Brain-X最新文献

{"title":"Brain perfusion alterations in patients and survivors of COVID-19 infection using arterial spin labeling: A systematic review","authors":"Sana Mohammadi,&nbsp;Sadegh Ghaderi,&nbsp;Farzad Fatehi","doi":"10.1002/brx2.70007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brx2.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been shown to impact the central nervous system, leading to various neurological complications. Arterial spin labeling (ASL), a non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging technique, enables the measurement of cerebral blood flow and perfusion abnormalities. This systematic review aims to synthesize ASL findings in patients with COVID-19 and assess the potential role of ASL in diagnosing and managing neurological complications. A comprehensive search was conducted on PubMed and Scopus for studies related to ASL in individuals with COVID-19 or post-COVID-19 syndrome published between December 2019 and August 2024. Extracted data encompassed study characteristics, ASL protocols, cognitive assessments, and principal findings. The most consistent observation across studies was hypoperfusion detected in various brain regions, particularly within the frontal lobes, which may correlate with cognitive impairment and olfactory dysfunction. Additionally, some investigations reported hyperperfusion localized to the leptomeninges. These results may reflect underlying mechanisms such as hypoxic–ischemic injury, inflammation, vascular dysfunction, and neuronal damage attributable to COVID-19. In conclusion, ASL has emerged as a valuable tool for evaluating brain perfusion among patients affected by or recovering from COVID-19 since it offers critical insights into cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism. Further research is warranted to validate these ASL findings and elucidate whether post-COVID-19 syndrome contributes to persistent brain perfusion issues.</p>","PeriodicalId":94303,"journal":{"name":"Brain-X","volume":"2 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brx2.70007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142451731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanosensitive Piezo channels and their potential roles in peripheral auditory perception","authors":"Zhangyi Yi,&nbsp;Ge Yin,&nbsp;Chunjiang Wei,&nbsp;Yizhou Quan,&nbsp;Yu Sun","doi":"10.1002/brx2.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brx2.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hearing sound and responding to external and internal mechanical stimuli requires specific proteins as mechanotransducers that convert mechanical forces into biological signals. However, our understanding of the mechanotransduction process in the inner ear is still incomplete. Mechanically activated ion channels, PIEZO1 and PIEZO2, are widely distributed throughout the body and play essential roles. Recent studies have discovered that Piezo channels are expressed in inner ear hair cells, suggesting their potential involvement in auditory perception. This review summarizes the existing discoveries about the Piezo channels, including their structure, mechanogating mechanisms, and general physiological roles, explicitly focusing on Piezo channels in the auditory systems. Piezo channels play roles in ultrasound perception, generation of anomalous current, hair cell development, and potentially in the normal mechanoelectrical transduction process of hair cells. Collectively, this review aims to provide a new perspective on the Piezo channel and its potential roles in auditory perception.</p>","PeriodicalId":94303,"journal":{"name":"Brain-X","volume":"2 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brx2.70006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142451730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research progress and applications of optoelectronic synaptic devices based on 2D materials","authors":"Yukun Zhao,&nbsp;Linrui Cheng,&nbsp;Rui Xu,&nbsp;Zexin Yu,&nbsp;Jianya Zhang","doi":"10.1002/brx2.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brx2.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the natural world, the human brain is the most powerful information processor, using a highly parallel, efficient, fault-tolerant, and reconfigurable neural network. Taking inspiration from this impressive architecture, optoelectronic synaptic devices have gained considerable attention for their ability to process and retain data simultaneously, making them essential components in the upcoming era of neuromorphic computing systems. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the development of optoelectronic neuromorphic synaptic devices using two-dimensional (2D) material heterostructures. This review focuses on the use of 2D materials in creating optoelectronic synaptic devices. It discusses the recent progress made in utilizing 2D material heterostructures in these devices and examines their potential in different areas such as image recognition, neuromorphic wearable electronics, logical operations, and neuromorphic computing systems. Heterostructures made with 2D materials provide a wide range of possibilities as their electronic band structures can be easily tailored to achieve effective optical and electrical modulation. Optoelectronic synaptic devices based on 2D materials simultaneously exhibit two functionalities: detection and memory. Furthermore, these