Noel Chia, Mihir Ananta Gudi, Emad Rakha, Puay Hoon Tan
{"title":"HER2-low breast cancers: challenges in the interpretation of immunohistochemistry.","authors":"Noel Chia, Mihir Ananta Gudi, Emad Rakha, Puay Hoon Tan","doi":"10.4103/singaporemedj.SMJ-2023-037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/singaporemedj.SMJ-2023-037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Overexpression of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) protein in breast cancers carries significant prognostic and therapeutic implications. Anti-HER2 blockade has shown to be a useful adjunct to surgery in treating HER2-positive tumours. Up till today, the HER2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridisation (ISH) scoring algorithms are geared towards identifying HER2-positive cases. A recently published Phase III clinical trial (DESTINY-Breast04) has demonstrated that an antibody-drug conjugate (trastuzumab-deruxtecan) significantly reduced disease progression and death in patients with metastatic disease with IHC score 1+ or 2+ and without ISH amplification, defining a new category of cases known as HER2 low. At present, IHC scores 0, 1+ and 2+ show significant interobserver variability, and identifying HER2-low breast cancers may pose significant challenges with the current algorithms. More work is needed in this area to better define HER2-low breast cancers, target the appropriate group of patients and assess treatment efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":94289,"journal":{"name":"Singapore medical journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140121768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Garrett Kang, Le Shaun Ang, Wen Hui Leia Teo, Yu Wei Cheryl Huang, Venkataraman Narayan, Andrew Boon Eu Kwek, Tiing Leong Ang, Yu Jun Wong
{"title":"Clinical outcomes of variceal and non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding in cirrhosis patients in Singapore.","authors":"Garrett Kang, Le Shaun Ang, Wen Hui Leia Teo, Yu Wei Cheryl Huang, Venkataraman Narayan, Andrew Boon Eu Kwek, Tiing Leong Ang, Yu Jun Wong","doi":"10.4103/singaporemedj.SMJ-2023-046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/singaporemedj.SMJ-2023-046","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94289,"journal":{"name":"Singapore medical journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140041275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Timothy Jia Rong Lam, Zhenghong Liu, Benjamin Yong-Qiang Tan, Yih Ying Ng, Colin Kaihui Tan, Xiang Yi Wong, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Leonard Leong Litt Yeo, Andrew Fu Wah Ho, Marcus Eng Hock Ong
{"title":"Prehospital stroke care in Singapore.","authors":"Timothy Jia Rong Lam, Zhenghong Liu, Benjamin Yong-Qiang Tan, Yih Ying Ng, Colin Kaihui Tan, Xiang Yi Wong, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Leonard Leong Litt Yeo, Andrew Fu Wah Ho, Marcus Eng Hock Ong","doi":"10.4103/singaporemedj.SMJ-2023-066","DOIUrl":"10.4103/singaporemedj.SMJ-2023-066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Due to the narrow window of opportunity for stroke therapeutics to be employed, effectiveness of stroke care systems is predicated on the efficiency of prehospital stroke systems. A robust prehospital stroke system of care that provides a rapid and well-coordinated response maximises favourable poststroke outcomes, but achieving this presents a unique set of challenges dependent on demographic and geographical circumstances. Set in the context of a highly urbanised first-world nation with a rising burden of stroke, Singapore's prehospital stroke system has evolved to reflect the environment in which it operates. This review aims to characterise the current state of prehospital stroke care in Singapore, covering prehospital aspects of the stroke survival chain from symptom onset till arrival at the emergency department. We identify areas for improvement and innovation, as well as provide insights into the possible future of prehospital stroke care in Singapore.</p>","PeriodicalId":94289,"journal":{"name":"Singapore medical journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140051435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Camelia Qian Ying Tang, Sean Han Sheng Lai, Ellen Yutan Lee, Anthony Foo, Alphonsus Khin Sze Chong
{"title":"Fitness to drive after trigger or carpal tunnel release surgery: perceptions of patients versus clinicians.","authors":"Camelia Qian Ying Tang, Sean Han Sheng Lai, Ellen Yutan Lee, Anthony Foo, Alphonsus Khin Sze Chong","doi":"10.4103/singaporemedj.SMJ-2021-424","DOIUrl":"10.4103/singaporemedj.SMJ-2021-424","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94289,"journal":{"name":"Singapore medical journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140051434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Singapore medical journalPub Date : 2024-03-01Epub Date: 2024-03-26DOI: 10.4103/singaporemedj.SMJ-2023-193
Cher Heng Tan, Wilson Wen Bin Goh, Jimmy Bok Yan So, Joseph J Y Sung
