Current drug delivery最新文献

{"title":"Nanovesicles as Potential Carriers for Delivery of Antiviral Drugs: A Comprehensive Review.","authors":"Sabitri Bindhani, Amit Kumar Nayak","doi":"10.2174/0115672018313783240603114509","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115672018313783240603114509","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Different nanocarriers-based strategies are now extensively being used as an important strategy for improving drug efficacy and responsiveness, reducing toxicity issues related to drugs and harmful side effects, and overcoming the numerous significant difficulties related to absorption and bioavailability. Amongst different nanocarriers, nanovesicles are excellent and versatile systems for effectively delivering therapeutic agents, targeting ligand distribution and location. Nanovesicles are nanosized self-assembling spherical capsules with an aqueous core and one/- more lipid(s) layers. Several synthetic nanovesicles have been developed and investigated for their prospective uses in delivering drugs, proteins, peptides, nutrients, etc. Important procedures for nanovesicle manufacturing are thin-film hydration, unshaken method, ethanol injection, ether injection, proliposomes, freeze-drying, hot method, cold method, reverse-phase evaporation, and ultrasonication. Liposomes, liposomes, ethosomes, exosomes, and transferosomes (elastic vesicles) are the nonvesicular candidates extensively investigated to deliver antiviral drugs. This review article comprehensively overview different nanovesicles, their compositions, manufacturing, and applications as potential carriers for effectively delivering different antiviral drugs to treat viral diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":94287,"journal":{"name":"Current drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"746-760"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12376137/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141285710","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent Trends and Applications of Nanostructure-based Drug Delivery in Alleviating Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).","authors":"Lokesh Nagar, Nisha Gulati, Annu Saini, Sachin Kumar Singh, Gaurav Gupta, Ronan MacLoughlin, Dinesh Kumar Chellappan, Kamal Dua, Harish Dureja","doi":"10.2174/0115672018289883240226113353","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115672018289883240226113353","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), a chronic lung disease that causes breathing difficulties and obstructs airflow from the lungs, has a significant global health burden and affects millions of people worldwide. The use of pharmaceuticals in COPD treatment is aimed to alleviate symptoms, improve lung function, prevent exacerbations, and enhance the overall quality of life for patients. Nanotechnology holds great promise to alleviate the burden of COPD. The main goal of this review is to present the full spectrum of therapeutics based on nanostructures for the treatment and management of COPD, including nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, solid-lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, exosomes, nanoemulsions, nanosuspensions, and niosomes. Nanotechnology is just one of the many areas of research that may contribute to the development of more effective and personalized treatment modalities for COPD patients in the future. Future studies may be focused on enhancing the therapeutic effectiveness of nanocarriers by conducting extensive mechanistic investigations to translate current scientific knowledge for the effective management of COPD with little or no adverse effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":94287,"journal":{"name":"Current drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"708-720"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140041274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization and <i>In vivo</i> Evaluation of Polymorphic Valnemulin Hydrogen Fumarate.","authors":"Zhu Xinle, Zhang Li, Li Jian, Zhao Hui, Gu Jinhua, Wang Hejia","doi":"10.2174/0115672018289236240530095059","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115672018289236240530095059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In the present study, a valnemulin hydrogen fumarate prodrug was characterized, its stability was compared with valnemulin hydrochloride, and the efficacy was evaluated in controlling pneumonia among mice experimentally infected with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Optical microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used to study the physical and chemical properties of the prodrug. The thermal stability was investigated in comparison with valnemulin hydrochloride to improve the preparation process of valnemulin hydrogen fumarate soluble powder and maximize its drug effect. Additionally, the efficacy of valnemulin hydrogen fumarate was evaluated in a challenge-treatment trial in mice using an <i>Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae</i> infection test in vivo.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Valnemulin hydrogen fumarate had high crystallinity. After light irradiation for 20 days, valnemulin hydrogen fumarate did not degrade, whereas valnemulin hydrochloride did. These results showed that the valnemulin hydrogen fumarate was stable. At the same dose in drinking water, the valnemulin hydrogen fumarate was more effective than the reference drug of tiamulin fumarate in an <i>Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae</i> challenge-treatment trial.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Valnemulin hydrogen fumarate shows excellent potential for application as a veterinary drug.