Research quarterly for exercise and sport最新文献

{"title":"What the Eyes Don't See: An Objective Assessment of Players' Contribution to Team Success in Men's Rugby League.","authors":"Shaun Cameron, Ibrahim Radwan, Jocelyn Mara","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2373124","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2024.2373124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose:</b> This study addresses the lack of objective player-based metrics in men's rugby league by introducing a comprehensive set of novel performance metrics designed to quantify a player's overall contribution to team success. <b>Methods:</b> Player match performance data were captured by Stats Perform for every National Rugby League season from 2018 until 2022; a total of five seasons. The dataset was divided into offensive and defensive variables and further split according to player position. Five machine learning algorithms (Principal Component Regression, Lasso Regression, Random Forest, Regression Tree, and Extreme Gradient Boost) were considered in the analysis, which ultimately generated Wins Created and Losses Created for offensive and defensive performance, respectively. These two metrics were combined to create a final metric of Net Wins Added. The validity of these player performance metrics against traditional objective and subjective measures of performance in rugby league were evaluated. <b>Results:</b> The metrics correctly predicted the winner of 80.9% of matches, as well as predicting the number of team wins per season with an RMSE of 1.9. The metrics displayed moderate agreement (Gwet AC1 = 0.505) when predicting team of the year award recipients. When predicting State of Origin selection, the metrics displayed moderate agreement for New South Wales (0.450) and substantial agreement for Queensland (0.652). <b>Conclusion:</b> The development and validation of these objective player performance metrics represent significant potential to enhance talent evaluation and player recruitment.</p>","PeriodicalId":94191,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141622074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Caffeine on Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability at Rest and During Submaximal Cycling Exercise.","authors":"Mark Glaister, Dhama Lythgoe, Sahana Kamath","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2377303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2024.2377303","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of caffeine on heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV) at rest and during submaximal exercise. Using a balanced, double-blind, randomized, crossover design, 16 male cyclists (age: 37 ± 9 years; <math><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></math>O_2max: 4.44 ± 0.67 L·min^-1) completed three trials in an air-conditioned laboratory. In Trial 1, cyclists completed two incremental cycling tests to establish the <math><mrow><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></mrow></math>O₂-power output relationship and <math><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></math>O_2max. In trials 2 and 3, cyclists were evaluated for heart rate and HRV at rest, after which they ingested a capsule containing 5 mg·kg^-1 of caffeine or placebo. Thirty-five minutes post-supplementation, additional resting heart rate and HRV readings were taken after which cyclists completed a submaximal incremental cycling test (6 min stages) at 40-80% of <math><mrow><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></mrow></math>O_2max; with HR and HRV measurements taken in the last 5 min of each increment. HRV was determined from the root mean square of successive differences between R-R intervals. There were significant supplement × exercise intensity interactions on heart rate (<i>p</i> = .019) and HRV (<i>p</i> = .023), with <i>post hoc</i> tests on the latter showing that caffeine increased HRV at 40%, 50%, and 60% of <math><mrow><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></mrow></math>O_2max by 3.6 ± 4.9, 2.6 ± 2.8, and 0.6 ± 1.7 ms, respectively. There was a supplement × time interaction effect on resting HRV (<i>p</i> < .001), but not on heart rate (<i>p</i> = .351). The results of this study support the suggestion that caffeine increases the parasympathetic modulation of heart rate.Clinical trial registration number: NCT05521386.</p>","PeriodicalId":94191,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141622073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does In-The-Moment Strategic Self-Talk Affect Volleyball Officials' Refereeing Efficacy?","authors":"Aubrey Aspen, Julius Jooste","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2376243","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2024.2376243","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Self-talk in sport is a valuable self-help tool for regulating one's emotions, thoughts, and actions. This study aimed to examine whether the use of in-the-moment, strategic self-talk enhances volleyball officials' efficacy beliefs about their refereeing decisions in match-play scenarios. The relationship between officials' general self-talk tendencies and commonly perceived refereeing efficacy in recent matches was also investigated. A between-subjects design powered by an online Qualtrics survey was employed to recruit 62 skilled volleyball officials (<i>M</i>age = 54.69, <i>SD</i> = 13.15 years) who were randomly assigned to strategic self-talk (experimental) or unrelated pangram statements (control) groups. Before assessing two disputed match-play situations presented as video clips, the officials were instructed