Polish journal of microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Harnessing Monoterpenes and Monoterpenoids as Weapons against Antimicrobial Resistance.","authors":"Amanda Shen-Yee Kong, Swee-Hua Erin Lim, Wan-Hee Cheng, Mohd Hafis Yuswan, Ngai-Paing Tan, Kok-Song Lai","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2025-010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2025-010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a formidable challenge in global healthcare, driving the exploration of natural products for novel antimicrobials. Among these, essential oils (EOs) derived from medicinal plants are rich sources of diverse bioactive compounds. Monoterpenes and monoterpenoids, critical constituents of EOs, have emerged as promising agents in combating multidrugresistant (MDR) pathogens. This review analyzed recent literature on the efficacy of monoterpenes against AMR, highlighting their broad-spectrum activity and potential as alternative therapeutic options for MDR infections. Mechanistic insights reveal their ability to disrupt cell membranes, inhibit biofilm formation, and modulate gene expression linked to virulence and resistance, thereby reducing microbial viability through alterations in membrane potential, enzymatic activity, and genetic regulation. Synergistic interactions between monoterpenes and conventional antibiotics are also elucidated. Innovative approaches in monoterpene research are explored, although challenges such as resistance, limited solubility, volatility, and potential toxicity are acknowledged, emphasizing the need for advanced formulation strategies and interdisciplinary research. The synergy observed with conventional antibiotics, coupled with their ability to target specific microbial resistance mechanisms, underscores the potential of monoterpenes in combating antibioticresistant infections. Future investigations should prioritize optimizing monoterpenes' therapeutic properties and assessing their safety profiles to fully exploit their potential in addressing AMR.</p>","PeriodicalId":94173,"journal":{"name":"Polish journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143574787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibiotic Resistance and Serotypes Distribution in <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i> Bulgarian Clinical Isolates During the Years of 2021-2024.","authors":"Vasil S Boyanov, Alexandra S Alexandrova, Preslava M Hristova, Hristina Y Hitkova, Raina T Gergova","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2024-042","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2024-042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Streptococcus agalactiae (</i>group B <i>Streptococcus</i>, GBS) is an important human and animal pathogen. In recent years, the number of streptococcal isolates resistant to antimicrobial agents has increased in many parts of the world. Various mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance and capsular serotypes of GBS with different geographical distributions can be found. A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2021 to May 2024. The survey included 257 GBS isolates from Bulgarian inpatients and outpatients with streptococcal infections. Antibiotic resistance genes and capsular serotypes were detected and evaluated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We classified GBS isolates into groups according to their source as vaginal samples (191) and extra-vaginal samples (66), subdivided as invasive (36) and non-invasive specimens (30). The most common serotypes were Ia (26.5%), III (20.2%), and V (19.8%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that all examined isolates were susceptible to penicillin and vancomycin. Resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and tetracyclines was observed in 60.3%, 24.9%, and 89.1% of the isolates. The distribution of phenotypes was cMLSb 47.4%, iMLSb 30.8%, M-type 21.2%, and L-type 0.6%. PCR analysis revealed nine genes associated with macrolide and lincosamide resistance: <i>ermB</i> (54.2%), <i>ermA</i>/<i>TR</i> (30.3%), <i>mefA</i> (20.7%), <i>ermC</i> (18.1%), <i>msrD</i> (14.8%), <i>mefE</i> (8.4%), <i>IsaC</i> (8.4%), <i>InuB</i> (7.7%), and <i>IsaE</i> (6.5%). Two genes linked to tetracycline resistance <i>tetM</i> (89.1%) and <i>tetO</i> (14.4%) were detected. Compared to the previous period, we observed increased antibiotic resistance. There was no statistical significance between the distribution of serotypes and antimicrobial non-susceptibility depending on the sample source.</p>","PeriodicalId":94173,"journal":{"name":"Polish journal of microbiology","volume":"73 4","pages":"505-514"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11639287/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142820393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gut Microbiota, Circulating Metabolites and Risk of Endometriosis: A Two-Step Mendelian Randomization Study.","authors":"Hua Yang","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2024-041","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2024-041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epidemiological studies and animal models have suggested a possible link between gut microbiota (GM), circulating metabolites, and endometriosis (EMs) pathogenesis. However, whether these associations are causal or merely due to confounding factors remains unclear. We conducted a two-sample and two-step Mendelian randomization (MR) study to elucidate the potential causal relationship between GM and EMs, and the mediating role of circulating metabolites. Our MR analysis revealed that higher abundances of class Negativicutes, and order Selenomonadales, as well as genera <i>Dialister, Enterorhabdus, Eubacterium xylanophilum</i> group, <i>Methanobrevibacter</i> were associated with an increased risk of EMs (Odds Ratio (OR) range: 1.0019-1.0037). Conversely, higher abundances of genera <i>Coprococcus 1</i> and <i>Senegalimassilia</i> were linked to reduced risk of EMs (OR range: 0.9964-0.9967). Additionally, elevated levels of circulating metabolites such as 1-eicosatrienoyl-glycerophosphocholine and 1-oleoylglycerophosphocholine were found to be associated with heightened risk of EMs (OR range: 2.21-3.16), while higher concentrations of 3-phenylpropionate and dihomo-linolenate were protective (OR range: 0.285-0.535). Two-step MR analysis indicated that specific microbial taxa, notably genus <i>Enterorhabdus</i> and order Selenomonadales, might function as mediators linking circulating metabolites to the risk of EMs. Our findings suggest a probable causal relationship between GM, circulating metabolites, and EMs, indicating that GM may mediate the influence of circulating metabolites on the pathophysiology of EMs. These results offer new leads for future mechanistic studies and could inform clinical translational research.