Advances in cancer research最新文献

{"title":"Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) as an oncolytic therapeutic agent for cancer.","authors":"Jennifer Altomonte","doi":"10.1016/bs.acr.2026.02.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/bs.acr.2026.02.004","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), an enveloped RNA virus that naturally infects livestock, has emerged as a highly versatile and potent platform for research purposes and, especially, for oncolytic virotherapy. The unique advantages of VSV as an oncolytic platform, including its rapid replication kinetics, strong cytolytic activity, its easily manipulated genome and ability to express foreign transgenes, and the ability to manufacture VSV at high concentrations, make this virus particularly well-suited as an oncolytic virus vector. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the biological and therapeutic foundations underlying the development of oncolytic VSV. It begins with the basic virology of VSV, including its genome organization, host range, and its inherent tumor specificity due to its sensitivity to type I interferons, allowing for preferential replication in cells that harbor impairments in antiviral responses, which is a hallmark of cancer. The principles of oncolytic virotherapy are outlined, emphasizing the multiple mechanisms of action, including direct tumor cell lysis and induction of local and systemic antitumor immunity. Examples of genetic engineering strategies to enhance efficacy and improve the translational potential are outlined. Finally, the current state of clinical development, highlighting completed and ongoing clinical trials evaluating recombinant oncolytic VSV vectors in various malignancies is summarized. Together, these basic principles, the extensive preclinical development spanning over 2 decades, and recent clinical advances underscore the promise of VSV as a next-generation oncolytic platform with substantial potential to transform cancer therapy through virus engineering and combinatorial immuno-oncology strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":94294,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cancer research","volume":"171 ","pages":"187-217"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148177525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to cancer biomarkers and current research.","authors":"Ashutosh Rai, Meenakshi Singh, Shiv Charan, Supriya Khanra, Aastha Datta, Ajay Prakash, Bikash Medhi, Uttam Mete, Deeksha Pal","doi":"10.1016/bs.acr.2025.12.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/bs.acr.2025.12.005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biomarkers in cancer are diverse molecular, cellular, or biochemical indicators that help diagnose, predict, and treat various cancers. They can be detected in tissues, blood, or other bodily fluids and guide personalized treatment strategies. Biomarkers are an integral component in oncology. They are described as prognostic, predictive, and diagnostic based on their applicability. Apart from molecular markers such as protein expression, other advanced biomarkers are being developed: circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and lipid metabolism-related markers. Continuous advances in molecular profiling, liquid biopsy, and computational analysis promise to enhance the utility of biomarkers in personalized oncology. In addition, high-throughput techniques (next-generation sequencing, mass spectrometry, and immune cell profiling) are being utilized for biomarker discoveries to support personalized therapeutics in oncology. The future of biomarkers lies in more advanced tools such as radiogenomics and artificial intelligence, which will cater to the requirement of more precise biomarkers. Artificial intelligence is revolutionizing the biomarkers by analyzing large data sets in short stipulated time. In the present chapter, we delve into the utility, advancement, and challenges of biomarkers in oncology.</p>","PeriodicalId":94294,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cancer research","volume":"170 ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147990642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Future perspectives and challenges for identification and recognition of clinically significant cancer biomarkers.","authors":"Shiv Charan, Supriya Khanra, Umesh Kumar, Deeksha Pal, Sandeep Kumar, Ajay Prakash, Bikash Medhi","doi":"10.1016/bs.acr.2026.01.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/bs.acr.2026.01.012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The identification and detection of clinically meaningful cancer biomarkers are at the core of precision oncology development, with the potential to revolutionize cancer screening, diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapeutic approaches. The shifting paradigm of cancer biomarker discovery, including both new opportunities and old challenges preventing clinical translation, will be the subject of this chapter. Biomarkers such as genetic mutation, epigenetic alteration, protein expression profiling, and metabolomic fingerprints play a central role in stratifying cancer patients, predicting treatment efficacy, and monitoring disease progression. Advances in technologies at breakneck pace NGS, single-cell omics, proteomics, and artificial intelligence (AI)-driven analytics have significantly boosted the capacity to decode tumor heterogeneity, clonal evolution, and microenvironment interactions. Of particular interest, liquid biopsy platforms that focus on circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumor cells (CTCs), exosomes, and microRNAs are transforming non-invasive diagnostics with the potential for early detection and real-time monitoring of disease. Bringing candidate biomarkers to fully validated clinical tests, however, is an elusive goal. The current chapter critically assesses barriers like biological heterogeneity, lack of adequate assay standardization, sparse longitudinal validation, and variability