Rachel E Pollard, Amy S Moreno, Vic M Hempstead, Alan D Hegron, Parker K Lewis, Kiana Bahrami, Badr Sokrat, Brian L Schmidt, Nigel W Bunnett, Dane D Jensen, Nathalie M Pinkerton
{"title":"Engineering Nanoscale Drug Delivery Systems for Pain.","authors":"Rachel E Pollard, Amy S Moreno, Vic M Hempstead, Alan D Hegron, Parker K Lewis, Kiana Bahrami, Badr Sokrat, Brian L Schmidt, Nigel W Bunnett, Dane D Jensen, Nathalie M Pinkerton","doi":"10.1002/wnan.70072","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wnan.70072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pain is a pervasive and multifaceted condition that imposes a significant medical and economic burden worldwide. This burden is underscored by the urgent need for transformative, non-addictive opioid alternatives. Nanomedicine offers a promising avenue for addressing the many limitations associated with conventional pain treatments, such as off-target effects, poor bioavailability, and rapid clearance, while enabling advanced therapeutic approaches such as precise spatiotemporal control and robust delivery of biologics. In this review, we explore the convergence of nanomedicine and pain management. We examine current literature on pain and chronic pain physiology and provide collated pharmacological data on current therapeutic approaches as a reference for formulation development. Recent advancements in lipid-based, polymeric, and inorganic nanoscale drug delivery systems (NDDS) for pain are surveyed, along with their progress toward clinical translation. Strategies for enhancing the efficacy of NDDS for pain are discussed, including supramolecular depot localization methods, active and passive targeting, controlled release kinetics, and the incorporation of stimuli-responsive elements for triggered release. We identify knowledge and technical gaps limiting progression beyond sustained-release formulations toward designs exploiting pain-specific biology. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art in nanomedicine-based approaches for pain management and provides a roadmap for future innovations.</p>","PeriodicalId":94267,"journal":{"name":"Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology","volume":"18 4","pages":"e70072"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13447900/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148687245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sidra Sarwat, Mark Willcox, Fiona Stapleton, Maitreyee Roy
{"title":"Quantum Dots in Ocular Surface: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Sidra Sarwat, Mark Willcox, Fiona Stapleton, Maitreyee Roy","doi":"10.1002/wnan.70074","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wnan.70074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The current advancements in quantum dot-based ocular surface applications identify critical gaps in existing research. A systematic search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Articles were retrieved from PubMed and Scopus using keywords including \"quantum dots,\" \"semiconductor nanocrystals,\" \"ocular surface,\" \"tear film,\" \"cornea,\" \"conjunctiva,\" \"lacrimal glands,\" and \"meibomian glands\" with Boolean conjunctions. A total of 232 studies were initially selected based on titles and abstracts. After removing duplicates and screening, 21 studies were selected for review. A variety of QDs, including carbon, graphene, silicon, cadmium and gold-based, have been explored for bioimaging and therapeutic applications targeting the ocular surface. Carbon and silicon-based QDs are the most biocompatible. Surface functionalization of these QDs facilitates targeted imaging of tear film layers, conjunctiva, and cornea with stable fluorescence and minimal toxicity. QDs can also be antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and scavenge reactive oxygen species which might be used for the treatment of dry eye disease. Although cadmium-based QDs exhibit superior fluorescence, their cytotoxicity limits their clinical application. The optical properties of QDs are influenced by physicochemical properties such as particle size, surface charge, and surface functionalization. QDs represent a promising class of nanoscale materials for diagnostic and therapeutic applications on the ocular surface. While biocompatible variants of QDs, such as carbon and silicon QDs, show potential for clinical use, there is limited information on the standardized synthesis protocols, long-term cytotoxicity, systemic biodistribution, and clearance from ocular tissues. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.