Amy C Ogilvie, Ryan M Carnahan, Adys Mendizabal, Stephanie Gilbertson-White, Aaron Seaman, Elizabeth Chrischilles, Jordan L Schultz
{"title":"Factors Influencing Discharges to Hospice for Patients With Late-Stage Huntington's Disease.","authors":"Amy C Ogilvie, Ryan M Carnahan, Adys Mendizabal, Stephanie Gilbertson-White, Aaron Seaman, Elizabeth Chrischilles, Jordan L Schultz","doi":"10.1177/10499091241274725","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10499091241274725","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Hospice services for patients with Huntington's disease (HD) are likely beneficial in relieving significant burdens and minimizing costly hospitalizations at the end of life, though there has been little study or clinical guidance on hospice enrollment for patients with HD. <b>Objectives:</b> The primary objective of this study was to identify clinical, sociodemographic, and system-level factors associated with discharges to hospice compared to other dispositions for hospitalized patients with late-stage HD. <b>Methods:</b> These analyses used data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample between the years 2007 and 2011. Weighted logistic regression with a forward selection approach was performed to identify factors associated with discharge to hospice compared to discharge to home, facility, other locations, and death in hospital. <b>Results:</b> These analyses included 6544 hospitalizations of patients with late-stage HD. There was a significant increasing trend in discharges to hospice over the study period (<i>P</i> < 0.001). After adjustment, multiple clinical, sociodemographic, and system-level variables were identified as being associated with discharges to hospice. Patients with aspiration pneumonia and non-aspiration pneumonias had lower odds of being discharged to hospice compared to dying in the hospital. When comparing to discharges to facilities and home, weight loss and palliative care consultation were associated with greater odds of discharge to hospice. <b>Conclusions:</b> Our findings serve as a foundation for future studies on these factors, and thus help clinician decision-making on when to start advance care planning or end-of-life care for patients with HD. These results also support studies developing hospice referral criteria specific to patients with HD.</p>","PeriodicalId":94222,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of hospice & palliative care","volume":" ","pages":"644-652"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11931636/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142020033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Catherine Lowenthal, Maureen Ekwebelem, Mary E Callahan, Katherine Pike, Samuel Weisblatt, Milagros Silva, Angela L Novas, Amy S Tucci, M Carrington Reid, Daniel Shalev
{"title":"Mental Health Service Integration in Hospice Organizations: A National Survey of Hospice Clinicians and Medical Leadership.","authors":"Catherine Lowenthal, Maureen Ekwebelem, Mary E Callahan, Katherine Pike, Samuel Weisblatt, Milagros Silva, Angela L Novas, Amy S Tucci, M Carrington Reid, Daniel Shalev","doi":"10.1177/10499091241233677","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10499091241233677","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Unmet mental health needs are associated with a range of negative consequences for individuals at the end of life. Despite the high prevalence of mental health needs among individuals enrolled in hospice, there is a paucity of data describing mental health service integration in hospices in the United States. <b>Objectives:</b> 1. To identify patterns of mental health service integration in hospice organizations nationally; 2. To characterize gaps in mental health service delivery in hospice settings as perceived by hospice clinicians and medical leadership. <b>Methods:</b> A cross-sectional survey querying hospice clinicians and hospice medical leadership nationally. <b>Results:</b> A total of 279 surveys were included. Clinically significant mental health symptoms were common among hospice patients; the most frequently encountered symptom groups were depression, anxiety, dementia, and delirium. A minority of hospices maintained relationships with psychiatrists (23%, n = 60), psychiatric nurse practitioners (22%, n = 56), or psychologists (19%, n = 49). Only 38% (n = 99) of respondents were satisfied with their patients' access to services and only 45% (n = 118) were satisfied with the quality of these services. Common limitations to providing adequate mental health services included lack of specialist services, short length of stay for patients, and reluctance of patients to engage in these services. <b>Conclusions:</b> Significant mental health symptoms are common among hospice patients, and hospice organizations perceive these needs are not being met. Further research is needed to better understand the current treatment landscape and design interventions to address these needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":94222,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of hospice & palliative care","volume":" ","pages":"665-671"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11333729/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139914374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Isabela Maria Alves de Almeida Oliva, João Gabriel Rosa Ramos, Alef Santiago Rezende, Flaviane Ribeiro de Souza, Bruno Prata Martinez
