Polish journal of microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Short-Chain Carboxylates Facilitate the Counting of Yeasts in Sub-High Temperature Daqu.","authors":"Zhiqiang Ren, Juan Xie, Tuoxian Tang, Zhiguo Huang","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2024-015","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2024-015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sub-high temperature Daqu, a traditional solid fermenting agent used in Chinese strong-aroma Baijiu production, is abundant in diverse microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts, molds, and actinomycetes. Among these, yeasts are pivotal for ethanol production and flavor formation. However, counting yeasts in Daqu is challenging due to interference from molds and bacteria. Antibiotics are employed to inhibit bacterial growth, but there is no practical way to suppress molds without affecting the growth of yeasts. In this study, short-chain carboxylates (C1-C6) were added to the culture medium at various pH conditions to investigate their effects on the growth of molds and yeasts. The results demonstrated distinct inhibitory effects of the short-chain carboxylates, depending on both pH and concentration. Several tested short-chain carboxylates effectively suppressed mold growth on agar plates while leaving yeast growth unaffected. This suggests a simple and feasible method for enhancing the efficiency of yeast isolation and counting in Daqu. Such an approach is valuable for studying yeasts in diverse and complex habitats.</p>","PeriodicalId":94173,"journal":{"name":"Polish journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"167-176"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11192557/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140856332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Purification and Characterization of a Small Thermostable Protease from <i>Streptomyces</i> sp. CNXK100.","authors":"Tan Viet Pham, Truong Chinh Hua, Ngoc An Nguyen, Hanh Thi Dieu Nguyen","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2024-014","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2024-014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Proteases derived from <i>Streptomyces</i> demonstrate numerous commendable properties, rendering it extensively applicable in biotechnology and various industrial sectors. This study focused on the purification and characterization of the thermostable protease obtained from <i>Streptomyces</i> sp. CNXK100. The purified protease exhibited an estimated molecular weight of 27 kDa, with optimal activity at 75°C and pH 8.0. Notably, the enzyme remained active even without any metal ions and fully active in the presence of Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, and Cu²⁺metal ions. The kinetic parameters were determined with a <i>K_M</i> value of 3.13 mg/ml and a <i>V_max</i> value of 3.28 × 10⁶ U/mg. Furthermore, the protease has demonstrated notable stability when subjected to a treatment temperature of up to 65°C for 60 minutes, and across a broad pH range extending from 5.0 to 10.0. This protease also demonstrated resilience against a spectrum of harsh conditions, including exposure to organic solvents, surfactants, bleaching agents, and proteolytic enzymes. Additionally, the enzyme maintained its activity following treatment with commercial detergents, accomplishing complete thrombus lysis at a concentration of 2.50 mg/ml within 4 hours. Remarkably, the protease exhibited stability in terms of activity and protein concentration for 70 days at 4°C. These findings underscore the potential industrial applications of the thermostable protease from <i>Streptomyces</i> sp. CNXK100.</p>","PeriodicalId":94173,"journal":{"name":"Polish journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"155-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11192455/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140858005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and Electrochemical Analysis of a Facultative Anaerobic Electrogenic Strain <i>Klebsiella</i> sp. SQ-1.","authors":"Lei Zhou, Tuoxian Tang, Dandan Deng, Yayue Wang, Dongli Pei","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2024-013","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2024-013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electricigens decompose organic matter and convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy through extracellular electron transfer. They are significant biocatalysts for microbial fuel cells with practical applications in green energy generation, effluent treatment, and bioremediation. A facultative anaerobic electrogenic strain SQ-1 is isolated from sludge in a biotechnology factory. The strain SQ-1 is a close relative of <i>Klebsiella variicola</i>. Multilayered biofilms form on the surface of a carbon electrode after the isolated bacteria are inoculated into a microbial fuel cell device. This strain produces high current densities of 625 μA cm^-2 by using acetate as the carbon source in a three-electrode configuration. The electricity generation performance is also analyzed in a dual-chamber microbial fuel cell. It reaches a maximum power density of 560 mW m^-2 when the corresponding output voltage is 0.59 V. The facultative strain SQ-1 utilizes hydrous ferric oxide as an electron acceptor to perform extracellular electricigenic respiration in anaerobic conditions. Since facultative strains possess better properties than anaerobic strains, <i>Klebsiella</i> sp. SQ-1 may be a promising exoelectrogenic strain for applications in microbial electrochemistry.