materials have strong interatomic bonding within layers and possess a thickness of only one atomic layer, giving them exceptional flexibility, optical transparency, and mechanical strength. By utilizing 2D materials for solution processing and their ultra-thin profile, the manufacturing of three-terminal synapses becomes cost-effective, simplifying integration processes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":94303,"journal":{"name":"Brain-X","volume":"2 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brx2.70004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142451729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Promoting the welfare of animals utilized in neuroscience research","authors":"Tianshuo Zhang,&nbsp;NianNian Zhang,&nbsp;Ruoqing Feng,&nbsp;Hao Wang,&nbsp;Fangfang Bi,&nbsp;Shuangqing Wang","doi":"10.1002/brx2.70002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brx2.70002","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The safeguarding of animal welfare holds a deep-rooted history within public institutions and legislative structures, with the objective of enhancing the comfort and overall wellbeing of animals throughout the entire experimental process. It is paramount to harmonize the enhancement of animal welfare with medical research practices, as this is pivotal in mitigating factors that impede modeling precision and prioritizing their welfare. This commitment has nurtured innovation in advanced experimental methodologies and welfare evaluation techniques. The classic 3Rs principle-replacement, reduction, and refinement-serves as a fundamental cornerstone for advancing the welfare of model animals. The establishment of appropriate metrics for animal welfare, rooted in the 3Rs principle, will propel progress in related fields. This review delves into the evolution of animal ethics and the 3R principles, alongside strategies to elevate the welfare of various model animals utilized in neuroscience, encompassing non-human primates, rodents, zebrafish, and other species. The aim of this review is to clarify the notion of welfare in this context and to evaluate the merits and constraints of utilizing model animals in neuroscience research. This, in essence, may contribute to bolstering animal protection and standardizing their use in research endeavors. Additionally, the pursuit of novel modeling methodologies is imperative to provide superior alternatives for neuroscience research.</p>","PeriodicalId":94303,"journal":{"name":"Brain-X","volume":"2 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brx2.70002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142451749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbiome-gut-brain axis as a novel hotspot in depression","authors":"Yue Ma,&nbsp;Peng Xu,&nbsp;ZhenJun Bai,&nbsp;JiLiang Fang","doi":"10.1002/brx2.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brx2.43","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>As a prevalent psychiatric disorder, the etiology of depression remains largely elusive, necessitating further investigation into its pathophysiological underpinnings. Notably, the comorbidity of depression with other mental health conditions and chronic diseases often presents alongside gastrointestinal symptoms. Research on the microbiome-gut-brain axis (MGBA) has emerged as a promising avenue for elucidating the pathophysiology of depression. In this study, bibliometric analysis tools, including HistCite, VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and the bibliometrix <i>R</i> package, were employed to comprehensively explore the MGBA-depression connection. A comprehensive survey identified 980 relevant publications concerning the MGBA-depression relationship, with a significant increase in research output observed since 2014. This analysis pinpointed five key factors within the MGBA-depression domain: cytokines, maternal separation, neuroinflammation, probiotics, and the vagus nerve. The insights presented herein offer valuable perspectives on prevailing research models that investigate the intricate interplay among the microbiome, gastrointestinal system, and brain within the context of depression. Based on these findings, future investigations should prioritize developing microbial-based interventions and innovative therapeutic modalities aimed at alleviating depression. By leveraging interdisciplinary collaboration and enhancing our understanding of MGBA–depression connections, we can pave pathways toward more effective treatments. Furthermore, improving outcomes for individuals with depression may be achieved by deepening our comprehension of the complex relationships between depression itself, the gut-brain axis, and gastrointestinal microbiota.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":94303,"journal":{"name":"Brain-X","volume":"2 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brx2.43","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142451748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Posttranslational modifications in retinal degeneration diseases: An update on the molecular basis and treatment","authors":"Ke Yao,&nbsp;Qianxue Mou,&nbsp;Zhen Jiang,&nbsp;Yin Zhao","doi":"10.1002/brx2.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brx2.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Noninherited diseases and age-associated vision loss are often associated with retinal degeneration. The retina is a postmitotic neural tissue lacking endogenous regeneration capacity. