Research quarterly for exercise and sport最新文献

{"title":"Influence of Body Weight Measurement Frequency on the Bone Health of Female Athletes.","authors":"Yuka Tsukahara, Chisato Kuribayashi, Erika Akiyama","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2378850","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2378850","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose</b>: Athletes struggle with bone stress injuries despite the many risk factors reported in previous studies. However, the relationship between body weight measurement frequency and risk of stress fractures has yet to be investigated. Thus, the purpose of this study is to seek the link between body weight measurement frequency and the occurrence of stress fractures. <b>Method:</b> This cross-sectional study included female athletes who were requested to fill out an anonymous online survey regarding their personal background, including the history of amenorrhea and stress fractures. In addition, the frequency at which they measured their body weight and composition and whether they had to report the same to their coaches and seniors were asked. <b>Results:</b> A total of 172 collegiate female athletes for 28 different types of sports participated in this study. Among the included athletes, 35.7% had a history of amenorrhea, whereas 29.7% had a history of stress fractures. A total of 57.0% of the athletes answered that in their team, they measure their body weight on a regular basis, and 33.1% of the athletes answered that they reported the data to their coaches. Logistic regression analysis revealed that those who measured their body weight at least once a day had a higher risk of sustaining stress fractures than did those who measured their body weight less than once a day (OR = 2.36, 95% CI 1.06-5.27, <i>p</i> = .04). <b>Conclusion:</b> Body weight measurement frequency was associated with the risk of stress fractures in female collegiate athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":94191,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","volume":" ","pages":"164-170"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141725427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Where's the Joy in That? Sexual Minority College Students Report Lower Physical Activity Engagement and Enjoyment Compared to Heterosexual Students.","authors":"Keegan T Peterson, Melissa Bopp","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2383944","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2383944","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sexual minority (e.g. non-heterosexual) individuals are at greater risk for negative health outcomes, often linked to inadequate physical activity (PA). The purpose of this study was to assess PA levels and PA enjoyment among college students, by sexual orientation. Data were collected from a volunteer sample of college students enrolled in general health and wellness courses offered at a large, Northeastern U.S. university via an online survey. Participants self-reported demographic information, PA levels using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), and PA enjoyment using a 7-item Physical Activity Enjoyment scale (PACES). Among participants (<i>n</i> = 1471), independent sample t-tests showed that sexual minority (SM) students reported significantly lower mean MET-mins/week of MPA (<i>M</i>_{<i>Heterosexual</i>} <i>=</i> 568.09 ± 488.12 vs. <i>M</i>_{<i>Sexual minority</i>} = 469.95 ± 471.51; <i>p</i> = .006) and VPA (<i>M</i>_{<i>Heterosexual</i>} <i>=</i> 1089.54 ± 1110.64 vs. <i>M</i>_{<i>Sexual Minority</i>} = 628.93 ± 942.78; <i>p</i> < .001), ST days/week (<i>M</i>_{<i>Heterosexual</i>} <i>=</i> 1.93 ± 1.90 vs. <i>M</i>_{<i>Sexual Minority</i>} = 1.00 ± 1.60; <i>p</i> < .001), and reported lower total PACES score (<i>M</i>_{<i>Heterosexual</i>} <i>=</i> 7.80 ± 1.92 vs. <i>M</i>_{<i>Sexual Minority</i>} = 6.87 ± 2.14; <i>p</i> < .001) compared to heterosexual students. Bootstrap mediation analyses with 5000 samples revealed that PACES has direct and indirect mediation effects on the association between sexual orientation status and MET-mins/week of MPA and VPA, and ST days/week. The current findings provide evidence of the underlying mechanisms linked to the physical activity disparities experienced by SM college students compared to heterosexual students. Additionally, PACES can serve as a facilitator to promote PA engagement among SM students. These findings can inform future intervention work to target PA enjoyment for meaningful behavior change.</p>","PeriodicalId":94191,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","volume":" ","pages":"183-191"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141794429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Effects of Instruction and Game Design on Youth Soccer Players' Skill Involvement and Cooperative Team Behaviour.","authors":"Jade O'Brien-Smith, Mitchell R Smith, Matthieu Lenoir, Job Fransen","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2368597","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2368597","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objectives</b>: The relationship between task constraints and player behaviors is of interest to coaches tasked with designing practice to optimize learning. This study aims to compare the skill involvements and cooperative team behavior of teams of youth soccer players engaged in a goal exaggeration and/or a prescriptive coach instruction condition compared to a free-play control condition. <b>Methods</b>: Twenty male soccer players aged 12-15 participated in small-sided games under four conditions: free-play, goal exaggeration, prescriptive coach instruction, and combination over four weeks. Using video footage, teams' collective skill involvements (shot, pass, dribble) and passing network characteristics (closeness, density, and