</p>","PeriodicalId":94267,"journal":{"name":"Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology","volume":"18 4","pages":"e70074"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13484246/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148803892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Development of Ultrasound Microbubbles and Phase Shift Microbubbles in Theranostics.","authors":"Emmanuelle J Meuillet, Evan C Unger","doi":"10.1002/wnan.70068","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wnan.70068","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Ultrasound is widely used for diagnostic imaging and therapy. Microbubbles (MB) are effective reflectors of ultrasound and cavitation enhancers, hence their roles in diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound. MB must be of controlled size, concentration, biocompatible, and stable for biomedical use. Because of low water solubility and high molecular weight, fluorinated gases are generally used to make MB for biomedical applications. Lipids are a viable approach to stabilize MB for use as ultrasound contrast agents. MB of gas can be condensed into nanodroplets or Phase Shift Microbubbles (PSMB). PSMB can remain condensed following vascular administration, but upon application of ultrasound, can reform MB for use as cavitation nuclei. Because of their small size, PSMBs permeate thrombus and tumor microvasculature. Studies have shown effective sonolysis and tumor ablation with PSMB. Lipid-based systems provide robust opportunities for stabilizing MB and PSMB. Improved lipid coating materials are currently in clinical development for novel ultrasound contrast agents. Using the building blocks of lipids and fluorocarbon gases novel platforms are under development for theranostics-a blending of therapy and diagnostics, referring to an integrated medical approach that combines diagnostic imaging and targeted therapy to personalize patient treatment. For example, a theranostic agent might detect a tumor through imaging while simultaneously delivering a therapeutic drug or radiation to the tumor site. This dual functionality enables precise disease characterization, treatment monitoring, and optimized therapeutic outcomes, improving efficacy and reducing side effects. In addition, MB or nanobubbles can be used for oxygen delivery, and these applications will also be reviewed.</p>","PeriodicalId":94267,"journal":{"name":"Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology","volume":"18 4","pages":"e70068"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13381592/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148521683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advances in Engineered Virus-Like Particles for Applications in Nanomedicine.","authors":"Qingxia Shi, Chufan Wang, Lei Ren","doi":"10.1002/wnan.70066","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wnan.70066","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Precision drug delivery requires carrier systems that combine safety, structural stability, and targeting capability. As self-assembling protein nanocages that lack viral genetic material, virus-like particles (VLPs) offer favorable biocompatibility together with highly programmable architectures. In this review, we summarize the self-assembly mechanisms of VLPs and discuss major functionalization strategies, including bioorthogonal chemistry, non-canonical amino acid incorporation, and biomimetic mineralization. We further examine how these engineering approaches influence VLP performance in cancer immunotherapy, targeted drug delivery, and molecular imaging. Finally, we discuss key barriers to clinical translation, including scalable manufacturing, batch consistency, and pre-existing immunity. We also outline future directions for the development of engineered VLP platforms in nanomedicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":94267,"journal":{"name":"Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology","volume":"18 3","pages":"e70066"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148059298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ilaria Polidori, Lena Werner, Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
{"title":"Nano-Enabled Toxicity of Pharmaceutical Excipients.","authors":"Ilaria Polidori, Lena Werner, Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch","doi":"10.1002/wnan.70062","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wnan.70062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanotechnology has brought revolutionary advances in the pharmaceutical field. Among drug delivery systems, nanocarriers, which enhance the solubility, stability and membrane permeability of numerous drugs, have become indispensable. However, nanocarriers not only amplify the therapeutic potential of drugs but can also increase the toxic potential of excipients used in their formulation. For example, commonly used excipients such as polyethylene glycol, cationic polymers (e.g., polyethylenimine), cationic lipids, metal-based materials, and cyclodextrins may exhibit altered, and often enhanced, toxicological profiles when formulated as nanocarriers. This so-called nano-enabled toxicity of pharmaceutical excipients is frequently overlooked, as excipients with a pharmacopoeial monograph are generally considered safe. However, many of these excipients were approved before the widespread use of nanocarriers, and their safety with respect to nano-enabled toxicity has therefore not been systematically evaluated. Regulatory frameworks are still evolving and only partially address these risks. It is therefore the aim of this review to highlight the nano-enabled toxicity of pharmaceutical excipients, propose methods to assess these additional safety risks during early-stage development, and discuss approaches to replace problematic excipients with safer alternatives.