</p>","PeriodicalId":94173,"journal":{"name":"Polish journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"143-153"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11192523/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140874317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sugar Utilization-Associated Food-Grade Selection Markers in Lactic Acid Bacteria and Yeast.","authors":"Zhiwen Liang, Ke Zheng, Guifeng Xie, Xiongsheng Luo, Huangjin Li","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2024-011","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2024-011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This comprehensive review explores the development of food-grade selection markers in lactic acid bacteria and yeast; some of their strains are precisely defined as safe microorganisms and are crucial in the food industry. Lactic acid bacteria, known for their ability to ferment carbohydrates into lactic acid, provide essential nutrients and contribute to immune responses. With its strong fermentation capabilities and rich nutritional profile, yeast finds use in various food products. Genetic engineering in these microorganisms has grown rapidly, enabling the expression of enzymes and secondary products for food production. However, the focus is on ensuring safety, necessitating food-grade selection markers. Traditional antibiotic and heavy metal resistance selection markers pose environmental and health risks, prompting the search for safer alternatives. Complementary selection markers, such as sugar utilization markers, offer a promising solution. These markers use carbohydrates as carbon sources for growth and are associated with the natural metabolism of lactic acid bacteria and yeast. This review discusses the use of specific sugars, such as lactose, melibiose, sucrose, D-xylose, glucosamine, and N-acetylglucosamine, as selection markers, highlighting their advantages and limitations. In summary, this review underscores the importance of food-grade selection markers in genetic engineering and offers insights into their applications, benefits, and challenges, providing valuable information for researchers in the field of food microbiology and biotechnology.</p>","PeriodicalId":94173,"journal":{"name":"Polish journal of microbiology","volume":"73 1","pages":"3-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10911659/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140029911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between Clinical Characteristics and Microbiota in Bronchiectasis Patients Based on Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing Technology.","authors":"Dongfeng Shen, Xiaodong Lv, Hui Zhang, Chunyuan Fei, Jing Feng, Jiaqi Zhou, Linfeng Cao, Ying Ying, Na Li, Xiaolong Ma","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2024-007","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2024-007","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to investigate the disparities between metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) and conventional culture results in patients with bronchiectasis. Additionally, we sought to investigate the correlation between the clinical characteristics of patients and their microbiome profiles. The overarching goal was to enhance the effective management and treatment of bronchiectasis patients, providing a theoretical foundation for healthcare professionals. A retrospective survey was conducted on 67 bronchiectasis patients admitted to The First Hospital of Jiaxing from October 2019 to March 2023. Clinical baseline information, inflammatory indicators, and pathogen detection reports, including mNGS, conventional blood culture, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) culture, and sputum culture results, were collected. By comparing the results of mNGS and conventional culture, the differences in pathogen detection rate and pathogen types were explored, and the diagnostic performance of mNGS compared to conventional culture was evaluated. Based on the various pathogens detected by mNGS, the association between clinical characteristics of bronchiectasis patients and mNGS microbiota results was analyzed. The number and types of pathogens detected by mNGS were significantly larger than those detected by conventional culture. The diagnostic efficacy of mNGS was significantly superior to conventional culture for all types of pathogens, particularly in viral detection (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Regarding pathogen detection rate, the bacteria with the highest detection rate were <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (17/58) and <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> (11/58); the fungus with the highest detection rate was <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> (10/21), and the virus with the highest detection rate was human herpes virus 4 (4/11). Differences were observed between the positive and negative groups for <i>P. aeruginosa</i> in terms of common scoring systems for bronchiectasis and whether the main symptom of bronchiectasis manifested as thick sputum (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Significant distinctions were also noted between the positive and negative groups for <i>A. fumigatus</i> regarding Reiff score, neutrophil percentage, bronchiectasis etiology, and alterations in treatment plans following mNGS results reporting (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Notably, 70% of patients with positive <i>A. fumigatus</i> infection opted to change their treatment plans. The correlation study between clinical characteristics of bronchiectasis patients and mNGS microbiological results revealed that bacteria, such as <i>P. aeruginosa</i>, and fungi, such as <i>A. fumigatus</i>, were associated with specific clinical features of patients. This underscored the significance of mNGS in guiding personalized treatment approaches. mNGS could identify multiple pathogens in different types of bronchiectasis samples and was a rapid and effective diagnostic tool for pathogen identification. Its use was recommended for ","PeriodicalId":94173,"journal":{"name":"Polish journal of microbiology","volume":"73 1","pages":"59-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10911701/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140029918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishment of RPA-Cas12a-Based Fluorescence Assay for Rapid Detection of Feline Parvovirus.","authors":"Ting Wang, Hao Zeng, Qiming Liu, Weidong Qian, Yongdong Li, Jian Liu, Rong Xu","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2024-005","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2024-005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Feline parvovirus (FPV) is highly infectious for cats and other Felidae and often causes severe damage to young kittens. In this study, we incorporated recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and Cas12a-mediated detection and developed an RPA-Cas12a-based real-time or end-point fluorescence detection method to identify the NS1 gene of FPV. The total time of RPA-Cas12a-based fluorescence assay is approximately 25 min. The assay presented a limit of detection (LOD) of 1 copies/μl (25 copies/per reaction), with no cross-reactivity with several feline pathogens. The clinical performance of the assay was examined using total genomic DNA purified from 60 clinical specimens and then compared to results obtained with qPCR detection of FPV with 93.3% positive predictive agreement and 100% negative predictive agreement. Together, the rapid reaction, cost-effectiveness, and high sensitivity make the RPA-Cas12a-based fluorescence assay a fascinating diagnostic tool that will help minimize infection spread through instant detection of FPV.</p>","PeriodicalId":94173,"journal":{"name":"Polish journal of microbiology","volume":"73 1","pages":"39-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10911697/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140029921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Mendelian Randomization Study: Roles of Gut Microbiota in Sepsis - Who is the Angle?","authors":"Yeping Bian, Jian Xu, Xiaojing Deng, Suming Zhou","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2024-006","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2024-006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gut microbiota (GM) is a crucial underlying player during sepsis pathogenesis. However, the causal relationship is unclear and remains to be determined. A two-sample Mendelian randomization study was implemented. The statistical data about sepsis together with GM summarized from genome-wide association studies were evaluated. Instrumental variables were defined as single-nucleotide polymorphisms with prominent correlations with exposure. The inverse-variance-weighted test was employed as a major approach of Mendelian randomization analysis to estimate of causal relationships. The inverse-variance-weighted analysis results demonstrated that at different taxa levels, Actinobacteria and <i>Bifidobacteriaceae</i> influence sepsis. Actinobacteria had negative relationships to sepsis risk at the phylum (β = -0.34, SE = 0.10, <i>p</i> = 0.0008) and class (β = -0.23, SE = 0.07, <i>p</i> = 0.0011) levels in outcome coded ieu-b-69. Actinobacteria at the phylum level (β = -0.22, SE = 0.10, <i>p</i> = 0.027) was also negatively associated with sepsis in outcome coded ieu-b-4980. <i>Bifidobacteriaceae</i> at the order (β = -0.20, SE = 0.06, <i>p</i> = 0.0021), family (β = -0.20, SE = 0.06, <i>p</i> = 0.0021), and genus (β = -0.20, SE = 0.06, <i>p</i> = 0.0007) levels were all negatively correlated with the risk of sepsis in outcome coded ieu-b-69. The results of the Wald ratio model showed that <i>Tyzzerella</i> genus (OR (95%CI) = 0.6902[0.4907,0.9708], <i>p</i> = 0.0331) and Gastranaerophilales order (OR (95%CI) = 0.5907[0.3516,0.9926], <i>p</i> = 0.0468) were negatively connected with sepsis. This study implied at different taxa levels Actinobacteria and <i>Bifidobacteriaceae</i>, <i>Tyzzerella</i> genus, and Gastranaerophilales order have a causal relationship with sepsis, indicating that they are protective factors for the incidence of sepsis.</p>","PeriodicalId":94173,"journal":{"name":"Polish journal of microbiology","volume":"73 1","pages":"49-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10911657/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140029910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Evaluation of a Rapid GII Norovirus Detection Method Based on CRISPR-Cas12a.","authors":"Xinyi Hu, Pei He, Tong Jiang, Jilu Shen","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2024-009","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2024-009","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Norovirus is highly infectious and rapidly transmissible and represents a major pathogen of sporadic cases and outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, causing a substantial disease burden. Recent years have witnessed a dramatic increase in norovirus outbreaks in China, significantly higher than in previous years, among which GII norovirus is the predominant prevalent strain. Therefore, rapid norovirus diagnosis is critical for clinical treatment and transmission control. Hence, we developed a molecular assay based on RPA combined with the CRISPER-CAS12a technique targeting the conserved region of the GII norovirus genome, the results of which could be displayed by fluorescence curves and immunochromatographic lateral-flow test strips. The reaction only required approximately 50 min, and the results were visible by the naked eye with a sensitivity reaching 10² copies/μl. Also, our method does not cross-react with other common pathogens that cause intestinal diarrhea. Furthermore, this assay was easy to perform and inexpensive, which could be widely applied for detecting norovirus in settings including medical institutions at