizing cancer therapy and monitoring through continuous, non-invasive physiological tracking. This comprehensive review examines the integration of advanced wearable technologies-such as electrocardiography (ECG), photoplethysmography (PPG), infrared thermometers, galvanic skin response (GSR) meters, and pulse oximeters-in detecting biomarkers associated with cancer progression and treatment efficacy. By leveraging real-time data acquisition, these devices enable early identification of conditions like chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity, evidenced by ECG-derived AI models predicting cardiomyopathy risks with 2-5-fold accuracy, and PPG-based systems detecting vascular anomalies indicative of malignancies. The incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) algorithms further enhances diagnostic precision, exemplified by AI-ECG tools that dynamically forecast cardiotoxicity 12-24 months prior to clinical onset. Additionally, wearable drug delivery mechanisms, including microneedle patches for localized chemotherapy and programmable ambulatory pumps, are explored for their capacity to optimize therapeutic outcomes while mitigating adverse effects. A systematic analysis of literature sourced from Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect underscores the transformative potential of these technologies in fostering personalized oncology care, as demonstrated by clinical trials such as the EMBRaCE program, which reported enhanced patient recovery through continuous monitoring. Despite these advancements, challenges related to motion artifact interference, data heterogeneity, and ethical concerns regarding AI transparency necessitate resolution for widespread clinical adoption. Future trajectories highlight the convergence of multimodal sensor networks with AI-driven analytics to establish autonomous monitoring systems, thereby redefining precision oncology. This review underscores the critical role of wearable devices in advancing theranostic paradigms, advocating for their integration into mainstream oncology to improve early detection, treatment personalization, and overall patient prognoses.</p>","PeriodicalId":94308,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in biomedical engineering","volume":"54 2","pages":"55-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149187299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evolution of Fabric Electrodes into Graphene-Based Wearable Electrodes for Biopotential Monitoring: A PRISMA-Based Systematic Literature Review.","authors":"Teena Rajan, D Sugumar, Jithin Krishnan","doi":"10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2026062556","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2026062556","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Continuous and reliable monitoring of cardiac bio potentials such as the electrocardiogram (ECG) is essential for early diagnosis and long-term healthcare management. Conventional Ag/AgCl gel electrodes, although clinically established, are limited by skin irritation, gel dehydration, and poor reusability, making them unsuitable for continuous and wearable monitoring. This systematic review aims to evaluate the evolution, performance, and applicability of fabric-based, graphene-based, and hybrid textile electrodes for medical-grade and consumer-grade wearable ECG monitoring. This review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Five electronic data-bases-IEEE Xplore, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and PubMed-were systematically searched, resulting in 182 peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2025 that met the inclusion criteria. The included studies were thematically synthesized based on material type, fabrication technique, and performance metrics. The synthesis reveals a clear progression from conductive-thread, knitted, and woven textile electrodes toward graphene-based and hybrid systems, driven by improvements in electrical conductivity, skin-electrode impedance, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), biocompatibility, and wash durability. In particular, multilayer graphene-polymer textile electrodes demonstrate performance comparable to clinical Ag/AgCl electrodes while offering superior comfort, reusability, and long-term stability under sweat, motion, and repeated laundering. These findings highlight graphene-based textile electrodes as strong candidates for next-generation wearable biopotential monitoring systems and provide evidence-based guidance for future research focused on standardization, scalability, and clinical translation.</p>","PeriodicalId":94308,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in biomedical engineering","volume":"54 4","pages":"37-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149187317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic Alignment in Human Prosthesis: Review on Methods, Devices, and Applications.","authors":"Noor H Abduljaleel, Mustafa S Al-Khazraji","doi":"10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2026062651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2026062651","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dynamic alignment refers to the process of adjusting prosthetic components during the user's gait. Recently, there has been increasing focus on this area due to its critical role in restoring natural limb movement and meeting individual user needs. This review aims to examine the various devices, methods, and techniques reported in the literature for assessing dynamic alignment. The review is structured to address dynamic alignment in human prostheses, including techniques for measuring forces and moments, the effects on gait cycle parameters, external influences, and alignment adjustment devices. A key contribution of this review is highlighting aspects of optimal alignment, which are associated with improved gait stability, reduced compensatory movements, and decreased physical effort during walking. Advances in modern prosthetic devices, incorporating smart sensors and advanced algorithms, indicate a promising direction for the field. Current research also underscores the need for more precise and reliable mechanisms to perform dynamic alignment effectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":94308,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in biomedical engineering","volume":"54 4","pages":"87-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149187350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Investigation of Hepatitis B Transmission Dynamics via Fractal-Fractional Operators of Variable and Constant Order with Memory Effects.","authors":"Sumit Gupta, Pawan Kumar Jain, Deepika Khandelwal","doi":"10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2025059960","DOIUrl":"10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2025059960","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A fractional-order (hepatitis B virus) HBV transmission model is developed using Caputo, Caputo-Fabrizio, and Atangana-Baleanu-Caputo (ABC) operators to capture memory effects and non-local interactions-including asymptomatic carriers and vertical transmission. Existence, uniqueness, positivity, and stability of solutions are established via fixedpoint theorems and Ulam-Hyers criteria. Numerical simulations employ Adams-Bashforth-Moulton and predictor-corrector methods adapted to each fractional derivative. Results show that lowering the fractional order (α < 1) reduces peak viral load, especially with early intervention, but extends infection duration due to slower decay. This fractional modelling framework offers deeper insight into chronic HBV dynamics, vaccination effectiveness, and long-term control strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":94308,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in biomedical engineering","volume":"54 1","pages":"17-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147346230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Safety and Efficacy of Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy for Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.","authors":"Fakher Rahim, Shamim Gozin","doi":"10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2025059978","DOIUrl":"10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2025059978","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A multitude of studies have investigated the identification of unique antigens and genetic traits associated with cardiac stem cells (CSCs) since their discovery. This meta-analysis aims to assess the safety and efficacy of cardiac stem cells (CSCs), elucidate existing knowledge regarding their potential applications, and compare them with other novel therapeutic strategies for cardiac repair, including bone marrow cells (BMCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Researchers conducted a search of important indexing databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Central, Web of Science (WOS), CINAHL, and Embase, to identify pertinent papers published from 1980 to January 2025. A total of 74 studies involving 5,420 participants were selected from 459 evaluated for the study. A total of 2,931 participants were allocated to the intervention group, whereas 2,489 were assigned to the placebo or control groups. The research encompassed 49 papers on BMC therapy, 17 on MSC therapy, five on CSC therapy, and three on ADRC therapy. A 0.4% enhancement in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.23-0.57; I2: 85%, P < 0.00001] was noted after stem cell therapy and in the stem cell therapy cohort, left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) diminished by -0.33 mL (95% CI: -0.47 to -0.19; I2: 73%, P < 0.00001), whereas left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) reduced by -0.18 mL (95% CI: -0.31 to -0.05; I2: 68%, P = 0.006). Furthermore, in this cohort, the six-minute walk test (6MWT) exhibited an increase of 0.2% (95% CI: 0.06-0.34; I2: 0%, P = 0.005), whereas the standardized mean difference of infarct size (IS) demonstrated a reduction of -0.36% (95% CI: -0.60 to -0.12; I2: 68%; P = 0.004). These findings augment the existing evidence and underscore the transformative potential of stem cell therapy in cardiac treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":94308,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in biomedical engineering","volume":"54 1","pages":"97-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147346196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fractal-Fractional Modeling of the Delayed Dynamics of Mpox Disease.","authors":"Vikas Koundal, Shubham Jasrotia, Rakesh Kumar","doi":"10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2026062095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2026062095","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fractal-fractional calculus has evolved into a powerful mathematical framework for modeling and analyzing complex processes in bioengineering and biomedical sciences. This study introduces a delayed fractal-fractional Mpox model aimed at exploring the biological effects of memory and behavioral response lags on disease progression. Theoretical analysis establishes the non-negativity, existence, and boundedness of solutions, ensuring biological viability of model. Furthermore, basic reproduction number and equilibrium points are derived analytically, followed by a detailed stability analysis. By fitting the model to Mpox data from the United States, its feasibility and applicability are further validated. Sensitivity analysis indicates that increasing vaccination interventions is the most effective strategy for mitigating Mpox transmission. Numerical results show that higher fractal-fractional orders and longer time delays reduces the infected population, indicating the effects of memory and temporal lag on lowering disease transmission. Sustained protective behaviors and transmission delaying interventions, such as booster vaccination and rapid detection with isolation, can significantly reduce disease spread. Policymakers should focus on the strategies that combine behavioral measures, booster vaccination, and rapid detection with isolation as an effort to mitigate Mpox transmission.</p>","PeriodicalId":94308,"journal":{"name":"Critical reviews in biomedical engineering","volume":"54 3","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149187347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}