Brain-X最新文献

{"title":"Direct neuronal reprogramming for central nervous system regeneration","authors":"Peng-Yuan Wang,&nbsp;Weihong Song","doi":"10.1002/brx2.36","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brx2.36","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Disabilities of the central nervous system (CNS), including chronic degeneration, threaten human life. Cell-based therapy is one of the promising treatment strategies, but obtaining enough functional neurons and surgically transplanting them represent major obstacles in clinical neuroscience. In recent years, cell reprogramming technology has broken the traditional understanding of cell biology and advanced rapidly. Adult cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and converted into somatic cells from different lineages, such as induced neurons (iNs).</p><p>Direct neuronal reprogramming (dNR) is an emerging biotechnology with significant biomedical potential to produce functional iNs.<span>¹</span> Methods to obtain functional neurons for adult CNS therapy are limited and rely mainly on stem cell differentiation. iPSC reprogramming, firstly reported in 2006, opened the door to obtaining embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like cells. Since then, protocols for direct cell reprogramming (transdifferentiation or conversion) have been widely tested due to the risk and cost of iPSCs. These methods force cells to change lineages from one to another without passing through the pluripotent state and have inspired a new understanding of biology and ushered in a new era in cell technology.</p><p>dNR is mainly based on the overexpression of various transcription factors (TFs). Different TF formulas, such as Ascl1/Brn2/Myt1L (converting human fibroblasts into dopaminergic iNs) and Sox2/Ascl1 (converting human pericytes into iNs) have been proposed in the laboratories. TFs such as Sox2 alter not only the transcriptome profile but also the chromatin structure; thus, they are heavily influential in cell reprogramming. On the other hand, biochemists performed dNR using small molecules (SMs). Mechanism studies showed that sequential treatment with various SMs can trigger various signal pathways, resulting in a boost in the reprogramming efficiency or direct generation of iNs. However, understanding in SM-triggered dNR is insufficient, such as the underlying biological mechanism, partial electrophysiological functions and production of neuron transmitters.</p><p>Epigenetic modulations, using biochemical and biophysical methods, have been observed during dNR. Fluctuations in the epigenetic state can induce a certain degree of cell identity disorder; thus, dNR can be triggered (so-called epigenetic reprogramming). Additional modulation of the chromatin and metabolism of the starter cells can enhance the efficiency of dNR. Through epigenetic modulation, biophysical forces, such as cell squeezing<span>²</span> and substrate topography,<span>³</span> have been reported to facilitate dNR and regulate the ratios of iN subtypes. Advantages of using biophysical forces are that these stimulators are well defined and do not enter the cells. They generate unique mechanotransduction signalings through cytoskeletal and cell n","PeriodicalId":94303,"journal":{"name":"Brain-X","volume":"1 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brx2.36","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50155417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The anatomy of the brain constrains its function","authors":"Haofuzi Zhang,&nbsp;Xiaofan Jiang","doi":"10.1002/brx2.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brx2.38","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The human brain is one of the most complex and mysterious systems known to science. Despite the significant advances in neuroscience over the past few decades, our understanding of how the brain works remains limited. One of the key challenges in understanding brain function is determining its relationship with brain structure. However, a recent article published in <i>Nature</i> titled “Geometric Constraints on Human Brain Function” presents an innovative approach to understanding the complex interplay between brain structure and function.<span>¹</span></p><p>The article argues that the physical architecture of the brain imposes geometric constraints on its function. Specifically, the authors propose that the arrangement and structure of neural connections play a vital role in determining the brain's functional capabilities. The article describes how the brain can be viewed as a network of interconnected nodes and edges, with the nodes representing neurons and the edges representing the connections between neurons.</p><p>The authors present several examples supporting this concept. They demonstrate how certain brain regions have higher degrees of connectivity, while others exhibit more localization of function. For instance, regions of the brain that are responsible for motor control have higher connectivity, while those that mediate sensory processing are more specialized.</p><p>The article also discusses how changes in connectivity due to disease or injury can lead to functional impairment. For example, an injury in the parietal cortex, which is involved in spatial awareness, can affect an individual's ability to navigate their surroundings. Similarly, changes in connectivity in the amygdala, which is involved in processing emotions, can cause mood disorders and anxiety.</p><p>Another interesting concept presented in the article is how the geometry of neural connections may be optimized for specific functions, such as object recognition or language processing. The authors propose that this optimization may be achieved through the connectivity of subnetworks with different geometries within the brain.