</p>","PeriodicalId":94173,"journal":{"name":"Polish journal of microbiology","volume":"73 4","pages":"491-503"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11639408/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142820440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knocking Down LncRNA-GAS5 Restores the Inhibition of Cuprotosis Protein FDX-1 by <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>.","authors":"Zhiyuan An, Wenyi Ding","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2024-040","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2024-040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the regulatory effect of LncRNA-GAS5 on FDX-1 in HEK293T cells by <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>. Transfected LncRNA-GAS5 overexpressing or knocking down plasmids into HEK293T cells, and the expression of FDX-1 was detected by Western blotting. <i>A. baumannii</i> inhibited the expression of FDX-1. Overexpression of LncRNA-GAS5 inhibited the expression of FDX-1, while knocking down LncRNA-GAS5 increased the expression of FDX-1. Overexpression of LncRNA-GAS5 further enhanced the inhibitory effect of <i>A. baumannii</i> on FDX-1, while knocking down LncRNA-GAS5 restored the inhibitory effect of <i>A. baumannii</i> on FDX-1. LncRNA-GAS5 regulates the inhibitory effect of <i>A. baumannii</i> on FDX-1 in HEK293T cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":94173,"journal":{"name":"Polish journal of microbiology","volume":"73 4","pages":"535-539"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11639367/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142820478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Plant Growth-Promotion Properties of Rhizospheric and Endophytic Bacteria Associated with <i>Robinia pseudoacacia</i> L. in Serpentine Soil.","authors":"Mujo Hasanović, Emir Hrelja, Anesa Ahatović Hajro, Senad Murtić, Adaleta Durmić-Pašić","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2024-044","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2024-044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Serpentine soils are characterized as a unique environment with low nutrient availability and high heavy metal concentrations, often hostile to many plant species. Even though these unfavorable conditions hinder the growth of various plants, particular vegetation with different adaptive mechanisms thrives undisturbed. One of the main contributors to serpentine adaptation represents serpentine bacteria with plant growth-promoting properties that assemble delicate interactions with serpentine plants. <i>Robinia pseudoacacia</i> L. is an invasive but adaptive species with phytoremediation potential and demonstrates extraordinary success in this environment. To explore more in-depth the role of plant growth-promoting serpentine bacteria, we isolated them and tested their various plant growth-promoting traits both from the rhizosphere and roots of <i>R. pseudoacacia</i>. Based on the demonstrated plant growth-promoting traits such as siderophore production, phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, indole-3-acetic acid production, and ACC deaminase production, we sequenced overall 25 isolates, 14 from the rhizosphere and 11 from the roots. Although more efficient in exhibiting plant growthpromoting traits, rhizospheric bacteria showed a low rate of diversity in comparison to endophytic bacteria. The majority of the isolates from the rhizosphere belong to <i>Pseudomonas</i>, while isolates from the roots exhibited higher diversity with genera <i>Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Lysinibacillus</i> and <i>Brevibacterium/Peribacillus/Bacillus</i>. The capacity of the described bacteria to produce siderophores, solubilize phosphate, and fix nitrogen highlights their central role in enhancing nutrient availability and facilitating <i>R. pseudoacacia</i> adaptation to serpentine soils. The findings highlight the potential significance of serpentine bacteria, particularly <i>Pseudomonas</i>, in contributing to the resilience and growth of <i>R. pseudoacacia</i> in serpentine environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":94173,"journal":{"name":"Polish journal of microbiology","volume":"73 4","pages":"515-527"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11639387/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142820437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Culture-Based Standard Methods for the Isolation of <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. in Food and Water.","authors":"Leena A Neyaz, Sara H Arafa, Fatimah S Alsulami, Hayat Ashi, Khaled Elbanna, Hussein H Abulreesh","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2024-046","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2024-046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Campylobacter</i> spp. is a major source of global gastrointestinal infections. Their enteric infections are linked to the consumption of undercooked poultry products, contaminated milk and water, and the handling of wild animals and birds. The detection of <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. in water and food samples mainly depends on culture-based techniques. Public Health England (PHE), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the International Standard Organization (ISO) have standardized <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. isolation