</p>","PeriodicalId":94287,"journal":{"name":"Current drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"798-809"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141285707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overcoming Skin Barrier with Transfersomes: Opportunities, Challenges, and Applications.","authors":"Bhupendra Dixena, Rashmi Madhariya, Anupama Panday, Alpana Ram, Akhlesh K Jain","doi":"10.2174/0115672018272012231213100535","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115672018272012231213100535","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) offer several advantages over traditional methods such as injections and oral administration. These advantages include preventing first-pass metabolism, providing consistent and sustained activity, reducing side effects, enabling the use of short half-life drugs, improving physiological response, and enhancing patient convenience. However, the permeability of skin poses a challenge for TDDS, as it is impermeable to large molecules and hydrophilic drugs but permeable to small molecules and lipophilic drug. To overcome this barrier, researchers have investigated vesicular systems, such as transfersomes, liposomes, niosomes, and ethosomes. Among these vesicular systems, transfersomes are particularly promising for noninvasive drug administration due to their deformability and flexible membrane. They have been extensively studied for delivering anticancer drugs, insulin, corticosteroids, herbal medicines, and NSAIDs through the skin. Transfersomes have demonstrated efficacy in treating skin cancer, improving insulin delivery, enhancing site-specific corticosteroid delivery, and increasing the permeation and therapeutic effects of herbal medicines. They have also been effective in delivering pain relief with minimal side effects using NSAIDs and opioids. Transfersomes have been used for transdermal immunization and targeted drug delivery, offering site-specific release and minimizing adverse effects. Overall, transfersomes are a promising approach for transdermal drug delivery in various therapeutic applications.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of the present review is to discuss the various advantages and limitations of transfersomes and their mechanism to penetration across the skin, as well as their application for the delivery of various drugs like anticancer, antidiabetic, NSAIDs, herbal drugs, and transdermal immunization.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data we searched from PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this review, we have explored the various methods of preparation of transfersomes and their application for the delivery of various drugs like anticancer, antidiabetic, NSAIDs, herbal drugs, and transdermal immunization.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In comparison to other vesicular systems, transfersomes are more flexible, have greater skin penetration capability, can transport systemic medicines, and are more stable. Transfersomes are capable of delivering both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, making them suitable for transdermal drug delivery. The developed transfersomal gel could be used to improve medicine delivery through the skin.</p>","PeriodicalId":94287,"journal":{"name":"Current drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"160-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139099457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in Iron Deficiency Anaemia Management: Exploring Novel Drug Delivery Systems and Future Perspectives.","authors":"Muskan Saini, Karan Trehan, Shubham Thakur, Anuj Modi, Subheet Kumar Jain","doi":"10.2174/0115672018300804240426070552","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115672018300804240426070552","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Iron Deficiency Anaemia (IDA) is a prevalent global health issue characterized by inadequate iron levels in the body, leading to impaired red blood cell production and subsequent anaemia. Traditional treatment approaches for IDA, such as oral iron supplementation, often encounter challenges related to poor compliance, gastrointestinal side effects, and variable absorption rates. As a result, there is a growing interest in exploring novel drug delivery systems to enhance iron therapy efficacy and patient outcomes. This review discusses recent advances in IDA management, focusing on developing and utilizing innovative drug delivery systems for iron supplementation. Various strategies, including nanoformulations, microparticles, liposomes, and hydrogels, are explored for their potential to improve iron bioavailability, reduce adverse effects, and optimize therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, promising strategies for the future management of IDA are explored, including the utilization of advanced technologies such as targeted drug delivery systems, controlled release mechanisms, and combination therapies. The integration of these novel drug delivery systems with advancements in diagnostics, personalized medicine, and patient- centered care holds great potential to revolutionize the management of IDA and improve the quality of life for individuals affected by this condition.