betweenness) were measured for each game. <b>Results</b>: A Friedmans rank test identified that playing conditions resulted in significant differences in attempted dribbles (<i>p</i> < .001), goals scored (<i>p</i> < .001), network density (<i>p</i> = .001), closeness (<i>p</i> < .001) and betweenness (<i>p</i> = .002). Teams attempted to dribble the most in the free-play and goal-exaggeration conditions, and the most goals were scored in the goal-exaggeration and combination conditions. Additionally, teams exhibited more well-connected passing networks (i.e. higher density, higher closeness, and lower betweenness values) in the combination condition and higher network density in the explicit instruction condition. <b>Conclusions</b>: The results of this study indicate that coach instruction may be more associated with cooperative team behavior, whereas free-play or manipulating task constraints in the absence of instruction may be associated with players attempting more individual actions.</p>","PeriodicalId":94191,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","volume":" ","pages":"109-115"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141474174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What the Eyes Don't See: An Objective Assessment of Players' Contribution to Team Success in Men's Rugby League.","authors":"Shaun Cameron, Ibrahim Radwan, Jocelyn Mara","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2373124","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2373124","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose:</b> This study addresses the lack of objective player-based metrics in men's rugby league by introducing a comprehensive set of novel performance metrics designed to quantify a player's overall contribution to team success. <b>Methods:</b> Player match performance data were captured by Stats Perform for every National Rugby League season from 2018 until 2022; a total of five seasons. The dataset was divided into offensive and defensive variables and further split according to player position. Five machine learning algorithms (Principal Component Regression, Lasso Regression, Random Forest, Regression Tree, and Extreme Gradient Boost) were considered in the analysis, which ultimately generated Wins Created and Losses Created for offensive and defensive performance, respectively. These two metrics were combined to create a final metric of Net Wins Added. The validity of these player performance metrics against traditional objective and subjective measures of performance in rugby league were evaluated. <b>Results:</b> The metrics correctly predicted the winner of 80.9% of matches, as well as predicting the number of team wins per season with an RMSE of 1.9. The metrics displayed moderate agreement (Gwet AC1 = 0.505) when predicting team of the year award recipients. When predicting State of Origin selection, the metrics displayed moderate agreement for New South Wales (0.450) and substantial agreement for Queensland (0.652). <b>Conclusion:</b> The development and validation of these objective player performance metrics represent significant potential to enhance talent evaluation and player recruitment.</p>","PeriodicalId":94191,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","volume":" ","pages":"116-125"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141622074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Player Activity and Load Profiling with Hidden Markov Models: A Novel Application in Rugby League.","authors":"Neil Watson, Sharief Hendricks, Dan Weaving, Nicholas Dalton-Barron, Ben Jones, Theodor Stewart, Ian Durbach","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2362253","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2362253","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Player movement in rugby league is complex, being spatiotemporal and multifaceted. Modeling this complexity to provide robust measures of player activity and load has proved difficult, with important aspects of player movement yet to be considered. These include the influence of time-varying covariates on player activity and the combination of different dimensions of player movement. Few studies have simultaneously categorized player activity into different activity states and investigated factors influencing the transition between states, or compared player activity and load profiles between matches and training. This study applied hidden Markov models (HMMs)-a data-driven, multivariate approach-to rugby league training and match GPS data to i) demonstrate how HMMs can combine multiple variables in a data-driven way to effectively categorize player movement states, ii) investigate the influence of two time-varying covariates, score difference and elapsed match time on player activity states, and iii) compare player activity and load profiles within and between training and match modalities. HMMs were fitted to player GPS, accelerometer and heart rate data of one English Super League team across 60 training sessions and 35 matches. Distinct activity states were detected for both matches and training, with transitions between states in matches influenced by score difference and elapsed time and clear differences in activity and load profiles between training and matches. HMMs can model the complexity of player movement to effectively profile player activity and load in rugby league and have the potential to facilitate new research across several sports.