in data interpretation across different platforms and populations. Tumor plasticity and pressure from therapy-induced dynamic alterations further cloud biomarker dependability, necessitating adaptive and integrative solutions. Consistently, there is a growing shift away from single-marker solutions toward composite biomarker panels guided by multi-omics integration and AI-guided predictive modeling. The chapter will also address current clinical applications of established biomarkers such as HER2 in breast cancer, EGFR in lung cancer, and PD-L1 expression and tumor mutational burden (TMB) in cancer immunotherapy and the limitations these biomarkers have in heterogeneous populations. Further, the ethical and regulatory considerations of biomarker development including data privacy issues in AI-based applications, equitable access to advanced diagnostics in low-resource settings, and cost-effectiveness for roll-out at scale will be addressed. Directions of the future will include developing standardized validation pipelines, interdisciplinarity, and biomarker platforms available globally that can be dynamically calibrated based on patient-specific profiles. Finally, this chapter hopes to set an all-encompassing road map toward closing the gap between the discovery of molecular biomarkers and clinical application in the hope of fashioning a better more accurate, individualized, and equitable future in cancer treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":94294,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cancer research","volume":"170 ","pages":"393-417"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147990646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive cancer biomarkers in cancer theraputic approaches.","authors":"Prosenjit Mridha, Anupam Biswas, Rajashree Das, Rinku Baishya","doi":"10.1016/bs.acr.2026.01.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/bs.acr.2026.01.013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Biomarkers are molecules, for example, DNA, RNA, proteins, as well as metabolites, present in biofluids or tissues, whose levels are altered in response to disease. They are very important for healthcare settings as they provide significant insights to identify various biological processes, including progression and treatment response. In cancer therapy, these biomarkers assist in early identification, monitoring disease development as well as progression, and guiding personalized medicine. Cancer biomarkers are clinically categorised into three types: Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Predictive. Diagnostic biomarkers provide information about the disease and whether the patient has a particular kind of cancer. They also give information about the subtypes of that disease. Prognostic biomarkers assist for the prediction of the effects of the cancer in a patient, without considering the type of treatment. In addition, it also shows how aggressive the cancer is and how fast it may progress. Predictive biomarkers, in contrast, predict the patient's response to a particular treatment and which treatment strategy will be the most beneficial for the patient, which minimizes the time and expenditure of the treatment, and also avoids any adverse effects of the treatment. Recent advancements in highly efficient techniques such as genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and advanced imaging have improved the detection of cancer biomarkers, which are more sensitive, specific, and accurate. These advances have led to the rise of targeted therapies, immunotherapy, and personalized medicine. Despite all these breakthroughs, challenges remain in the biomarker standardization, clinical validation, and accessibility of biomarker-based approaches. This chapter highlights the different types of biomarkers available for cancer detection and diagnosis, clinical applications, recent perspectives, and future prospects in cancer therapeutics.</p>","PeriodicalId":94294,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cancer research","volume":"170 ","pages":"69-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147990718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomarkers for targeted therapy and treatment decision making.","authors":"Piyal Mukherjee, Manoj Kumar Jana, Arthita Dutta, Adrija Ponda, Neeraj Mohan Gupta, Sudip Das, Umesh Kumar, Vishnu Swarup, Mahesh Narayan","doi":"10.1016/bs.acr.2025.12.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/bs.acr.2025.12.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over the past few years, targeted therapy has become the backbone of precision oncology, with personalized treatment plans shaped by the individual tumor's molecular and genetic profile. Underpinning this treatment approach, biomarkers enable identification of patient subgroups in whom specific agents are likely to be most beneficial, assist with monitoring response to treatment, and enable anticipation or prevention of drug resistance. This chapter gives an in-depth overview of biomarkers in targeted therapy and their central role in treatment decision-making across different types of cancer. It outlines established biomarkers including EGFR mutations in non-small cell lung cancer, HER2 amplification in breast cancer, BRAF mutations in melanoma, ALK rearrangement, and PD-L1 expression as integral in the direction of immunotherapy. This chapter also takes into account the growing impact of liquid biopsy techniques, such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), cell-free DNA (cfDNA), exosomes, and microRNAs, as minimally invasive approaches to dynamic monitoring, early diagnosis and therapeutic direction. It also discusses tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), and gene expression signatures as more general indicators of responsiveness to treatment. The integration of multi-omics approaches, artificial intelligence, and machine learning is also enabling new horizons in biomarker discovery and validation. However, there are obstacles to clinical translation, such as tumor heterogeneity, adaptive resistance mechanisms, and regulatory and ethical considerations for biomarker-directed therapies. By integrating current advances and clinical applications, this chapter emphasizes the central role of biomarkers in optimizing treatment approaches, reducing adverse effects, and ultimately enhancing patient outcomes. The discussion emphasizes the potential capabilities of precision medicine to revolutionize cancer care, where biomarker-directed treatment decisions are predictive, prognostic, and dynamically responsive to tumor evolution.