Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids最新文献

{"title":"Effects of seal oil supplementation on lipid profile biomarkers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","authors":"Mariano Gallo Ruelas ,&nbsp;Ivo Queiroz ,&nbsp;Túlio Pimentel ,&nbsp;Arthur Henrique Tavares ,&nbsp;Maria L.R. Defante ,&nbsp;Lucas M. Barbosa ,&nbsp;Igor Eckert","doi":"10.1016/j.plefa.2025.102666","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plefa.2025.102666","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Seal oil (SO) supplementation has been purported to have cardiovascular health benefits due to its content of omega-3 fatty acids; however, the clinical evidence base for this intervention has yet to be comprehensively assessed.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>We aimed to evaluate the effects of oral SO supplementation on lipid profile biomarkers.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A systematic search was performed on Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library, from inception to August 2024. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effect of SO on lipid profile biomarkers were included. A random-effects meta-analysis was applied to determine the overall effect estimate. The certainty of evidence (CoE) was evaluated using the GRADE approach.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Nine RCTs were included in the review after the screening of 242 studies, comprising a total of 626 patients. Supplementation of SO resulted in no statistically significant effects on LDL-C (MD -0.07 mmol/L; 95 % CI [-0.19, 0.05]; CoE: Low) and total cholesterol (MD -0.12 mmol/L; 95 % CI [-0.30, 0.06]; CoE: Very low). There were statistically significant results of modest-to-trivial clinical importance on triglycerides (MD -0.19 mmol/L, 95 % CI [-0.30, -0.08]; CoE: Low) and trivial importance on HDL-C (MD 0.07 mmol/L, 95 % CI [0.003, 0.13]; CoE: Very low).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>There is no sufficiently certain evidence to determine the effects of SO on cardiovascular lipid biomarkers. Our analyses may suggest a modest-to-trivial, clinically uncertain beneficial effect on triglyceride levels; and little to no effect on LDL-C. Effect estimates for HDL-C and total cholesterol levels were highly uncertain. Further evidence is required to conclusively determine the effects of oral SO on lipid biomarkers.</div></div><div><h3>Protocol registration number</h3><div>CRD42024583739</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94179,"journal":{"name":"Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 102666"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143217649","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Depression and anxiety in the pregnant Omani population in relation to their fatty acid intake and levels","authors":"Mohammed Al Sinani ,&nbsp;Mark Johnson ,&nbsp;Michael Crawford ,&nbsp;Mohammed Al Maqbali ,&nbsp;Samir Al-Adawi","doi":"10.1016/j.plefa.2025.102668","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plefa.2025.102668","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Maternal depression during and after pregnancy is a worldwide public concern. Low omega-3 FAs levels and intake in women during pregnancy were associated with a high rate of maternal depression and poor pregnancy outcomes. The study examines the association between FAs intake and levels and prenatal depressive and anxiety symptoms among pregnant Arabic-speaking women in Oman.</div></div><div><h3>Methodology</h3><div>In 302 pregnant Omani women, level of depression and anxiety is assessed at the 8–12 and 24–28 weeks of pregnancy using the Arabic version of (EPDS). Seafood and the omega-3 FAs intakes of pregnant women has been quantified by using a validated (FFQ). FAs analysis of erythrocytes was carried out using the method of Folch et al.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Maternal depression and anxiety symptoms (30.5 % and 26.1 %) were associated with low fish consumption and omega-3 FAs intake with depressive and anxiety symptoms (<em>p</em> = 0.01), Women with antenatal depression or anxiety symptoms had a lower erythrocyte concentration of arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6), (<em>p</em> = 0.01), total omega 6 FAs, (<em>p</em> = 0.03), docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3) (<em>p</em> = 0.03), docosapentaenoic acid (22:5 n-3) (<em>p</em> = 0.04), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3) (<em>p</em> = 0.005), total omega 3 FAs (<em>p</em> = 0.005), omega-3 index (<em>p</em> = 0.01), compared to healthy pregnant women. These findings did not change after adjusting for potential confounders.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Maternal omega-3 FAs exert a favourable effect on vital perinatal health outcomes. Fish and seafood intake or omega-3 FAs supplementation are highly recommended for women during pregnancy to ensure the well-being of both the mother and fetus.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94179,"journal":{"name":"Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 102668"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143144375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with brain connectivity and mood in young adults with subthreshold depression: A preliminary study","authors":"Paul Faulkner ,&nbsp;E.Leigh Gibson ,&nbsp;Simon C. Dyall","doi":"10.1016/j.plefa.2025.102664","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plefa.2025.102664","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) have beneficial effects in depression, and these effects may be mediated via changes in functional brain connectivity. However, little is known about these effects in those with subthreshold depression.