</p>","PeriodicalId":94191,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","volume":" ","pages":"34-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141753643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying Key Training Load and Intensity Indicators in Ice Hockey Using Unsupervised Machine Learning.","authors":"Vincenzo Rago, Tiago Fernandes, Magni Mohr","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2360162","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2360162","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To identify key training load (TL) and intensity indicators in ice hockey, practice, and game data were collected using a wearable 200-Hz accelerometer and heart rate (HR) recording throughout a four-week (29 days) competitive period (23 practice sessions and 8 competitive games in 17 elite Danish players (<i>n</i> = 427 observations). Within-individual correlations among accelerometer- (total accelerations [Acc_tot], accelerations >2 m·s^-2 [Acc2], total accelerations [Dec_tot], decelerations <- 2 m·s^-2 [Dec2]), among HR-derived (time >85% maximum HR [t85%HR_max], Edwards' TL and modified training impulse) TL indicators, and between acceleration- and HR-derived TL parameters were large to almost perfect (<i>r</i> = 0.69-0.99). No significant correlations were observed between accelerometer- and HR-derived intensity indicators. Three between- and two within-components were found. The K-means++ cluster analysis revealed five and four clusters for between- and within-loadings, respectively. The least Euclidean distance from their centroid for each cluster was reported by session-duration, Acc_tot, Dec2, TRIMP_MOD, %t85HR_max for between-loadings, whereas session-duration, Acc2, t85HR_max and Dec2/min for within-loadings. Specific TL or intensity variables might be relevant to identify similar between-subject groups (e.g. individual player, playing positions), or temporal patterns (e.g. changes in TL or intensity over time). Our study provides insights about the redundancy associated with the use of multiple TL and intensity variables in ice hockey.</p>","PeriodicalId":94191,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","volume":" ","pages":"21-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141500057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Duration of Water-Based Exercise on Hemodynamic and Sleep Quality: An of Hypertensives and Normotensives Subanalysis.","authors":"Eliezer Guimarães Moura, Javier Bedoya-Castaño, Catarina de Andrade Barboza, Gabriela Silva, Gilmar Dias, Gabriela Ribeiro Ministro da Costa, Heitor Moreno, Bruno Rodrigues","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2363464","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2363464","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose</b>: This study aimed to determine whether a better hemodynamic profile and a better sleep quality are associated with the duration of physical exercise in the water; secondly, it aims to determine whether better sleep quality is associated with a more favorable hemodynamic profile. <b>Methods</b>: 97 subjects (85 women, age 59.46 ± 10.62) were included in the study. Groups were divided into normotensive (<i>n </i>= 46) and hypertensive individuals, (<i>n </i>= 51) duration of water aerobics (1-6 (<i>n </i>= 18), 7-11 (<i>n </i>= 11), 12-35 (<i>n</i> = 26), and > 36 months (<i>n </i>= 42), respectively), and sleep quality (Good, Poor, and Sleep Disordered). The peripheral (brachial), central (through applanation tonometry), and arterial blood pressure were assessed, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index questionnaire was collected. <b>Results</b>: We found that the groups practicing water-based exercise for a more extended period (>6 months) did not present improved pressure values and sleep quality. The best (though still weak) relationship between the water-based exercise time and the sleep quality values occurred between the group of 7-11 exercising for over 36 months (<i>r </i>= - 0.29 for both). When multivariate regression analysis was performed, there was interaction between AIx@75bpm and sleep quality score, as well as between AIx@75bpm and the age of subjects (<i>p</i> = .006 and 0.003, respectively). <b>Conclusion</b>: The data from the present study reported that subjects who participated for a longer time in the water aerobics training protocol had no additional hemodynamic and sleep quality benefits compared to volunteers with shorter duration groups (<6 months).</p>","PeriodicalId":94191,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","volume":" ","pages":"53-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141565468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Caffeine on Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability at Rest and During Submaximal Cycling Exercise.","authors":"Mark Glaister, Dhama Lythgoe, Sahana Kamath","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2377303","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2377303","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of caffeine on heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV) at rest and during submaximal exercise. Using a balanced, double-blind, randomized, crossover design, 16 male cyclists (age: 37 ± 9 years; <math><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></math>O_2max: 4.44 ± 0.67 L·min^-1) completed three trials in an air-conditioned laboratory. In Trial 1, cyclists completed two incremental cycling tests to establish the <math><mrow><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></mrow></math>O₂-power output relationship and <math><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></math>O_2max. In trials 2 and 3, cyclists were evaluated for heart rate and HRV at rest, after which they ingested a capsule containing 5 mg·kg^-1 of caffeine or placebo. Thirty-five minutes post-supplementation, additional resting heart rate and HRV readings were taken after which cyclists completed a submaximal incremental cycling test (6 min stages) at 40-80% of <math><mrow><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></mrow></math>O_2max; with HR and HRV measurements taken in the last 5 min of each increment. HRV was determined from the root mean square of successive differences between R-R intervals. There were significant supplement × exercise intensity interactions on heart rate (<i>p</i> = .019) and HRV (<i>p</i> = .023), with <i>post hoc</i> tests on the latter showing that caffeine increased HRV at 40%, 50%, and 60% of <math><mrow><mover><mi>V</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover></mrow></math>O_2max by 3.6 ± 4.9, 2.6 ± 2.8, and 0.6 ± 1.7 ms, respectively. There was a supplement × time interaction effect on resting HRV (<i>p</i> < .001), but not on heart rate (<i>p</i> = .351). The results of this study support the suggestion that caffeine increases the parasympathetic modulation of heart rate.Clinical trial registration number: NCT05521386.