</p><p>One of the strengths of the article is the use of mathematical models and simulations to test the proposed hypotheses. The authors developed a set of models that demonstrated how the geometry of neural connections affected brain function in different scenarios, such as the execution of motor tasks or the recognition of objects. These simulations provided evidence supporting the hypothesis that the brain's functional capabilities are determined, to some extent, by its physical geometry.</p><p>However, some limitations of the article should also be noted. First, the article relied heavily on mathematical modeling and simulation, which may not accurately reflect the complexity of the brain. Second, the study's focus on the physical structure of the brain may ignore the roles of other factors, such as genetic and environmental infl","PeriodicalId":94303,"journal":{"name":"Brain-X","volume":"1 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brx2.38","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50145816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ChatGPT: The cognitive effects on learning and memory","authors":"Long Bai,&nbsp;Xiangfei Liu,&nbsp;Jiacan Su","doi":"10.1002/brx2.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brx2.30","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into our daily lives and educational environments becomes increasingly prevalent, it is necessary to understand the way in which these technologies impact cognitive functions. AI models such as ChatGPT hold immense promise for advancing the field of education, making it easier than ever for educators to support personalized learning and for students to access information. However, there are risks associated with increased AI engagement; individuals may become over-reliant on AI, resulting in a reduced capacity for critical thinking, or a decline in memory retention. This article provides a comprehensive survey of these potential impacts, emphasizing the need for the judicious utilization of AI, and advocating for an integration approach that supplements, rather than supplants, human cognitive functions. The paper concludes by encouraging further research into the long-term cognitive effects of interacting with advanced AI models such as ChatGPT.</p>","PeriodicalId":94303,"journal":{"name":"Brain-X","volume":"1 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brx2.30","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50152893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of the hand function part of the Fugl-Meyer scale after stroke using an automatic quantitative assessment system","authors":"Shugeng Chen,&nbsp;Xiaolei Lin,&nbsp;Jianghong Fu,&nbsp;Yeye Qian,&nbsp;Zihang Chen,&nbsp;Zhanbo Huang,&nbsp;Qiang Liu,&nbsp;Xiaofeng Lu,&nbsp;Jie Jia","doi":"10.1002/brx2.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brx2.26","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hand function assessment is an essential component of the process of stroke rehabilitation because of the high incidence of hand motor dysfunction. In terms of the manual evaluation of hand function, the Fugl-Meyer scale is a recommended scale with high reliability and validity. However, the need for accurate assessments and increasing developments in technology has led to the promotion of automatic quantitative assessment systems for the hand. In this study, we collected quantitative data on hand function with an automatic system and the upper limb Fugl-Meyer assessment (FMA) from 79 people with stroke. We developed decision tree (DT) and gradient-boosted decision tree (GBDT) predictive models for the Fugl-Meyer score using features extracted from the Hand Automatic Quantitative Assessment System (HAQAS). Predictive performances were compared between these models regarding the predictive accuracy and Cohen's kappa. There were high correlations between features automatically collected by the HAQAS and the Fugl-Meyer scale in all the sub-items, with the maximal correlations all being over 0.5, indicating the high validity of the HAQAS in automatic FMA prediction. Hand functions were more highly correlated (average correlation coefficient 0.90) with HAQAS features than wrist functions (average correlation coefficient 0.54), and the GBDT achieved higher predictive accuracies and agreement than the DT algorithm. We conclude that the HAQAS is feasible for stroke patients with hand dysfunction and convenient for clinicians and therapists. This study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR1800019098).</p>","PeriodicalId":94303,"journal":{"name":"Brain-X","volume":"1 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brx2.26","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50140499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Target localization intervention and prognosis evaluation for an individual with mild cognitive impairment","authors":"Weiping Wang,&nbsp;Haiyan Zhao,&nbsp;Chang He,&nbsp;Yuanbo Cui,&nbsp;Zhen Wang,&nbsp;Alexander Hramov,&nbsp;Ping Luan,&nbsp;Xiong Luo,&nbsp;Jipeng Ouyang,&nbsp;Kurths Jürgen","doi":"10.1002/brx2.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brx2.25","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Currently, no specific treatments are available for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), the preclinical stage of AD, has a high possibility of reversing symptoms through neural regulation. A state dynamics model for single brain regions was developed to simulate blood oxygen level-dependent signals in a patient with early mild cognitive impairment. Subsequently, the analysis of functional connections was used to comprehensively consider multiple complex network centralities to locate the intervention targets, and a multiple brain region collaborative control scheme was designed. Finally, the reliability and effectiveness of the intervention were verified at the brain region and subnetwork levels. This technique provides a basis for future clinical diagnosis and treatment of AD and MCI.