all levels, particularly township health centers in low-resource areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":94173,"journal":{"name":"Polish journal of microbiology","volume":"73 1","pages":"89-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10911698/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140029920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increased Proteolytic Activity of <i>Serratia marcescens</i> Clinical Isolate HU1848 Is Associated with Higher <i>eepR</i> Expression.","authors":"Karla L De Anda-Mora, Faviola Tavares-Carreón, Carlos Alvarez, Samantha Barahona, Miguel A Becerril-García, Rogelio J Treviño-Rangel, Rodolfo García-Contreras, Angel Andrade","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2024-002","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2024-002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Serratia marcescens</i> is a global opportunistic pathogen. <i>In vitro</i> cytotoxicity of this bacterium is mainly related to metalloprotease serralysin (PrtS) activity. Proteolytic capability varies among the different isolates. Here, we characterized protease production and transcriptional regulators at 37°C of two <i>S. marcescens</i> isolates from bronchial expectorations, HU1848 and SmUNAM836. As a reference strain the insect pathogen <i>S. marcescens</i> Db10 was included. Zymography of supernatant cultures revealed a single (SmUNAM836) or double proteolytic zones (HU1848 and Db10). Mass spectrometry confirmed the identity of PrtS and the serralysin-like protease SlpB from supernatant samples. Elevated proteolytic activity and <i>prtS</i> expression were evidenced in the HU1848 strain through azocasein degradation and qRT-PCR, respectively. Evaluation of transcriptional regulators revealed higher <i>eepR</i> expression in HU1848, whereas <i>cpxR</i> and <i>hexS</i> transcriptional levels were similar between studied strains. Higher <i>eepR</i> expression in HU1848 was further confirmed through an <i>in vivo</i> transcriptional assay. Moreover, two putative CpxR binding motifs were identified within the <i>eepR</i> regulatory region. EMSA validated the interaction of CpxR with both motifs. The evaluation of <i>eepR</i> transcription in a <i>cpxR</i> deletion strain indicated that CpxR negatively regulates <i>eepR</i>. Sequence conservation suggests that regulation of <i>eepR</i> by CpxR is common along <i>S. marcescens</i> species. Overall, our data incorporates CpxR to the complex regulatory mechanisms governing <i>eepR</i> expression and associates the increased proteolytic activity of the HU1848 strain with higher <i>eepR</i> transcription. Based on the global impact of EepR in secondary metabolites production, our work contributes to understanding virulence factors variances across <i>S. marcescens</i> isolates.</p>","PeriodicalId":94173,"journal":{"name":"Polish journal of microbiology","volume":"73 1","pages":"11-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10911700/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140029922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antimicrobial Resistance and the Prevalence of the Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Gene among Clinical Isolates of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> in Lithuania.","authors":"Agnė Kirkliauskienė, Jonas Kriščiūnas, Jolanta Miciulevičienė, Daiva Radzišauskienė, Tomas Kačergius, Maksim Bratchikov, Lina Kaplerienė","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2024-003","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2024-003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to determine resistance to antimicrobials of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> strains isolated from clinical specimens in Lithuanian hospitals and to identify the genes conferring resistance and virulence. The study was carried out from June 2019 to September 2021. <i>S. aureus</i> strains were isolated from skin, soft tissues, blood, lower respiratory tract, urine and other specimens. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disc diffusion method according to EUCAST guidelines. All isolates were analyzed for detection of the <i>ermA</i>, <i>ermC</i>, <i>mecA</i>, <i>mecC</i>, <i>tetK</i>, <i>tetM</i>, and <i>lukF-PV</i> genes by multiplex real-time PCR. The 16S rRNA coding sequence was applied as an internal PCR control. Altogether, 745 <i>S. aureus</i> strains were analyzed. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that all isolates were susceptible to rifampin and vancomycin. Of the 745 strains, 94.8% were susceptible to tetracycline, 94.5% to clindamycin, and 88.3% to erythromycin. The lowest susceptibility rate was found for penicillin (25.8%). Six percent of the tested strains were methicillin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> (MRSA). The majority of methicillin-resistant strains were isolated from skin and soft tissues (73.3%), with a smaller portion isolated from blood (17.8%) and respiratory tract (8.9%). The <i>ermC</i> gene was detected in 41.1% of erythromycin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> strains, whereas <i>ermA</i> was detected in 32.2% of erythromycin-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> strains. 69.2% of tetracycline-resistant <i>S. aureus</i> strains had <i>tetK</i> gene, and 28.2% had <i>tetM</i> gene. 7.3% of <i>S. aureus</i> isolates harbored <i>lukF-PV</i> gene. The frequency of the <i>pvl</i> gene detection was significantly higher in MRSA isolates than in methicillin-susceptible <i>S. aureus</i> isolates (<i>p</i> < 0.0001).</p>","PeriodicalId":94173,"journal":{"name":"Polish journal of microbiology","volume":"73 1","pages":"21-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10911699/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140029917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}