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>15 Participants aged 18–29 years with Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8) scores ≥ 4 and Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment-7 (GAD-7) scores ≥ 5, underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Whole-brain, seed-based connectivity analyses were performed using bilateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and amygdala seeds. Omega-3 and -6 PUFA status was assessed from dried bloodspot analysis of %DHA, %EPA, Omega-3 Index (calculated as the sum of DHA plus EPA expressed as a percentage of the total measured fatty acids and a correction applied as dried blood spot samples were used instead of erythrocytes) and ratio of the omega-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (ARA) to EPA (ARA/EPA).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>PHQ-8 scores indicated subthreshold depression (mean = 10.0; SD = 4.2) and were negatively associated with DHA levels and Omega-3 Index. Significant negative associations were also identified between connectivity of the OFC with the angular gyrus and DHA and Omega-3 Index, while weaker connectivity of these regions was associated with lower PHQ-8 and GAD-7 scores. DHA and Omega-3 Index values were significantly associated with greater connectivity of the amygdala with the posterior cingulate cortex, which was also associated with lower PHQ-8 scores.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Higher omega-3 PUFA status in young adults with moderate, but mean subthreshold depression was associated with lower depression rating scores and altered functional connectivity of brain regions shown to play a role in the neurobiology of depression.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94179,"journal":{"name":"Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 102664"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143019175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brain region and sex-dependent heterogeneity of PUFA/oxylipin profile, microglia morphology and their relationship","authors":"J. Geertsema ,&nbsp;M.A. Franßen ,&nbsp;F. Barban ,&nbsp;L. Šarauskytė ,&nbsp;M. Giera ,&nbsp;G. Kooij ,&nbsp;A Korosi","doi":"10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102662","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102662","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lipid dyshomeostasis and neuroinflammation are key hallmarks of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, including major depressive disorder and Alzheimer's disease. In particular, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their derivatives called oxylipins gained specific interest in this context, especially considering their capacity to orchestrate neuroinflammatory responses via direct modulation of microglia. The hippocampus and hypothalamus are crucial brain regions for regulating mood and cognition that are implicated in a variety of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders and there is ample evidence for the sex-bias in risks for the development as well as sex-bias in the presentation of such psychiatric diseases, including the neuroinflammatory response. To better understand the local PUFA/oxylipin profiles and microglia responses in disease, we here assessed their brain region and sex-dependent profiles in homeostatic brains. In 2-month-old male and female mice, we measured non-esterified (free) PUFA/oxylipin profiles using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and characterized microglia morphology via immunohistochemistry. The hypothalamus and hippocampus exhibit a different free PUFA/oxylipin profile, independent of sex. The hippocampus was characterized by a higher density of complex Iba1⁺ microglial cells than the hypothalamus, without sex effects. Hypothalamic microglial morphology correlated more strongly with free PUFA- and oxylipin species than hippocampal microglia, correlating with species from both the N-3 and N-6 PUFA metabolization pathways, while hippocampal microglial parameters correlated only with N-6 pathway-related species. Our findings provide a basis for future studies to investigate the relationship between PUFAs, their derivatives and neuroinflammation in the context of diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94179,"journal":{"name":"Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 102662"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142883467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of long-chain n-3 PUFA on liver transcriptome in human obesity","authors":"Rebeka Joerg ,&nbsp;Bianca K. Itariu ,&nbsp;Melina Amor ,&nbsp;Martin Bilban ,&nbsp;Felix Langer ,&nbsp;Gerhard Prager ,&nbsp;Florian Joerg ,&nbsp;Thomas M. Stulnig","doi":"10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102663","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102663","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and aims</h3><div>Obesity is associated with a higher risk of severe diseases such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Polyunsaturated fatty acids, of the omega-3 family (n-3 PUFA), have been shown to reduce adipose tissue inflammation in obesity, as well as to have lipid-lowering effects and improve insulin sensitivity. However, direct effects on liver transcriptome in humans have not been described. Our aim was to understand the impact of n-3 PUFA on gene expression in obese human liver.</div></div><div><h3>Approach and Results</h3><div>Patients with obesity (BMI <span><math><mo>≥</mo></math></span> 40 kg/m²) were treated for eight weeks with 3.36 g n-3 PUFAs (1.84 g eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 1.53 g docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)), or with 5 g of butter as a control (<em>n</em> = 15 per group) before undergoing bariatric surgery where liver biopsies were taken. Liver samples were used for mRNA microarray analyses and subsequently Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was performed. This bioinformatic approach led us to identify 80 significantly dysregulated pathways that were divided into 9 different clusters including insulin and lipid metabolism, and immunity. N-3 PUFA treatment significantly affected pathways related to immunity, metabolism, and inflammation. Specifically, it upregulated pathways involved in T-cell and B-cell functions and lipid metabolism, while downregulating glucagon signalling. These findings highlight the impact of n-3 PUFAs on key metabolic and immune processes in the liver of patients with obesity.