{"title":"Frequency and Factors Associated With the Implementation of a Do-Not Resuscitate Order in Patients Admitted for Rehabilitation in a Post-Acute Care Unit: A Retrospective Cohort Study.","authors":"Isabela Maria Alves de Almeida Oliva, João Gabriel Rosa Ramos, Alef Santiago Rezende, Flaviane Ribeiro de Souza, Bruno Prata Martinez","doi":"10.1177/10499091251356593","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10499091251356593","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Some patients in the post-acute recovery phase have poor prognosis and may benefit from a palliative care approach. However, little is known about potential gaps regarding palliative care needs in this population. <b>Methods:</b> This is a retrospective cohort of patients transferred from an acute hospital to a post-acute care unit with the aim of rehabilitation. The aim was to analyze factors associated with the implementation of a do-not-resuscitate (DNR) order during hospitalization, as a surrogate of clinical decline and palliative care needs. Multivariate analysis was performed to control for confounders. <b>Results:</b> There were 1143 individuals included in the study, of which 415 (36.3%) had a DNR order instituted during hospitalization. After adjusting for confounders, the following variables were positively associated with DNR implementation: age (OR = 1.06, 95% IC: 1.04-1.07, <i>P</i> < 0.001); use of a tracheostomy (OR = 1.65, 95% IC: 1.08-2.51, <i>P</i> = 0.019) and feeding tube (OR = 1.97, 95% IC: 1.37-2.82, <i>P</i> < 0.001) at admission. Functional improvement, as measured by a positive variation in the functional independence measure (FIM) scale was negatively associated with DNR implementation (OR = 0.94, 95% IC: 0.93-0.95, <i>P</i> < .001). <b>Conclusion:</b> This study contributes to understanding the frequency and factors associated with the need for palliative care in patients admitted for rehabilitation in a post-acute care unit. The identification of factors associated with DNR implementation in post-acute care may improve clinicians' decision-making when transitioning those patients from acute hospitals.</p>","PeriodicalId":94222,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of hospice & palliative care","volume":" ","pages":"10499091251356593"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144532150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Keisha White Makinde, Kyle A Pitzer, Jacquelyn J Benson, Maysara Mitchell, Debra Parker Oliver, George Demiris, Karla T Washington
{"title":"Does Family Functioning Matter? Understanding the Relationship Between Family Interactions and Depressive Symptoms for Caregivers of Cancer Patients.","authors":"Keisha White Makinde, Kyle A Pitzer, Jacquelyn J Benson, Maysara Mitchell, Debra Parker Oliver, George Demiris, Karla T Washington","doi":"10.1177/10499091241263016","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10499091241263016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundCaregivers of cancer patients are at increased risk of depression and other health challenges. There is limited understanding of the role of the caregiver's own family members in promoting or discouraging mental wellbeing. Family functioning conceptualizes how family members interact to promote a positive family environment and has the potential to impact caregiver mental health. The purpose of this study is to assess the association between family interactions and depressive symptoms among family caregivers of cancer patients.MethodsSecondary analysis of baseline data from an NIH-funded randomized control trial of family caregivers of cancer patients recruited from academic palliative care clinics at three sites (2 Midwest, 1 East). We tested for an association between caregiver responses to the Family Quality of Life in Dementia-Family Interactions Subscale and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Depression Short Form 8A using a block-wise approach to linear modeling.ResultsA total of 246 caregivers were included in analysis; caregivers were mostly White (82%), not Hispanic or Latina/o (96%), and female (65%), with an average age of 55 years. Overall, participants had high family interactions (mean 57.7, sd 11.7) and an average depressive symptom burden (t-score 52.4, SD 8.57). Family interactions was significantly negatively associated with depressive symptoms (b = -.163, se = .057) when accounting for relevant covariates.ConclusionFamily caregivers with more positive family interactions are likely to have fewer depressive symptoms, suggesting family functioning may play a key role in bolstering family caregiver mental health and wellbeing.</p>","PeriodicalId":94222,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of hospice & palliative care","volume":" ","pages":"696-704"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11647053/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141332788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
James Gerhart, Michael Hoerger, Stacie Levine, Sean O'Mahony
{"title":"Increasing Awareness and Access to Integrated Behavioral Health and Palliative Care: An Introduction to the American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine's.","authors":"James Gerhart, Michael Hoerger, Stacie Levine, Sean O'Mahony","doi":"10.1177/10499091251321086","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10499091251321086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mental health symptoms are common in the general population and are overrepresented in patients receiving palliative care and hospice services. This introduction to the special issue on Mental Health in Palliative Care and Hospice highlights the ongoing need for research and training to prepare our palliative care workforce to address the concerns of patients experiencing serious illness and mental health concerns. Multilevel approaches are needed to enhance understanding of mental health needs among people with serious illness. Public health outreach is needed within our communities, targeted support is needed for family caregivers, and structured training for palliative care and hospice clinicians is needed to enhance competent mental health in these settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":94222,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of