</p>","PeriodicalId":94294,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cancer research","volume":"170 ","pages":"89-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147990720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanocarriers for drug delivery in skin cancer.","authors":"Tejas Gunjal, Shravani Mule, Kiran Gunjal, Sonal Gaur, Jaswinder Singh, Atiyabanu Nagingar, Renuka Maru, Saurabh Maru","doi":"10.1016/bs.acr.2026.01.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/bs.acr.2026.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This chapter will thoroughly examine how the landscape of skin cancer therapeutics is changing with a particular focus on the fact that nanotechnology has resulted in a transformative advancement in drug delivery systems. It starts by providing a summary of the epidemiology of skin cancer, and the treatment difficulties that are associated with conventional modalities, including surgery, radiotherapy, and topical chemotherapy, and their shortcomings. The wide variety of nanocarriers, including lipid-based systems, polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, dendrimers, and inorganic platforms like gold nanoparticles and quantum dots, are then discussed along with their physicochemical properties, the mechanism of improved drug solubility, stability, bioavailability, and targeted activity. The hybrid and stimuli-sensitive delivery systems that are intended to be delivered on the site of action in response to internal (pH, redox, enzyme) or exterior (light, temperature, magnetic field) stimuli receive particular attention. The efforts to optimize therapeutic utility and reduce toxicity in the off-target tissues through enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) impact and ligand-based targeting are among the passive and active tumor targeting mechanisms that are taken into consideration.The chapter ends with a discussion on the recent research, combination therapies, theranostics, and future on clinical translation of nanotechnology-based methods in managing skin cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":94294,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cancer research","volume":"169 ","pages":"119-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147825350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cancer biomarker that are currently used in cancer therapy and under evaluation in clinical trials.","authors":"Lakshita Tyagi, Shreeja Mishra, Simran, Harjinder Singh, Manoj Kumar, Garima Rathi, Navneet Kaur, Satbir Singh Sehgal, Umesh Kumar","doi":"10.1016/bs.acr.2025.12.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/bs.acr.2025.12.010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cancer biomarkers significantly advance precision oncology by giving physicians guidance about treatment options based on the molecular characteristics of a person's tumor, allowing for personalized cancer care. When used collectively, the identification of these cancer biomarkers will lead to better selection of appropriate therapies, facilitate monitoring of response to treatment, and provide rapid evaluation of treatment efficacy. Genetic mutations that are frequently used as cancer biomarkers include mutant forms of particular oncogenes like EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), BRAF (B-Raf proto-oncogene), and NTRK (neurotrophic receptor kinase). Targeted therapies that have been successfully developed to treat EGFR mutations in lung cancer and V600E BRAF mutations in melanoma have been proven to be effective. The use of drug therapies such as imlunestrant that specifically target ESR1 mutations in advanced breast cancer cases reflects the incorporation of genetic biomarkers into routine clinical decision making. Non-invasive liquid biopsy technologies, such as the MI Cancer Seek assay, permit the identification of the driver mutations (e.g., PIK3CA, EGFR, BRAF), the presence of microsatellite instability (MSI), and the mutational burden of a tumor tissue sample, providing predictive markers for both targeted and immunotherapeutic treatment options. The further development of HRD and the viral onco-genes have widened the options available for a biomarker-based therapy. This chapter will provide an in-depth explanation of an Introduction to Cancer Biomarkers and new research developments.</p>","PeriodicalId":94294,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cancer research","volume":"170 ","pages":"355-391"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147990666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Zika virus as an oncolytic therapy.","authors":"Eric Hawley, Milan G Chheda","doi":"10.1016/bs.acr.2026.02.