</p>","PeriodicalId":94287,"journal":{"name":"Current drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"493-509"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141790735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TPGS-modified Chitosan Nanoparticles of EGFR Inhibitor: Physicochemical and <i>In vitro</i> Evaluation against HepG2 Cell Lines.","authors":"Mahendra Singh, Alka, Prashant Shukla, Zhi-Hong Wen, Chou-Yuan Ko, Ramachandran Vinayagam","doi":"10.2174/0115672018268315231206045504","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115672018268315231206045504","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Gefitinib (GFN) is an Epithelial Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved medication to treat lung cancer. However, this investigation aimed to produce and characterize Gefitinib (GFN)-loaded chitosan and soy lecithin nanoparticles (NPs) modified with D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate mono ester (TPGS) and assess their therapeutic potential against HepG2 liver cell lines.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Chitosan, a cationic polymer with biocompatible and biodegradable properties, was combined with soy lecithin to develop the NPs loaded with GFN using a self-organizing ionic interaction methodology.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The entrapment efficiency and drug loading were found to be 59.04±4.63 to 87.37±3.82% and 33.46±3.76 to 49.50±4.35%, respectively, and results indicated the encapsulation of GEN in NPs. The pH of the formulations was observed between 4.48-4.62. Additionally, all the prepared NPs showed the size and PDI range of 89.2±15.9 nm to 799.2±35.8 nm and 0.179±0.065 to 0.455±0.097, respectively. The FTIR bands in optimized formulation (GFN-NP1) indicated that the drug might be contained within the NP's core. The SEM photograph revealed the spherical shape of NPs. The kinetic release model demonstrated the combination of diffusion and erosion mechanisms. The IC₅₀ value of GFN and GFN-NP1 formulation against the HepG2 cell lines were determined and found to be 63.22±3.36 μg/ml and 45.80±2.53 μg/ml, respectively. DAPI and PI staining agents were used to detect nuclear morphology.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It was observed that the optimized GFN-NP1 formulation successfully internalized and inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells. Hence, it can be concluded that the prepared NPs can be a new therapeutic option for treating liver cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":94287,"journal":{"name":"Current drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"465-478"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139418910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Niosome-Based Hydrogel of Quince Extract: A Promising Strategy for Expedited Full-thickness Wound Healing in Rat.","authors":"Pedram Ebrahimnejad, Paria Fadaee Heydarabadi, Fereshteh Talebpour Amiri, Fatemeh Mirzaee, Melika Ahmadi, Somayeh Shahani","doi":"10.2174/0115672018282735240528072715","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115672018282735240528072715","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The regeneration of tissue damage involves a series of molecular and cellular events that can be mediated by various natural compounds. Recent studies have highlighted the anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, and skin-protecting properties of Cydonia oblonga (Quince), which are mainly attributed to phenolic compounds. These compounds may have some drawbacks when targeting wound applications, including low bioavailability at the wound site. Moreover, to overcome these limitations, surfactant-based nanovesicular systems have been developed as carriers of such compounds for wound healing.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to highlight the possible therapeutic potential of niosome-based hydrogel from Quince extract to stabilize and deliver the related bioactive compounds to full-thickness wounds in rats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The niosomal hydrogel was prepared using a thin-film hydration method with the fruit extract (70% methanol). The formulation was optimized by evaluating size, zeta potential, dispersion index, and drug encapsulation efficiency. Full-thickness wounds were created on the dorsal cervical area of Wistar rats, and histopathological analysis of biopsy specimens was conducted on the 12th day of treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Under the study conditions, niosomal hydrogel displayed good physicochemical stability. Histopathological findings demonstrated that niosomal gel promoted angiogenesis, fibroblast maturation, collagen deposition, keratinization, and epidermal layer formation more effectively than control and hydrogel base. Furthermore, niosomal gel treatment markedly reduced inflammation. The total phenol concentration was determined to be 13.34 ± 0.90 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram of dried extract.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The niosomal hydrogel containing C. oblonga extract shows potential as a novel approach for wound healing, warranting further investigation in this field.</p>","PeriodicalId":94287,"journal":{"name":"Current drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"358-371"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141262866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review of Phytosomes and Ethosomes: Groundbreaking Approaches for Delivering the Phytochemical Components of Plants.","authors":"Asha Raghav, Meenakshi Attri, Hema Chaudhary","doi":"10.2174/0115672018282264240218034853","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115672018282264240218034853","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Phytoconstituents have been widely used since ancient times to form a complex with phospholipids due to their various therapeutic actions. Despite having strong pharmacodynamic efficiency, numerous phytoconstituents have shown lower <i>in vivo</i> bioavailability and few adverse effects. Phytochemicals soluble in water exhibit poor absorption, leading to a limited therapeutic impact. Phytosome nanotechnology overcomes this limitation by creating a bound of phytochemicals with phospholipids. This method exhibits improved absorption because phytosomes inhibit significant herbal extract components from being degraded by gastric juices and gut flora. This improves bioavailability, increases clinical benefit, and ensures delivery to tissues without compromising nutritional stability. This review also aims to highlight those vesicular systems that could be used in phytosome technology. Additionally, this review highlights the preparation, advantage, characterization, applications, and recent development of phytosome and ethosome with a list of recent patents and marketed formulations and their uses.