to verbally reaffirm three assigned statements. Officials were then asked to rate their confidence in the accuracy and fairness of their decisions in each scenario. They also completed the Automatic Self-Talk Questionnaire for Sports and the Referee Self-Efficacy Scales. The Mann-Whitney-U test found no significant variations in decision-making beliefs to the match-play scenarios between the groups. Further analyses revealed significant associations between the study variables with organic self-talk tendencies employed to \"psych up\" and convey \"worry\" to exert significant and opposing influences on various aspects of officials' refereeing self-efficacy. Despite these influences, it is recommended that experienced officials may already have a reservoir of experiential acumen and metacognitive skills, which may necessitate a more protracted engagement with self-talk methods under social evaluative conditions to perceive confidence shifts in volleyball decision-making.</p>","PeriodicalId":94191,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141622072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Motor Competence as a Protection Factor Against Pediatric Obesity: The Bidirectional Relationship Between Motor Competence and Weight Status.","authors":"Daniel Das Virgens Chagas, Maria Carolina Joia","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2373995","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2024.2373995","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose:</b> Motor competence is negatively associated with body mass index (BMI) in young people. However, it is still unclear whether motor competence is linked to the risk of obesity in adolescents and longitudinal evidence is missing. The main purpose of this study was to assess the association between motor competence and risk of obesity across adolescence. <b>Methods:</b> A 2-year follow-up study was conducted with a total of 122 adolescents (59.8% girls) aged 12 to 13 years at baseline. Motor competence (KTK), weight status (BMI) and physical activity (questionnaire) were assessed at three time points. Generalized estimating equation and logistic regression models were conducted to examine the relationships between motor competence and weight status, adjusting for potential confounders (i.e. age, sex and physical activity). <b>Results:</b> Motor competence and BMI were inversely related over time. The chance to have overweight/obesity decreased by 6.5% and 8% with a 10-point increase in motor competence across time. In addition, adolescents had 6.4 to 8.2 greater chance to have low motor competence with a 1-point increase in BMI across time. <b>Conclusion:</b> Motor competence is inversely associated with the risk of overweight/obesity across adolescence. Therefore, the development of motor competence can be a protection factor against excessive weight gain. As such, we recommend the development of motor competence as a strategy to prevent pediatric obesity through diversified types of physical activities such as sports, active play and physical education classes.</p>","PeriodicalId":94191,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141581961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inequality in Children's Physical Activity Across Time-Segmented Youth Sport Practice.","authors":"Ann E Rogers, Christopher S Wichman, Michaela A Schenkelberg, David A Dzewaltowski","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2367565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2024.2367565","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose:</b> Youth sport (YS) is a community system for promoting children's physical activity (PA). Studies have examined mean PA during YS practices, but few have examined inequalities in the distribution of PA among children during practice time. This study examined PA inequality in time-segmented YS practices and differences in inequality by time segment characteristics. <b>Methods:</b> Children's PA and YS practices were examined using accelerometer and video observation data from a sample of YS teams (<i>n</i> = 36 teams, <i>n</i> = 101 practices) for third- through sixth-grade children (<i>n</i> = 392), approximately eight to 12 years old, in two rural U.S. communities. Practices were time-segmented into smaller units (episodes; <i>n</i> = 991). Episodes were assigned codes for purpose (e.g. warm-up), member arrangement (e.g. whole group), and setting demand (i.e. fosters participation, creates exclusion). Group accelerometer data were paired with episodes, and the Gini coefficient quantified inequality in activity counts and minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). Beta generalized estimating equations examined the influence of episode structure on PA inequality. <b>Results:</b> Warm-up (Gini = 0.22), fitness (Gini = 0.24), and sport skill (Gini = 0.24) episodes had significantly lower inequality (<i>p</i> < .05) in activity counts than other purpose types. Management (Gini = 0.32) and strategy (Gini = 0.40) episodes had significantly greater inequality (<i>p</i> < .05) in MVPA minutes than other purpose types. Episodes fostering participation (Gini = 0.32) had significantly lower activity count inequality (<i>p</i> < .05) than episodes creating exclusion (Gini = 0.35). <b>Conclusion:</b> PA inequality among children during YS varied by practice structure. Metrics such as the Gini coefficient can illuminate inequalities in PA and may be useful for guiding efforts to improve population PA in children. <b>Trial Registration:</b> This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov (Identifier: NCT03380143).