</p>","PeriodicalId":94267,"journal":{"name":"Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology","volume":"18 3","pages":"e70062"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147984979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Breaking Through the Limits: Nanomedicine at the Service of New Drug Combinations to Tackle Pancreatic Cancer.","authors":"Valeria Bincoletto, Ilaria Andreana, Barbara Stella, Nazanine Modjtahedi, Silvia Arpicco, Giorgia Urbinati","doi":"10.1002/wnan.70067","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wnan.70067","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the most aggressive cancers, with a poor prognosis due to late diagnosis and resistance to chemotherapy. Gemcitabine (GEM) monotherapy was the gold standard treatment for PDAC until the early 2010s, when two combinatorial therapies, FOLFIRINOX and GEM combined with Nab-paclitaxel, showed the benefits of the multi-drug approach and became the reference treatments for PDAC. Despite their undisputed efficacy, the overall survival of treated PDAC patients is very low, reaching approximately 12% at 5 years, and the side effects of these therapeutic protocols remain severe and not tolerated by all patients. Recent advances in understanding PDAC biology have led to new therapeutic strategies, including new drug combinations and nanomedicine. This review summarizes background information about past and present PDAC therapeutic regimens with their benefits and the drawbacks including the appearance of treatment resistance and focuses on two potential strategies to counteract the limitations of the actual therapies. First, we highlight the interest of combining disulfiram, a repurposed anti-alcoholism drug, with GEM, based on evidence of synergism between the two molecules. We then emphasize the use of drug delivery nanosystems for their ability to improve drug stability, targeting and to potentially overcome resistance and reduce side effects. Finally, we discuss the combination of multi-drug therapies and nanomedicine through the design of apposite drug delivery nanocarriers capable of encapsulating more than one drug and ensuring sustained release. This all-in-one approach should be promising for more effective therapies of this challenging disease. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid-Based Structures.</p>","PeriodicalId":94267,"journal":{"name":"Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology","volume":"18 3","pages":"e70067"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13277396/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148274299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sarah Gross, Charlotte Vogtlander, Caitlin Lewis, Edward van Harmelen, Alexandra Stolzing, Norbert Radacsi
{"title":"Lipid- and Polymer-Based Nanoscale Delivery of Anti-Aging Phytochemicals.","authors":"Sarah Gross, Charlotte Vogtlander, Caitlin Lewis, Edward van Harmelen, Alexandra Stolzing, Norbert Radacsi","doi":"10.1002/wnan.70060","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wnan.70060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recently, nano-scale delivery approaches have been a field of focus to improve the limitations regarding current traditional delivery systems of phytochemicals to treat age-related disorders. Nanotechnology can help to overcome both the large and small-scale barriers associated with traditional drug and vitamin delivery techniques, such as poor biodistribution, instability, and intracellular trafficking, through cell-targeting and other methods. The main forms of nano-drug delivery systems can be classified under lipid-based nanocarrier systems, polymer-based nanocarrier systems, and inorganic carriers. This report focuses on the former two by presenting a comparative review of the advantages and disadvantages of each platform for the oral delivery of phytochemical-encapsulated drugs to treat age-related disorders. Nano-drug delivery systems were found to increase the anti-aging activities of curcumin, fisetin, quercetin, and astaxanthin. A variety of in vivo and in vitro studies show that nano-scale encapsulation methods have the potential to improve the delivery and bioactivity of anti-aging phytochemicals. This article is categorized under: Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid-Based Structures Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.</p>","PeriodicalId":94267,"journal":{"name":"Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology","volume":"18 3","pages":"e70060"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147990604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Advances in Self-Assembly Artificial Chaperone for Protein Folding Regulation.","authors":"Shuyue Zhao, Xuemei Zong, Linqi Shi, Fan Huang","doi":"10.1002/wnan.70059","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wnan.70059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Proteins play a pivotal role in life functions, with their accurate structures being the cornerstone for carrying out physiological activities. They must fold into well-defined three-dimensional conformations to attain functional activity. However, protein folding is inherently an error-prone process, and environmental stimuli can also disrupt the natural conformation of proteins. Misfolding and aggregates not only lead to the loss of protein functions but