hospice & palliative care","volume":" ","pages":"661-664"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143525677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Undergraduate Students' Attitudes Towards Medical Assistance in Dying for Mental Illness.","authors":"Stephen Claxton-Oldfield, Emma Mackley","doi":"10.1177/10499091231223713","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10499091231223713","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Seventy-one undergraduate students took part in a study examining their attitudes toward medical assistance in dying (MAiD) for mental illness. More than half (52%) of the students did not know that a change to Canada's MAiD law will allow people with a mental illness as their sole underlying condition to request a medically assisted death next spring (ie, March, 2024). Less than a one-third (28%) of the students agreed/strongly agreed with the statement that MAiD should be offered to people receiving treatment for mental illness (42% disagreed/strongly disagreed), and even less (14%) agreed/strongly agreed with the statement that people waiting for treatment for mental illness should be able to access MAiD (71% disagreed/strongly disagreed). In explaining their answers to the second statement, over two-thirds (68%) of the students believed that people who are waiting to be treated for mental illness should receive treatment first, before considering MAiD. In other words, undergoing treatment for mental illness that might work was seen as a better option than dying.</p>","PeriodicalId":94222,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of hospice & palliative care","volume":" ","pages":"672-677"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139503315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Examining the Relationship Between Rural and Urban Clinicians' Familiarity With Patients and Families and Their Comfort With Palliative and End-of-Life Care Communication.","authors":"Brandi Pravecek, Howard Wey, Mary J Isaacson","doi":"10.1177/10499091241265406","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10499091241265406","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Effective healthcare clinician communication is a key component of quality palliative and end-of-life (PEOL) care. However, communication may be hampered when clinicians are not comfortable initiating these conversations with patients and their families. Clinicians working in rural areas report several barriers to providing palliative care. This study examined the relationship between rural and urban clinicians' reported familiarity with their patients and families end-of-life, their reported comfort in initiating PEOL conversations, and their PEOL care knowledge. <b>Method:</b> This study used a cross-sectional design to examine the relationships between rural and urban clinicians' familiarity, their comfort in PEOL communication, and their PEOL care knowledge. <b>Results:</b> N = 548 rural and urban clinicians participated. Rural clinicians reported greater familiarity, more PEOL knowledge, and more comfort with PEOL communication. Multiple regression analyses of PEOL knowledge showed significant associations in knowledge with older clinicians (<i>P</i> < 0.01) and additional palliative care training (<i>P</i> < 0.01); comfort in PEOL communication had significant associations with more palliative care training (<i>P</i> < 0.01) and opportunities to provide palliative care (<i>P</i> < 0.01). <b>Conclusion:</b> The concept of familiarity is highly complex and poorly understood in relation to PEOL care in both rural and urban settings. Future research is needed to explore how additional training in PEOL care and clinician reported familiarity positively impact patient outcomes by increasing the number of advance directives completed and followed and improved documentation of advance care planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":94222,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of hospice & palliative care","volume":" ","pages":"621-628"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141753737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Carl Bäckersten, Stina Nyblom, Ulla Molander, Inger Benkel
{"title":"To Talk or not to Talk About Existential Questions - An Interview Study With Elderly Persons and Patients With Fatal Disease.","authors":"Carl Bäckersten, Stina Nyblom, Ulla Molander, Inger Benkel","doi":"10.1177/10499091241276862","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10499091241276862","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Existential experiences often come to the fore in the case of a severe and/or life-threatening disease and in old age. This can evoke a variety of thoughts and emotions. The existential dimension is a concept that encompasses spiritual, religious and secular perspectives. <b>Objective:</b> The aim of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of how patients describe the existential dimension of life and whether and in what way the existential questions are raised in conversations and other forms of support within care. <b>Methods:</b> A qualitative design, with in-depth semi-structured interviews with patients admitted to an out-clinic oncology department at one hospital and participants living in a nursing home. The interviews were analysed using qualitative content analysis. <b>Results:</b> A total of 15 persons were interviewed. The respondents varied in age from 44 to 96. Two main themes emerged: What are existential questions? and Talk about existential questions. The existential questions refer to life as a whole and death as an end of life. It was summarized into three subcategories: <i>The experience of the life, Existing within context</i> and <i>Spirituality and religion</i>. About half of the participants thought it was important to talk about existential questions. They wanted to choose who to talk to, when and about what. Support was received from loved ones, professionals and experiences beyond conversations. <b>Conclusions:</b> The study provide new knowledge of how patients and elderly experience the existential dimension. The respondents emphasized a desire to be selective with whom they shared these questions and thoughts.</p>","PeriodicalId":94222,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of hospice & palliative care","volume":" ","pages":"629-635"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12008463/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142020034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jessie Gu, Peijin Wang, Shein-Chung Chow, Katelyn Dempsey, Santos Bermejo, Aparna Swaminathan, Alyssa Soskis, Julie Fried, Chad Kloefkorn, Christopher Jones, Christopher E Cox