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study provides further insights into the impact on n-3 PUFA on human liver gene expression, particularly in pathways associated with immunity, lipid metabolism, and inflammation, setting basis for further clinical research.</div></div><div><h3>Summary</h3><div>Obesity increases the risk of diseases like atherosclerotic- cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) are known for their anti-inflammatory and metabolic benefits, but their direct impact on liver gene expression in people with obesity, remains unclear. In this study, patients with obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) were administered either n-3 PUFAs or butter before bariatric surgery. Liver biopsies were analysed for gene expression via Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). The results revealed 80 dysregulated pathways across 9 clusters, including those related to insulin and lipid metabolism, and immunity. This sheds light on how n-3 PUFAs influence gene expression in the liver of patients with obesity, setting the groundwork for further clinical exploration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94179,"journal":{"name":"Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 102663"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142928833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Providing lysophosphatidylcholine-bound omega-3 fatty acids increased eicosapentaenoic acid, but not docosahexaenoic acid, in the cortex of mice with the apolipoprotein E3 or E4 allele","authors":"Bijou Andriambelo ,&nbsp;Annick Vachon ,&nbsp;Marc-André Dansereau ,&nbsp;Benoit Laurent ,&nbsp;Mélanie Plourde","doi":"10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102661","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102661","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Several mechanisms have been proposed for the brain uptake of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3), including passive diffusion of the unesterified form and the use of Mfsd2a transporter for the lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) form. We hypothesize that the accumulation of LPC n-3 in the brain is lower in mice carrying the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele (APOE4), a major genetic risk factor for developing sporadic Alzheimer's disease in humans.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>Determine whether two or four months of supplementation with LPC n-3 increases the levels of docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA) in the frontal cortex of APOE3 and APOE4 mice.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>APOE3 and APOE4 mice were administered LPC n-3 (9.6 mg DHA + 18.3 mg EPA) or sunflower oil (control) by oral gavage for two or four months (n = 5-8 per genotype, per treatment, and per treatment duration). At the end of the treatment period, frontal cortices were collected, and their FA profiles analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>After two months of gavage with LPC n-3, APOE3 mice showed increased levels of EPA in their cortex, but not DHA. In APOE4 mice, neither EPA nor DHA levels were significantly affected. After four months of LPC n-3, both APOE3 and APOE4 mice exhibited higher EPA levels, while changes in DHA levels were not statistically significant.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>LPC n-3 supplementation increased EPA, but not DHA, levels in the frontal cortex of mice in a duration- and APOE genotype-dependent manner. Further research is needed to explore the implications for brain health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94179,"journal":{"name":"Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids","volume":"204 ","pages":"Article 102661"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142792257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex differences in lipid mediators derived from omega-3 fatty acids in older individuals with low-grade chronic inflammation","authors":"Jisun So ,&nbsp;Jonathan H. Yao ,&nbsp;Rozana Magadmi ,&nbsp;Nirupa R. Matthan ,&nbsp;Stefania Lamon-Fava","doi":"10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102655","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102655","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The rate of cardiovascular disease (CVD) death is higher in men than women before age 50 y, but the gap between sexes significantly narrows after menopause. Lipid mediators derived from EPA, DHA and AA play a role in inflammation and CVD. The aim of our study was to assess whether plasma concentrations of these lipid mediators differ between postmenopausal women and men. Twelve postmenopausal women and 9 men with low-grade chronic inflammation completed a randomized, double-blind, crossover study consisting of a 4-week lead-in placebo phase (3 g/d high-oleic acid sunflower oil) followed by randomization to either 3 g/d DHA or 3 g/d EPA for 10 weeks and crossover for additional 10 weeks, separated by a washout phase. Plasma phospholipid content of EPA, DHA and AA and plasma concentrations of their derived lipid mediators were measured at the end of the placebo lead-in phase (baseline) and the DHA and EPA supplementation phases. There were no sex differences in plasma phospholipid EPA, DHA and AA at baseline and after DHA and EPA supplementation. However, plasma concentrations of lipid mediators derived from EPA, DHA and AA via 15-lipoxygenase were lower in postmenopausal women than men, especially after supplementation. Sex differences in EPA- and DHA-derived lipid mediators with anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving actions may partly explain the faster rise in CVD in postmenopausal women than age-matched men.