also cause harm to cells and may even result in the onset of severe diseases. In cells, the efficient folding of proteins relies on the assistance of a special class of proteins known as molecular chaperones. They can facilitate the correct folding of nascent proteins, inhibit protein-unstable misfolding, maintain the protein native conformations, and prevent the formation of toxic protein aggregates. Inspired by natural chaperones, researchers have been dedicated to designing and fabricating artificial chaperones that mimic the structures and functions of natural chaperones, enabling them to exhibit excellent chaperone-like activities in regulating protein folding. Self-assembly materials have emerged as powerful candidates for developing artificial chaperones due to their modifiable structures and properties. In this review, the recent research status of self-assembly artificial chaperones based on different interactions with client proteins is discussed, and the application prospects of customized artificial chaperones for specific proteins in relevant diseases are further explored. This article is categorized under: Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology.</p>","PeriodicalId":94267,"journal":{"name":"Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology","volume":"18 2","pages":"e70059"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147446697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Modeling Polymeric Drug Release: The Emerging Role of Machine Learning.","authors":"Ryan N Woodring, Kristy M Ainslie","doi":"10.1002/wnan.70057","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wnan.70057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polymeric drug formulations have significantly improved the safety, efficacy, and clinical impact of many therapies. A persistent challenge for formulation scientists, however, lies in accurately characterizing time-dependent drug release. For decades, researchers have relied on mathematical and physical principles, with a focus on transport phenomena, to interpret release kinetics from various polymeric systems using mechanistic and empirical models. While these models provide a foundational understanding through equations relating diffusion, swelling, and erosion, they often depend on simplifying assumptions and are often limited to a retrospective analysis of in vitro data. Recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI) have since opened the door for a new frontier in modeling strategies. Specifically, machine learning (ML) is being used not only to characterize drug release but also predict it while unveiling key formulation parameters governing unique kinetic profiles. This approach can support faster and more efficient development of polymeric systems. In this review, we explore how traditional drug release models have set the stage for ML in drug delivery research. We discuss important trends across recent ML applications, including data compilation, processing, architecture selection, and performance metrics. This perspective aims to provide scientists with a practical roadmap of ML applications used in formulation development. By integrating these tools with established knowledge, researchers can advance the design and translation of the next generation of polymer-based drug delivery systems. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":94267,"journal":{"name":"Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology","volume":"18 2","pages":"e70057"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12953059/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147346202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Drug Delivery Systems for Resiquimod to Control Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Cancer Immunotherapy.","authors":"Yanying He, Yoon Yeo","doi":"10.1002/wnan.70052","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wnan.70052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Over the past decade, immunotherapy has emerged as the fourth pillar of cancer therapy, following surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. However, tumors often evade immune responses by altering the tumor microenvironment (TME), which recruits immunosuppressive cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated macrophages, and regulatory T cells. Among these, MDSCs are considered key contributors to immunotherapy failure and have become major targets in new therapeutic strategies. Growing evidence indicates that controlling MDSCs is critical to the success of cancer immunotherapy, and several drug classes have shown feasibility. In this review, we introduce the significance of MDSCs as a target in cancer immunotherapy and highlight different therapeutic approaches to counteract their immunosuppressive functions. We discuss recent efforts to optimize drug delivery for controlling MDSCs, focusing on resiquimod (R848) as a representative drug candidate.</p>","PeriodicalId":94267,"journal":{"name":"Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Nanomedicine and nanobiotechnology","volume":"18 2","pages":"e70052"},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12972611/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147392257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}