</p>","PeriodicalId":94191,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","volume":" ","pages":"155-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141622073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Motor Competence as a Protection Factor Against Pediatric Obesity: The Bidirectional Relationship Between Motor Competence and Weight Status.","authors":"Daniel Das Virgens Chagas, Maria Carolina Joia","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2373995","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2373995","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose:</b> Motor competence is negatively associated with body mass index (BMI) in young people. However, it is still unclear whether motor competence is linked to the risk of obesity in adolescents and longitudinal evidence is missing. The main purpose of this study was to assess the association between motor competence and risk of obesity across adolescence. <b>Methods:</b> A 2-year follow-up study was conducted with a total of 122 adolescents (59.8% girls) aged 12 to 13 years at baseline. Motor competence (KTK), weight status (BMI) and physical activity (questionnaire) were assessed at three time points. Generalized estimating equation and logistic regression models were conducted to examine the relationships between motor competence and weight status, adjusting for potential confounders (i.e. age, sex and physical activity). <b>Results:</b> Motor competence and BMI were inversely related over time. The chance to have overweight/obesity decreased by 6.5% and 8% with a 10-point increase in motor competence across time. In addition, adolescents had 6.4 to 8.2 greater chance to have low motor competence with a 1-point increase in BMI across time. <b>Conclusion:</b> Motor competence is inversely associated with the risk of overweight/obesity across adolescence. Therefore, the development of motor competence can be a protection factor against excessive weight gain. As such, we recommend the development of motor competence as a strategy to prevent pediatric obesity through diversified types of physical activities such as sports, active play and physical education classes.</p>","PeriodicalId":94191,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","volume":" ","pages":"126-132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141581961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inequality in Children's Physical Activity Across Time-Segmented Youth Sport Practice.","authors":"Ann E Rogers, Christopher S Wichman, Michaela A Schenkelberg, David A Dzewaltowski","doi":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2367565","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02701367.2024.2367565","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Purpose:</b> Youth sport (YS) is a community system for promoting children's physical activity (PA). Studies have examined mean PA during YS practices, but few have examined inequalities in the distribution of PA among children during practice time. This study examined PA inequality in time-segmented YS practices and differences in inequality by time segment characteristics. <b>Methods:</b> Children's PA and YS practices were examined using accelerometer and video observation data from a sample of YS teams (<i>n</i> = 36 teams, <i>n</i> = 101 practices) for third- through sixth-grade children (<i>n</i> = 392), approximately eight to 12 years old, in two rural U.S. communities. Practices were time-segmented into smaller units (episodes; <i>n</i> = 991). Episodes were assigned codes for purpose (e.g. warm-up), member arrangement (e.g. whole group), and setting demand (i.e. fosters participation, creates exclusion). Group accelerometer data were paired with episodes, and the Gini coefficient quantified inequality in activity counts and minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). Beta generalized estimating equations examined the influence of episode structure on PA inequality. <b>Results:</b> Warm-up (Gini = 0.22), fitness (Gini = 0.24), and sport skill (Gini = 0.24) episodes had significantly lower inequality (<i>p</i> < .05) in activity counts than other purpose types. Management (Gini = 0.32) and strategy (Gini = 0.40) episodes had significantly greater inequality (<i>p</i> < .05) in MVPA minutes than other purpose types. Episodes fostering participation (Gini = 0.32) had significantly lower activity count inequality (<i>p</i> < .05) than episodes creating exclusion (Gini = 0.35). <b>Conclusion:</b> PA inequality among children during YS varied by practice structure. Metrics such as the Gini coefficient can illuminate inequalities in PA and may be useful for guiding efforts to improve population PA in children. <b>Trial Registration:</b> This study is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov (Identifier: NCT03380143).</p>","PeriodicalId":94191,"journal":{"name":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport","volume":" ","pages":"96-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11724016/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141581960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}