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of retinal degeneration in diseases is pivotal. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) determine protein function during physiological and pathological processes, including signal transduction, protein localization, and protein activation. Advanced detection technologies have revealed over 400 different PTMs including acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination and SUMOylation. Here, we discuss PTMs in retinal degeneration diseases to aid in our understanding of their molecular basis and suggest potential future clinical treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":94303,"journal":{"name":"Brain-X","volume":"2 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brx2.70005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142443578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A novel neuronal circuit: Tanycytes mediate defensive metabolic responses following acute high-temperature exposure","authors":"Qi Chen,&nbsp;Anke Brüning-Richardson,&nbsp;Ruoli Chen,&nbsp;Shuang Zou,&nbsp;Yu-Long Lan","doi":"10.1002/brx2.70003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brx2.70003","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A schematic diagram of a proposed neural circuit for high temperature-induced feeding inhibition. Acute high temperature exposure activates excitatory neurons in the parabrachial nucleus brain area, promotes the release of vascular endothelial growth factor A from tanycytes, and acts on agouti-related protein neurons in the ARC brain area to inhibit feeding behavior.\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":94303,"journal":{"name":"Brain-X","volume":"2 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brx2.70003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142429386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconstructing continuous language from brain signals measured by fMRI based brain-computer interface","authors":"Shurui Li,&nbsp;Yuanning Li,&nbsp;Ru-Yuan Zhang","doi":"10.1002/brx2.70001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brx2.70001","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are designed to bridge the gap between human neural activity and external devices. Previous studies have shown that speech and text can be decoded from signals recorded from intracranial electrodes.&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Such applications can be used to develop neuroprostheses to restore speech function in patients with brain and psychiatric disorders.&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; These methods largely rely on invasive intracranial neural recordings that provide signals with high spatiotemporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio. Despite the advantage of being non-invasive, low temporal resolution means functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has rarely been used in this context to decode continuous speech, with its application primarily limited to coarse classification tasks.&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Despite this, fMRI-based neural encoding models have seen great progress in the last decade. For example, voxel-wise neural responses to continuous natural speech can be predicted using feature embeddings extracted from language models.&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; To reconstruct continuous speech from fMRI, three obstacles must be overcome. First, the brain's semantic representation regions are not clearly defined—previous research suggests a distributed network across various brain areas. Second, due to its temporal sluggishness, a single fMRI time point captures information from multiple preceding words within a 6–10-s window. Third, constraining the semantic space in language construction is challenging, as existing fMRI data capture only a fraction of the real semantic richness.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In a recently published study,&lt;span&gt;&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; Tang and colleagues propose a Bayesian method to decode continuous language from brain responses measured by fMRI. Unlike previous attempts to decode semantic vectors (&lt;i&gt;S&lt;/i&gt;) directly from brain responses (&lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;), this study used brain responses as a control condition for language generation models. The goal was to invert the encoding model to identify the most appropriate stimulus. According to Bayesian theory, the decoder estimates the posterior distribution &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;(&lt;i&gt;S&lt;/i&gt;|&lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;) and finds the stimuli &lt;i&gt;S&lt;/i&gt; that maximizes the posterior distribution given the neural response &lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;. Instead of directly building decoders that estimate &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;(&lt;i&gt;S&lt;/i&gt;|&lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;), which is usually intractable due to the aforementioned difficulties, the authors took advantage of the Bayesian decoding framework that &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;(&lt;i&gt;S&lt;/i&gt;|&lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;) ∝ &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;(&lt;i&gt;S&lt;/i&gt;)&lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;(&lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;|&lt;i&gt;S&lt;/i&gt;) and focused instead on the encoding model &lt;i&gt;P&lt;/i&gt;(&lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;|&lt;i&gt;S&lt;/i&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This work successfully overcame the three main barriers to fMRI-based language decoding. First, to localize the brain voxels containing semantic information, encoding performance was used as a metric to select voxels for decoding. Second, to deal with the temporal sluggishness of blood oxygen level-dep","PeriodicalId":94303,"journal":{"name":"Brain-X","volume":"2 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brx2.70001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142429384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic review on investigating major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder using MRI and genetic data from 2018 to 2024","authors":"Kai Sun,&nbsp;Xin Wang,&nbsp;Guifei Zhou,&nbsp;Wenchao Lv,&nbsp;Rujia Song,&nbsp;Wei Wei,&nbsp;Zhenyu Liu,&nbsp;Changbin Yu","doi":"10.1002/brx2.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brx2.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The incidence of affective disorders, of which major depression disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are two main types, has increased rapidly in recent years. They significantly impact patients, their families, and society. However, while affective disorders have become a major issue worldwide, their pathogenesis remains unclear. In the last 6 years, research using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and genetic data has gained prominence in understanding their pathophysiology and etiology. This systematic review collected the studies of MDD and BD research published between January 1, 2018, and February 1, 2024, focusing on studies using MRI and genetic data and indexed in the Web of Science and PubMed database. It aims to investigate the similarities and differences in their imaging phenotypes and underlying molecular bases. After exclusions, a total of 80 articles were included in this review. Research on MDD and BD reveals the critical role of epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, in brain structure and function changes. The genes and pathways implicated in MDD are directly associated with depressive symptoms. In contrast, those implicated in BD are associated with mood regulation and cognitive functions. In addition, functional imaging studies have revealed that abnormalities in MDD are frequently concentrated in regions involved in emotion regulation and stress response. In contrast, those in BD are frequently concentrated in the neural circuits related to reward processing and emotional stability. Further multimodal and multiscale studies are needed to advance the field of mood disorder research.</p>","PeriodicalId":94303,"journal":{"name":"Brain-X","volume":"2 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brx2.70000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142244535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Music therapy for depression: A narrative review","authors":"Xiaoman Wang,&nbsp;Wei Huang,&nbsp;Shuibin Liu,&nbsp;Chunhua He,&nbsp;Heng Wu,&nbsp;Lianglun Cheng,&nbsp;Songqing Deng","doi":"10.1002/brx2.72","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/brx2.72","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As living standards improve, mental and physical health have been gaining increasing attention. Presently, depression is one of the most severe mental health issues. Depression affects the quality of life of affected individuals because it lasts for a very long time and is generally difficult to cure. Currently, pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy are the two main approaches for treating depression. However, some principles and characteristics of pharmacotherapy remain unclear, and its side effects are significant and noticeable. In addition, ordinary psychotherapy requires the assistance of a qualified psychotherapist, which is usually hard to find and expensive. Both methods are burdensome to the patients, making it difficult for them to benefit. As an easy-to-obtain therapy, music therapy has been recommended by physicians as an auxiliary therapy for various diseases to regulate patients' emotions and help the primary treatment methods to obtain better therapeutic effects. This review investigates and summarizes recent articles on the pathogenesis of depression and the effects of music therapy on depression. Its results show that music therapy is effective and available. However, a systematic treatment plan has not yet been formulated due to the lack of samples and short follow-up times. Future studies should include more samples and follow-up patients after the treatment period to address the continuous effect and principle of music therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":94303,"journal":{"name":"Brain-X","volume":"2 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/brx2.72","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141994153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}