</p>","PeriodicalId":94191,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141581960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physical Activity Levels and Body Mass Index in Sport Education. Is There a Difference?","authors":"Irene Rocamora, Sixto González-Víllora, Javier Fernandez-Rio, Natalia María Arias Palencia","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2365300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2024.2365300","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose:</b> The goals of this study were: (1) to assess students' physical activity levels in a sport education season according to the phases of the model, adjusted for body mass index; (2) to uncover the contribution of the phases of the model to the World Health Organization recommendations; (3) to understand its impact in students with overweight/obesity. <b>Methods:</b> A total of 42 primary education students with a mean age of 10.68 ± 0.69 years, enrolled in one year 5 (10-11 years) and one year 6 (11-12 years). Physical Education lessons of the same school agreed to participate. Students in both groups experienced a 14-lesson learning unit in team handball through the sport education. Each participant wore an ActiGraph GT3X accelerometer to measure physical activity levels, counts/minute and steps counted. Cole and Lobstein cutoff points were used to determine groups based on body mass index (thin, normal-weight, overweight/obese). <b>Results:</b> The results showed that the overweight/obese group achieved scores for moderate to vigorous physical activity and sedentary time that were not significantly different from the normal-weight group. According to the phases, the preseason was the most active and contributed most to the World Health Organization recommendations in all groups. <b>Conclusions:</b> Sport education could be considered an appropriate pedagogical framework to help overweight/obese children achieve moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and sedentary scores similar to their normal-weight classmates. Key elements of sport education include performing roles, learning work routines, and having the autonomy to choose games/tasks, all of which promote physical activity amongst all students.</p>","PeriodicalId":94191,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141581962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-Task Effect on Center of Pressure Oscillations and Prefrontal Cortex Activation Between Young and Older Adults.","authors":"Jiahao Pan, Shuqi Zhang","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2365940","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2024.2365940","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose</b>: This study aimed to investigate the dual-task effect on conventional center of pressure (CoP) outcomes, CoP oscillations, and prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation between young and older adults. <b>Methods</b>: Fourteen healthy older adults (age: 66.25 ± 3.43 years) and another fourteen gender-matched young adults (age: 19.80 ± 0.75 years) participated in this study. Participants completed single-task and dual-task standing trials in a fixed order. The displacement of CoP and PFC activation were recorded using a Force plate and a functional near-infrared spectroscopy system, respectively. Two-way MANOVAs were used to examine the group and task effects. Additionally, the Pearson correlation analyses were used to investigate the relationship between CoP oscillations and PFC activation. <b>Results</b>: Our results showed a worse balance performance, greater CoP oscillations of 0-0.1 (11.03 ± 8.24 vs. 23.20 ± 12.54 cm²) and 0.1-0.5 (13.62 ± 9.30 vs. 30.00 ± 23.12 cm²) Hz in the medial-lateral direction and higher right (dorsomedial: -0.0003 ± 0.021 vs. 0.021 ± 0.021 & ventrolateral: 0.0087 ± 0.047 vs. 0.025 ± 0.045 mol/ml) and left (dorsomedial: 0.0033 ± 0.024 vs. 0.020 ± 0.025 & ventrolateral: 0.0060 ± 0.037 vs. 0.034 ± 0.037 mol/ml) PFC activation in response to a secondary cognitive task in older adults (<i>p</i> < .05). Older adults also showed significant positive correlations between CoP oscillations in the anterior-posterior direction and PFC activation under the single-task standing. <b>Conclusion</b>: These results suggest that older adults presented a loss of postural automaticity contributing to cognitive dysfunction. Moreover, heightened CoP oscillations at 0-0.5 Hz in response to a secondary cognitive task could provide evidence of a loss of automaticity, which might be associated with a greater reliance on the sensory inputs.</p>","PeriodicalId":94191,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141581958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Inspiratory Muscle-Loaded Exercise Training on Ventilatory Response and Intercostal Muscle Deoxygenation During Incremental Cycling Exercise.","authors":"Jun Koike, Takeshi Ogawa","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2365291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2024.2365291","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose:</b> This study evaluated the effects of exercise training (ET) and inspiratory muscle-loaded exercise training (IMLET) on ventilatory response and intercostal muscle deoxygenation levels during incremental cycling exercise. <b>Methods:</b> Twenty-one male participants were randomly divided into IMLET (<i>n</i> = 10) or ET (<i>n</i> = 11) groups. All participants underwent a 4-week cycling exercise training at 60% peak oxygen uptake. IMLET loaded 50% of maximal inspiratory pressure (P_Imax). Respiratory muscle strength test, respiratory muscle endurance test (RMET), resting hypoxic ventilatory responsiveness (HVR) test, and