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/bs.acr.2026.02.009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glioblastoma (GBM) is a common, aggressive, primary brain tumor. New therapies are needed to improve outcomes in patients with this disease. One such approach which has shown preclinical promise is the use of genetically engineered Zika virus for oncolytic virotherapy. Zika virus is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus and is spread by mosquitoes of the Aedes genus. Most infections with Zika virus in adults are asymptomatic. However, primary infection with Zika virus early during pregnancy can cause fetal congenital defects. This phenomenon, termed congenital Zika syndrome, is thought to be the result of infection of fetal neural stem cells. The development of Zika virus as an oncolytic for GBM arose from the discovery that Zika virus infects and kills GBM stem cells. GBM stem cells have similarities to fetal neural stem cells and are a subpopulation of cells within the tumor that are refractory to treatment and likely drive tumor persistence and re-occurrence. In preclinical models of GBM, infection with Zika virus triggers immune-mediated clearance of orthotopically transplanted tumors and leads to development of immunological memory. The propensity of Zika virus to infect GBM stem cells along with limited systemic toxicities and transmissibility make Zika virus an ideal candidate for development as an oncolytic therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":94294,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cancer research","volume":"171 ","pages":"129-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148177508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cancer terminator viruses: Unique conditionally replication competent oncolytic viruses producing therapeutic anti-cancer immunomodulating agents.","authors":"Pritam Kumar Roy, Shahid Maqbool Mir, Narsimha Mamidi, Padmanabhan Mannangatti, Theresa Gammel, David D Limbrick, Devanand Sarkar, Swadesh K Das, Paul B Fisher","doi":"10.1016/bs.acr.2026.02.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/bs.acr.2026.02.007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cancer terminator viruses (CTVs) are next‑generation conditionally replicating oncolytic adenoviruses that integrate precise tumor targeting, direct oncolysis, and potent cytokine‑mediated immunotherapy into a single platform. In CTVs, viral replication is driven by cancer‑selective promoters such as the progression elevated gene‑3 (PEG‑3) promoter, restricting E1A expression and adenoviral replication to tumor cells while sparing normal tissues. These vectors are \"armed\" with broad‑acting immunomodulatory cytokines, most notably melanoma differentiation-associated gene‑7/interleukin‑24 (mda‑7/IL‑24) or interferon‑gamma, which can induce cancer‑selective apoptosis, toxic autophagy, anti‑angiogenesis, and robust innate and adaptive immune responses, including \"bystander killing\" of distant, noninfected tumor cells. Chimeric fiber‑modified backbones such as Ad.5/3 enhance infection of Coxsackie-adenovirus receptor-deficient tumors, broadening applicability to refractory epithelial, prostate, brain, and pancreatic cancers. Preclinical studies demonstrate that CTVs eradicate primary and metastatic lesions in multiple xenograft models and synergize with chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitors, especially when combined with advanced delivery technologies such as ultrasound‑targeted microbubble destruction and focused ultrasound double-microbubble platforms for systemic, site‑directed release. Ongoing efforts to incorporate IL‑24 \"Superkine,\" fusion cytokines and fusion Superkines, and rational combinations with immunotherapies position CTVs as a versatile and clinically translatable viro-immunotherapeutic strategy for advanced solid tumors. Progress in these efforts will pave the way for applying these virotherapies for improved cancer treatments in the clinic.</p>","PeriodicalId":94294,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cancer research","volume":"171 ","pages":"321-374"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148177509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Futuredirections in nanotechnology for skin cancer.","authors":"Shivani Manglic, Neetu Rani, Preeti Chaudhary, Divya Shrivastava, Jyoti Chaudhary, Saurabh Maru, Anil Kumar Mavi, Amarjeet Singh","doi":"10.1016/bs.acr.2026.01.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/bs.acr.2026.01.015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Skin cancer, encompassing non-melanoma types such as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and the more lethal melanoma, remains a global health burden. Traditional therapies-including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy-often encounter limitations like toxicity, drug resistance, and low specificity. Nanotechnology offers transformative potential by enabling targeted, efficient drug delivery through carriers such as liposomes, dendrimers, and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). These nanocarriers enhance drug solubility, stability, and bioavailability, while passive, active, and stimuli-responsive targeting mechanisms improve precision in delivery. Controlled drug release is governed by diffusion, solvent interaction, degradation, or external triggers such as pH, temperature, and magnetic or electric fields. Lipid-based nanocarriers, including SLNs, liposomes, and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), are particularly effective for poorly water-soluble drugs, allowing dual-phase release and enhanced penetration. Drug-release kinetics can be modeled using equations such as Korsmeyer-Peppas, Higuchi, and zero-order kinetics. Additionally, inorganic nanoparticles (INPs) like gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and quantum dots offer multifunctional roles in imaging, therapy, and tumor targeting due to their unique physicochemical properties. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), particularly when enhanced through nanocarriers, offer minimally invasive solutions for melanoma. Formulations using photosensitizers like indocyanine green, chlorin e6, and phthalocyanines have demonstrated improved ROS production and tumor regression. Hybrid systems combining PDT/PTT with targeted delivery and immune modulation further amplify therapeutic outcomes. Overall, nanotechnology represents a promising frontier in skin cancer treatment, offering improved efficacy, reduced side effects, and enhanced precision.</p>","PeriodicalId":94294,"journal":{"name":"Advances in cancer research","volume":"169 ","pages":"417-465"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147825264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}