</p>","PeriodicalId":94303,"journal":{"name":"Brain-X","volume":"1 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brx2.25","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50140498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heart–brain team approach of acute myocardial infarction complicating acute stroke: Evidencing the knowledge gap","authors":"Na Li,&nbsp;Xin Tian,&nbsp;Yongzheng Guo","doi":"10.1002/brx2.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brx2.28","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) occurs in 1.6%–2.1% of patients with acute stroke.<span>¹</span> Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and antithrombotic therapy, which improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with AMI, may elevate the risks of hemorrhagic stroke in the acute phase of stroke.<span>²</span> How to manage the ischemic and bleeding risks in patients with AMI complicating acute stroke (AMI-CAS) is challenging in clinics. Therapeutics for AMI-CAS should be well-balanced by collaborating with cardiologists and neurologists. The institute in the present study has a structure to provide a heart–brain team approach,<span>³</span> which was defined as cardiac catheterization and antithrombotic therapies, according to the status and severity of an acute stroke and the patient's condition.</p><p>In this issue of the <i>Journal of the American Heart Association</i>, Suzuki et al.<span>⁴</span> described different clinical characteristics, coronary revascularization and antithrombotic therapies and cardiovascular and major bleeding outcomes of patients with AMI-CAS. These findings were based on a retrospective cohort study using data from the National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center (Suita, Japan) between 1 January 2007, and 30 September 2020 and included 2393 consecutive patients with AMI. Of these patients, those with takotsubo cardiomyopathy (<i>n</i> = 3) were excluded. The primary outcome was defined as a composite of major adverse cerebral/cardiovascular events (MACCEs), which included cardiac-cause death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke. The authors reported a few attractive findings. Firstly, AMI-CAS was identified in 1.6% (39/2390) of study participants in the current study. The characteristics of AMI-CAS tend to be women (46.2% vs. 26.2%; <i>P</i> = 0.005), chronic kidney disease (71.8% vs. 47.0%; <i>P</i> = 0.002), atrial fibrillation (38.5% vs. 9.8%; <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001) and stroke (33.3% vs. 11.1%; <i>P</i> &lt; 0.001). In 39 patients with AMI-CAS, 37 patients (37/39 = 94.9%) and 2 patients (2/39 = 5.1%) were diagnosed as having an ischemic stroke or hemorrhagic stroke, respectively. 69.2% and 10.3% of them were attributable to cardioembolic and atherosclerotic causes, respectively. AMI occurred within 3 days from the onset of acute stroke in 59.0% of patients with AMI-CAS, and the median duration of AMI from the onset of acute stroke was 2 days (interquartile range, 0–8 days). Secondly, medical procedures were conducted with a diverse frequency between AMI-CAS patients and AMI patients without acute stroke. Primary PCI (43.6% vs. 84.7%; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), stent implantation (30.8% vs. 77.9%; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) and dual-antithrombotic therapy (38.5% vs. 85.7%) were less frequently received in AMI-CAS, whereas thrombectomy (7.7% vs. 1.4%; <i>p</i> = 0.02) was higher than AMI patients without acute stroke. Additionally, angiotensin-converting ","PeriodicalId":94303,"journal":{"name":"Brain-X","volume":"1 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brx2.28","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50150912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanomedicines for Alzheimer's disease: Therapies based on pathological mechanisms","authors":"Guowang Cheng,&nbsp;Aihua Xie,&nbsp;Zhao Yan,&nbsp;Xiaozhen Zhu,&nbsp;Yafang Song,&nbsp;Tongkai Chen","doi":"10.1002/brx2.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brx2.27","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. Because of the complex pathogenesis of AD and the unique location of AD lesions, effective clinical treatment strategies for this disease remain elusive. However, the development of nanotechnology has allowed a new era of AD treatment to emerge. AD nanomedicines are products of interdisciplinary research that enable high precision and targeted delivery. Additionally, they can specifically regulate various pathogenic factors. This review focuses on nanomedicines based on the pathological mechanisms of AD that can target AD lesions. We also discuss the precise regulatory effects of nanomedicines (including the nanomaterials themselves) on pathogenic proteins, neuroinflammatory molecules, and other pathogenic factors. We summarize the clinical trials that have examined new AD drugs, highlighting the development of new nanomedicines and the progress in their clinical translation. Nanotechnology-based AD treatment is a nascent field, and a complete cure is distant at present; therefore, we also elaborate on the shortcomings of current AD nanomedicines. Finally, we discuss the prospects to guide the future development of AD nanomedicines.</p>","PeriodicalId":94303,"journal":{"name":"Brain-X","volume":"1 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brx2.27","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50146362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tribo-ferro-optoelectronic neuromorphic transistor of α-In2Se3","authors":"Zhenyu Feng,&nbsp;Jinran Yu,&nbsp;Yichen Wei,&nbsp;Yifei Wang,&nbsp;Bobo Tian,&nbsp;Yonghai Li,&nbsp;Liuqi Cheng,&nbsp;Zhong Lin Wang,&nbsp;Qijun Sun","doi":"10.1002/brx2.