</p>","PeriodicalId":94287,"journal":{"name":"Current drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"666-677"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139998793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Enzyme-responsive Porphyrin Metal-organic Framework Nanosystem for Targeted and Enhanced Synergistic Cancer Photo-chemo Therapy.","authors":"Mengqi Yi, Yangxin Lin, Yuyang Li, Bei Xiong, Yunhan Huang, Wei Guo, Bo Lu","doi":"10.2174/0115672018286563240223072702","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115672018286563240223072702","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The clinical efficiency of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in combination with chemotherapy has proven to be a promising strategy for tumor treatment, yet is restricted by the high glutathione (GSH) concentration at the tumor site and nonspecific drug targeting.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The goal of the current research was to create a biocompatible GSH-depleting and tumor- targeting nanoparticle (denoted as DOX/CA@PCN-224@HA) for the combined photodynamic and chemo photo-chemo) therapy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). A UV-vis spectrophotometer was used to measure the drug loading efficiency (DE) and encapsulation efficiency (EE). The GSH-depleting ability was measured using Ellman's test. Confocal laser scan microscopy (CLSM) was used to assess the cellular uptake. MTT was adopted to evaluate the cytotoxicity of DOX/CA@PCN-224@HA against 4T1 cells.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The altered PCN-224 showed excellent monodispersing with a dimension of approximately 193 nm ± 2 nm in length and 79 nm ± 3 nm in width. The larger and spindle grid-like structure of PCN-224 obtains better dual-drug loading ability (DOX: 20.58% ± 2.60%, CA: 21.81% ± 1.98%) compared with other spherical PCN-224 nanoparticles. The ultimate cumulative drug release rates with hyaluronidase (HAase) were 74% ± 1% (DOX) and 45% ± 2% (CA) after 72 h. DOX/CA@PCN-224@HA showed GSH-consuming capability, which could improve the PDT effect. The drug-loaded nanoparticles could accurately target 4T1 cells through biological evaluations. Moreover, the released DOX and CA display cooperative effects on 4T1 cells <i>in vitro</i>. DOX/CA@PCN-224@HA nanoparticles showed inhibition against 4T1 cells with an IC₅₀ value of 2.71 μg mL^-1.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This nanosystem displays great potential for tumor-targeted enhanced (photo-chemo) therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":94287,"journal":{"name":"Current drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"784-797"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139998792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advances in Aerosol Formulation for Targeted Delivery of Therapeutic Agents from Nose to Brain.","authors":"Shristy Verma, Pramod Kumar Sharma, Rishabha Malviya","doi":"10.2174/0115672018285350240227073607","DOIUrl":"10.2174/0115672018285350240227073607","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The intricate anatomical and physiological barriers that prohibit pharmaceuticals from entering the brain continue to provide a noteworthy hurdle to the efficient distribution of medications to brain tissues. These barriers prevent the movement of active therapeutic agents into the brain. The present manuscript aims to describe the various aspects of brain-targeted drug delivery through the nasal route. The primary transport mechanism for drug absorption from the nose to the brain is the paracellular/extracellular mechanism, which allows for rapid drug transfer. The transcellular/intracellular pathway involves the transfer across a lipoidal channel, which regulates the entry or exit of anions, organic cations, and peptides. Spectroscopy and PET (positron emission tomography) are two common methods used for assessing drug distribution. MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging) is another imaging method used to assess the efficacy of aerosol drug delivery from nose to brain. It can identify emphysema, drug-induced harm, mucus discharge, oedema, and vascular remodeling. The olfactory epithelium's position in the nasal cavity makes it difficult for drugs to reach the desired target. Bi-directional aerosol systems and tools like the \"OptiNose\" can help decrease extranasal particle deposition and increase particle deposition efficiency in the primary nasal pathway. Direct medicine administration from N-T-B, however, can reduce the dose administered and make it easier to attain an effective concentration at the site of activity, and it has the potential to be commercialized.</p>","PeriodicalId":94287,"journal":{"name":"Current drug delivery","volume":" ","pages":"678-693"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140041273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}