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94179,"journal":{"name":"Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 102655"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142570813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dose-dependency of a combined EPA:DHA mixture on incorporation, washout, and protein synthesis in C2C12 myotubes","authors":"M. Banic ,&nbsp;M. van Dijk ,&nbsp;F.J. Dijk ,&nbsp;M.J.W. Furber ,&nbsp;O.C. Witard ,&nbsp;N. Donker ,&nbsp;M.J.A. Becker ,&nbsp;S.D. Galloway ,&nbsp;N. Rodriguez-Sanchez","doi":"10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102651","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102651","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We demonstrate divergent incorporation and washout patterns for EPA and DHA following high and low-dose EPA+DHA incubation in C2C12 myotubes, with higher concentrations favoring <em>n</em>-3 PUFA incorporation. Lower <em>n</em>-3 PUFA concentrations increased MPS without further upregulating the mTORC1 signaling pathway. Our study provides novel insights into the temporal incorporation and washout dynamics of EPA and DHA and, specifically, their combined effect on MPS, thereby advancing knowledge regarding dietary <em>n</em>-3 PUFA prescription to promote skeletal muscle health in humans.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94179,"journal":{"name":"Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 102651"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142635240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of polyunsaturated fatty acids during and pregnancy and lactation: A comprehensive review","authors":"Yasna Muñoz ,&nbsp;Lorena Mercado ,&nbsp;Camila Farias ,&nbsp;María Paz Beyer ,&nbsp;Ignacio Alvear ,&nbsp;Francisca Echeverría ,&nbsp;Rodrigo Valenzuela","doi":"10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102656","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102656","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) are relevant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) derived from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and linoleic acid (LA), respectively. These are important in pregnancy and lactation periods because of their benefits to the developing fetus and infant. Currently, the high prevalence of gestational obesity has led to a revision of PUFAs recommendations in these periods, due to changes in the lipid profile of women marked by a higher consumption of n-6 PUFA.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This review aims to present an updated compilation of evidence on DHA and ARA during gestation and lactation.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The literature review was performed in different databases, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Scielo, ISI, and Ovid MedLine, highlighting the importance of DHA and ARA for newborn development.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>An adequate intake of n-3 PUFA, especially DHA, in the mother during pregnancy and the postnatal period is important for the normal development of the child's brain. Maternal DHA supplementation increases DHA levels in mothers, but its direct link to infant neurodevelopment remains unclear. Obesity generates changes in the FA profile of pregnant women, causing an imbalance of n-3 and n-6 PUFA. An adequate level of DHA benefits children's cognitive function. However, a potential connection exists to the infants' inflammatory profile.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>During gestation and lactation periods, an adequate DHA intake and n-6/ n-3 PUFA ratio (especially for obese women) are important for the optimal growth and brain development of the child.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94179,"journal":{"name":"Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 102656"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142554636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Blood EPA and DHA status among people living in the United States from 2000 to 2023","authors":"Lea Gründler ,&nbsp;Philine Beinhorn ,&nbsp;Andreas Hahn ,&nbsp;Jan Philipp Schuchardt","doi":"10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102653","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.plefa.2024.102653","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), specifically eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3), are well-known for their various health benefits, including cardiovascular and cognitive health. In this study we explored the EPA+DHA blood status across different states within the United States. A widely used marker to assess the EPA+DHA status is the omega-3 index – defined as the % of EPA+DHA in red blood cells (RBC) in relation to total fatty acids. A systematic literature search was conducted for US-studies from 2000 until October 2023 reporting EPA+DHA blood values. Further inclusion criteria were: information in which US state the study was carried out, no pregnant women, at least 16 years of age. A total of 46 studies met all inclusion criteria. EPA+DHA levels from studies utilizing blood metrics other than RBC were converted to an estimated RBC EPA+DHA (eRBC EPA+DHA) status marker using established conversion equations. The mean eRBC EPA+DHA across the US was 5.28% and, is in line with previous investigations. Most US states showed an average eRBC EPA+DHA in the range 4.50% to 5.50%. Furthermore, we found that coastal states tend to have higher eRBC EPA+DHA (5.26%) than inland states (4.86%). This is consistent with the slightly higher fish consumption in coastal states compared to inland states. The data from the studies included in the evaluation show that the blood status of EPA+DHA is suboptimal. The supply of EPA and DHA should be improved, especially in inland states. Further research is needed to better monitor EPA+DHA status in the US. Since the EPA+DHA blood status is a modifiable risk factor for many diseases, public health officials should take steps to emphasize the significance of n-3 PUFAs in preserving the health of the US population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94179,"journal":{"name":"Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids","volume":"203 ","pages":"Article 102653"},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142515605","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}