{"title":"An App Platform-Facilitated Collaborative Palliative Care Intervention for Outpatients With Interstitial Lung Disease: A Pilot Randomized Trial.","authors":"Jessie Gu, Peijin Wang, Shein-Chung Chow, Katelyn Dempsey, Santos Bermejo, Aparna Swaminathan, Alyssa Soskis, Julie Fried, Chad Kloefkorn, Christopher Jones, Christopher E Cox","doi":"10.1177/10499091241275966","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10499091241275966","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Rationale:</b> Outpatients with interstitial lung disease often experience serious symptoms, yet infrequently receive palliative care. <b>Objective:</b> To determine the feasibility and clinical impact of a mobile application (PCplanner) in an outpatient setting. <b>Methods:</b> We conducted a pilot randomized controlled trial among adults with interstitial lung disease in a single-center academic clinic. Clinical outcomes included change in Needs at the End-of-Life Screening Tool (NEST) scale between baseline and 3 months as well as frequency of advance care planning discussions and referrals to palliative care services. <b>Results:</b> Observed feasibility outcomes were similar to targeted benchmarks including randomization rates (82.1% vs 80%) and retention (84.8% vs 80%). Mean NEST scores between the intervention and control group were 38.9 (SD, 18.9) vs 41.5 (SD, 20.5) at baseline, 34.6 (SD, 18.9) vs 33.6 (SD, 19.4) at 1 month after clinic visit, 40.5 (SD, 21.6) vs 35.3 (SD, 25.0) at 3 months after clinic visit. Changes in NEST scores between baseline and 3 months showed no difference in the primary outcome (<i>P</i> = 0.481, 95% CI [-8.45, 17.62]). <b>Conclusion:</b> Among patients with interstitial lung disease, a mobile app designed to focus patients and clinicians on palliative care principles demonstrated evidence of feasibility. Although changes in self-reported needs were similar between intervention and control groups, more patients in the intervention group updated their advance directives and code status compared to the control group. <b>Clinical Trial Registration:</b> Palliative Care Planner (PCplanner) NCT05095363. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05095363.</p>","PeriodicalId":94222,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of hospice & palliative care","volume":" ","pages":"653-660"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142001611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence in Palliative Care: A Scoping Review of Current Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions.","authors":"Maria Nikoloudi, Kyriaki Mystakidou","doi":"10.1177/10499091251358379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/10499091251358379","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>BackgroundArtificial Intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrated into healthcare systems, presenting opportunities to improve clinical outcomes. In the context of palliative care, AI holds potential to enhance quality of life through improved symptom management, effective communication, and greater prognostic accuracy. For this review, AI refers to computational systems capable of learning, reasoning, or predicting outcomes. As integration advances, a critical examination of its applications, practical challenges, and ethical implications in palliative care is warranted.MethodsA scoping review was conducted using 4 major databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and CINAHL. A total of 7 studies were included, each addressing the use of AI technologies in palliative care settings, with a focus on clinical implementation, ethical challenges, and system integration. Both quantitative and qualitative studies were considered.ResultsAI applications in palliative care include predictive analytics, symptom control, and enhanced patient-caregiver communication. These tools demonstrate potential in facilitating early identification of patient needs and supporting timely interventions. However, significant challenges persist, particularly around data privacy, patient autonomy, algorithmic bias, and the \"black box\" nature of many AI models. Additional practical limitations include integration into clinician workflows, clinician trust, and concerns about the depersonalization of care.ConclusionAI offers substantial potential to improve palliative care, but implementation must be grounded in ethical frameworks prioritizing dignity, compassion, and patient-centeredness. Multidisciplinary collaboration is essential to ensure that AI augments rather than replaces the humanistic core of palliative care. Ongoing research and development of transparent, equitable algorithms are critical to responsibly harnessing AI's transformative potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":94222,"journal":{"name":"The American journal of hospice & palliative care","volume":" ","pages":"10499091251358379"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144546732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}