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brx2.24","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Inspired by biological neural networks, the fabrication of artificial neuromorphic systems with multimodal perception capacity shows promises in overcoming the “von Neumann bottleneck” and takes advantage of the efficient perception and computation of diverse types of signals. Here, we combine a triboelectric nanogenerator with an <i>α</i>-phase indium selenide (<i>α</i>-In₂Se₃) optoelectronic synaptic transistor to construct a tribo-ferro-optoelectronic artificial neuromorphic device with multimodal plasticity. Based on the excellent ferroelectric and optoelectronic characteristics of the <i>α</i>-In₂Se₃ channel, typical synaptic behaviors (e.g., pair-pulse facilitation and short-term/long-term plasticity) are successfully simulated in response to the synergistic effect of mechanical and optical stimuli. The interaction of mechanical displacement and light illumination enables heterosynaptic plasticity and spatiotemporal dynamic logic. Furthermore, multiple Boolean logical functions and associative learning behaviors are successfully implemented using the paired stimuli of displacement pulses and light pulses. The proposed tribo-ferro-optoelectronic artificial neuromorphic devices have great potential for application in interactive neural networks and next-generation artificial intelligence.</p>","PeriodicalId":94303,"journal":{"name":"Brain-X","volume":"1 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brx2.24","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50145781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential roles of transformers in brain tumor diagnosis and treatment","authors":"Yu-Long Lan,&nbsp;Shuang Zou,&nbsp;Bing Qin,&nbsp;Xiangdong Zhu","doi":"10.1002/brx2.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brx2.23","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Brain tumor (BT) is one of many malignancies that have substantially enhanced global human morbidity and mortality rates. Early detection and characterization of glioma are essential for effective preventive strategies. Currently, the use of Transformers, a deep learning model for BT diagnosis and treatment, is attracting significant attention. The transformer self-attention mechanism automatically learns the associations between input data for efficient processing and analysis. Research indicates that Transformers could play an essential role in the BT segmentation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images, the MRI and histopathology-based grading of brain cancer, BT molecular expression prediction, the classification of primary brain metastasis sites, voxel-level dose and BT radiotherapy outcome prediction, synergistic prediction, and the pathway deconvolution of drug combinations. In this review, the feasibility, accuracy, and applicability of various algorithms are systematically analyzed and their prospects are discussed. Overall, this review aimed to discuss and provide an overview of the increasing applications of Transformers in real-time BT detection and therapy, indicating their broad prospects and potential. In the future, Transformers are expected to be increasingly used for the diagnosis and subsequent treatment of BT because of the continuous development and improvement of Transformer-based deep learning technology. However, more work is required to investigate their properties for anomaly detection, medical image classification, network design development, and application to other medical data.</p>","PeriodicalId":94303,"journal":{"name":"Brain-X","volume":"1 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brx2.23","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50150382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging study of children's brain development in phonological processing and speeded naming","authors":"Zeyu Song,&nbsp;Zhenqi Jiang,&nbsp;Yingwei Fan,&nbsp;Liang Lu,&nbsp;Zhao Zhang,&nbsp;Yifei Wang,&nbsp;Yu Chen,&nbsp;Lifei Liu,&nbsp;Xiaoying Tang,&nbsp;Hanjun Li","doi":"10.1002/brx2.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brx2.20","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The brain structure and language skills of children are understood to be in a phase of rapid development and are especially represented by key phonological-semantic expressions that actively develop with age. In the present study, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 85 healthy children were retrospectively analyzed. Correlations of the phonological processing and speeded naming of specific brain regions of interest with age were assessed using the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF), degree centrality (DC), regional homogeneity (ReHo), and chain mediation effect analysis. Our results suggest that the developmental stages of children's posterior cingulate gyrus (PCC) and right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) mediate language development in children. Additionally, the functional similarity of the bilateral IFG triangular part was noted during development as was the stronger activation and higher local and whole-brain connectivity of the left IFG triangular part. Moreover, the PCC displayed stronger activation and higher local connectivity in the same period. Our data suggest that the development of the PCC and right IFG and the similarity of bilateral IFG function are important imaging markers of phonological processing and speeded naming in children and that the PCC and IFG show a more comprehensive development with age.</p>","PeriodicalId":94303,"journal":{"name":"Brain-X","volume":"1 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brx2.20","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50128033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}