{"title":"Clinical use cases in artificial intelligence: current trends and future opportunities.","authors":"Cher Heng Tan, Wilson Wen Bin Goh, Jimmy Bok Yan So, Joseph J Y Sung","doi":"10.4103/singaporemedj.SMJ-2023-193","DOIUrl":"10.4103/singaporemedj.SMJ-2023-193","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94289,"journal":{"name":"Singapore medical journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11060646/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140290113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Singapore medical journalPub Date : 2024-03-01Epub Date: 2024-03-26DOI: 10.4103/singaporemedj.SMJ-2024-060
Joseph J Y Sung
{"title":"Introduction to artificial intelligence in medicine.","authors":"Joseph J Y Sung","doi":"10.4103/singaporemedj.SMJ-2024-060","DOIUrl":"10.4103/singaporemedj.SMJ-2024-060","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94289,"journal":{"name":"Singapore medical journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11060645/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140290119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Singapore medical journalPub Date : 2024-03-01Epub Date: 2024-03-26DOI: 10.4103/singaporemedj.SMJ-2023-279
Julian Savulescu, Alberto Giubilini, Robert Vandersluis, Abhishek Mishra
{"title":"Ethics of artificial intelligence in medicine.","authors":"Julian Savulescu, Alberto Giubilini, Robert Vandersluis, Abhishek Mishra","doi":"10.4103/singaporemedj.SMJ-2023-279","DOIUrl":"10.4103/singaporemedj.SMJ-2023-279","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>This article reviews the main ethical issues that arise from the use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in medicine. Issues around trust, responsibility, risks of discrimination, privacy, autonomy, and potential benefits and harms are assessed. For better or worse, AI is a promising technology that can revolutionise healthcare delivery. It is up to us to make AI a tool for the good by ensuring that ethical oversight accompanies the design, development and implementation of AI technology in clinical practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":94289,"journal":{"name":"Singapore medical journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7615805/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140290118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Singapore medical journalPub Date : 2024-03-01Epub Date: 2024-03-26DOI: 10.4103/singaporemedj.SMJ-2023-190
Simon Kitto, Yih Yng Ng, Jennifer Cleland
{"title":"'Slowing down when you should': optimising the translation of artificial intelligence into medical school curricula.","authors":"Simon Kitto, Yih Yng Ng, Jennifer Cleland","doi":"10.4103/singaporemedj.SMJ-2023-190","DOIUrl":"10.4103/singaporemedj.SMJ-2023-190","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94289,"journal":{"name":"Singapore medical journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11060641/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140290123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Singapore medical journalPub Date : 2024-03-01Epub Date: 2024-03-26DOI: 10.4103/singaporemedj.SMJ-2023-203
Yueyuan Xu, Zehua Jiang, Daniel Shu Wei Ting, Alfred Wei Chieh Kow, Fernando Bello, Josip Car, Yih-Chung Tham, Tien Yin Wong
{"title":"Medical education and physician training in the era of artificial intelligence.","authors":"Yueyuan Xu, Zehua Jiang, Daniel Shu Wei Ting, Alfred Wei Chieh Kow, Fernando Bello, Josip Car, Yih-Chung Tham, Tien Yin Wong","doi":"10.4103/singaporemedj.SMJ-2023-203","DOIUrl":"10.4103/singaporemedj.SMJ-2023-203","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>With the rise of generative artificial intelligence (AI) and AI-powered chatbots, the landscape of medicine and healthcare is on the brink of significant transformation. This perspective delves into the prospective influence of AI on medical education, residency training and the continuing education of attending physicians or consultants. We begin by highlighting the constraints of the current education model, challenges in limited faculty, uniformity amidst burgeoning medical knowledge and the limitations in 'traditional' linear knowledge acquisition. We introduce 'AI-assisted' and 'AI-integrated' paradigms for medical education and physician training, targeting a more universal, accessible, high-quality and interconnected educational journey. We differentiate between essential knowledge for all physicians, specialised insights for clinician-scientists and mastery-level proficiency for clinician-computer scientists. With the transformative potential of AI in healthcare and service delivery, it is poised to reshape the pedagogy of medical education and residency training.</p>","PeriodicalId":94289,"journal":{"name":"Singapore medical journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11060639/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140290120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}