incremental cycling test were performed pre- and post-training. <b>Results:</b> The extent of improvement in the P_Imax was significantly greater in the IMLET group (24%) than in the ET group (8%) (<i>p</i> = .018), and an extended RMET time was observed in the IMLET group (<i>p</i> < .001). Minute ventilation (<math><mrow><msub><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mi>E</mi></msub></mrow></math>) during exercise was unchanged in both groups before and after training, but tidal volume during exercise increased in the IMLET group. The increase in the exercise intensity threshold for muscle deoxygenation was similar in both groups (<i>p</i> < .001). HVR remained unchanged in both groups post-training. The exercise duration for the incremental exercise until reaching fatigue increased by 7.9% after ET and 6.9% after IMLET (<i>p</i> < .001). <b>Conclusion:</b> The 4-week IMLET improved respiratory muscle strength and endurance but did not alter HVR. Respiratory muscle deoxygenation was alleviated by exercise training, with a limited impact of inspiratory load training.</p>","PeriodicalId":94191,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141581959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Duration of Water-Based Exercise on Hemodynamic and Sleep Quality: An of Hypertensives and Normotensives Subanalysis.","authors":"Eliezer Guimarães Moura, Javier Bedoya-Castaño, Catarina de Andrade Barboza, Gabriela Silva, Gilmar Dias, Gabriela Ribeiro Ministro da Costa, Heitor Moreno, Bruno Rodrigues","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2363464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2024.2363464","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose</b>: This study aimed to determine whether a better hemodynamic profile and a better sleep quality are associated with the duration of physical exercise in the water; secondly, it aims to determine whether better sleep quality is associated with a more favorable hemodynamic profile. <b>Methods</b>: 97 subjects (85 women, age 59.46 ± 10.62) were included in the study. Groups were divided into normotensive (<i>n </i>= 46) and hypertensive individuals, (<i>n </i>= 51) duration of water aerobics (1-6 (<i>n </i>= 18), 7-11 (<i>n </i>= 11), 12-35 (<i>n</i> = 26), and > 36 months (<i>n </i>= 42), respectively), and sleep quality (Good, Poor, and Sleep Disordered). The peripheral (brachial), central (through applanation tonometry), and arterial blood pressure were assessed, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire was collected. <b>Results</b>: We found that the groups practicing water-based exercise for a more extended period (>6 months) did not present improved pressure values and sleep quality. The best (though still weak) relationship between the water-based exercise time and the sleep quality values occurred between the group of 7-11 exercising for over 36 months (<i>r </i>= - 0.29 for both). When multivariate regression analysis was performed, there was interaction between AIx@75bpm and sleep quality score, as well as between AIx@75bpm and the age of subjects (<i>p</i> = .006 and 0.003, respectively). <b>Conclusion</b>: The data from the present study reported that subjects who participated for a longer time in the water aerobics training protocol had no additional hemodynamic and sleep quality benefits compared to volunteers with shorter duration groups (<6 months).</p>","PeriodicalId":94191,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141565468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing the Tactical Behavior of Young Soccer Players in Full- and Small-Sided Games.","authors":"Marcos Paulo F Silvino, Hugo Sarmento, Israel Teoldo","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2357661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2024.2357661","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective was to assess and compare the tactical conduct of players aged U-8, U-10, and U-12 during full- and small-sided games, focusing on tactical modeling and interaction dynamics. Each age group comprised three teams (<i>n</i> = 180; 60 per category; 20 per team), engaging in a tournament where teams faced each other once in both formats - 18 matches; 3 per category in each format. Full-sided games (GK + 10 vs.10 + GK; 100 × 68 m) and small-sided games (U-8: GK + 4 vs. 4 + GK (36 × 20 m); U-10: GK + 7 vs. 7 + GK (52.5 × 34 m); U-12: GK + 10 vs. 10 + GK (68 × 45 m). Standard playing times (3 periods of 12 minutes (U-8s); 3 periods of 15 minutes (U-10s); and 3 periods of 20 minutes (U-12s), with a 5-minute break. Variables were examined using descriptive analysis (mean, standard deviation, and confidence interval), with paired t-tests and Wilcoxon tests employed for inter-format comparisons. Despite players benefiting from more time and space in full-sided games (increased ball receptions and overall ball involvement), results from small-sided games indicate three key advantages: 1) More goals (U-8s: z = -3.44, <i>p</i> = .050) and shots on target (U-8: z = -3.25, <i>p</i> = .001; U-10: z = -2.72, <i>p</i> = .007); 2) Game space management-ball circulation in larger amplitude (U-10: <i>t</i> = -4.20, <i>p</i> = .001; U-12: <i>t</i> = -4.35, <i>p</i> < .001); and with more transitions (U-10: <i>t</i> = -3.60, <i>p</i> = .002; U-12: <i>t</i> = -4.16, <i>p</i> = .001) and 3) Fast decision-making-larger ball velocity circulation (U-08: <i>t</i> = -3.54, <i>p</i> = .003; U-10: <i>t</i> = -5.13, <i>p</i> < .001; U-12: <i>t</i> = -5.80, <i>p</i> < .001).</p>","PeriodicalId":94191,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141565467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}