and enumeration procedures for food and water samples, which involve the usage of selective agar media and enrichment broth. Different types of selective plating and enrichment media have been prepared for <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. detection and assessment during regular food surveillance and food poisoning. To date, culture media remains the standard option for microbiological food analysis and has been approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and World Health Organization (WHO). This review discusses the standard microbiological protocols for <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. isolation and enumeration in food and water and evaluates detection media (pre-enrichment, selective enrichment, and selective plating) for their rational applications. Moreover, it also elaborates on the advantages and disadvantages of recent chromogenic culture media in <i>Campylobacter</i> spp.-oriented food surveillance. This review also highlights the challenges of culture-based techniques, future developments, and alternative methods for <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. detection in food and water samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":94173,"journal":{"name":"Polish journal of microbiology","volume":"73 4","pages":"433-454"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11639288/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142820431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advantages of Syndromic Diagnostics: Detection of the Pathogens Causing Urethritis/Cervicitis with the STI CNM Real-Time PCR Kit from Vitro S.A.","authors":"Miguel Ángel Castaño López, Héctor Toledo Porteros, Alberto De La Iglesia Salgado, Josefa Vazquez Medel, Inmaculada García Borrero","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2024-045","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2024-045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The STI CNM Real-Time PCR Kit from Vitro S.A. (Spain) demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity, is cost-effective, and can detect the three main etiological agents of urethritis/cervicitis in a single multiplex PCR. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a significant public health problem and a significant burden of morbidity and mortality in hospitals. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates the number of daily infections to be 1 million. Currently, the number of infections and antimicrobial-resistant strains is rising. A rapid and accurate etiologic diagnosis is critical to solving this problem. In this study, we compared the STI CNM Real-Time PCR Kit using the Xpert^® CT/NG technique (Cepheid^®, USA) as Gold Standard for the diagnosis of <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> and <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> and EasyNAT^® MG (Ustar Biotechnologies (Hangzhou) Ltd., China) as Gold Standard for the diagnosis of <i>Mycoplasma genitalium</i> infection. Regarding <i>C. trachomatis</i> and <i>N. gonorrhoeae</i>, out of 200 samples, there was a match in 199 cases, with only one positive sample not being detected by the STI CNM Real-Time PCR Kit. This results in a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 100% for this kit. Diagnosing <i>M. genitalium</i> infection, out of 200 samples, the STI CNM Real-Time PCR Kit correctly detected all negative and positive samples, with 100% agreement compared to the reference technique. In summary, the STI assay has a very high sensitivity and specificity, comparable to other commercial diagnostic kits. Furthermore, it has the advantage of bundling the detection of the three main bacterial agents of urethritis/cervicitis, resulting in better cost efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":94173,"journal":{"name":"Polish journal of microbiology","volume":"73 4","pages":"529-534"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11639385/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142820389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Genomic Analysis of an <i>Apiotrichum cacaoliposimilis</i> Strain Isolated from a Patient with Urinary Tract Infection.","authors":"Wei Wang, Jinping Yi, Jiahuan Zhan, Dong Luo, Qiang Chen, Shengming Yu, Ling Xie, Kaisen Chen","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2024-038","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2024-038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Opportunistic infections caused by fungi, particularly those occurring in immunocompromised patients, are considered challenging worldwide. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of pathogenic fungi is necessary. The present study reports the isolation of a strain of <i>Apiotrichum cacaoliposimilis</i>, which is difficult to detect using conventional clinical assays, from the sterile urine samples of a patient with a urinary tract infection. Sanger sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer regions confirmed the genus of the microbe, while whole-genome sequencing yielded the initial genome assembly of <i>A. cacaoliposimilis</i>. A total of 7,161 predicted proteincoding genes were mapped using multiple databases, including Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, non-redundant protein database, Pathogen-Host Interactions Database, and Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database. The phenotypic data, biochemical reactions, and antimicrobial susceptibility analyses were conducted to reveal the metabolic properties, virulence, and drug resistance profile of the isolated <i>A. cacaoliposimilis</i>. The rank-sum test revealed the differences in the intergeneric distribution of the highly virulent genes <i>UgeB</i> and <i>Pem2</i>. In addition, other genes exhibited significant overlap in terms of virulence factors with the clinical isolate <i>Apiotrichum mycotoxinivorans</i> GMU1709. Fortunately, similar to most fungi belonging to the <i>Apiotrichum</i> genus, the isolate investigated in the present study was also sensitive to the drug voriconazole (MIC = 0.06 μg/ml). In summary, the phylogenetic placement, potential pathogenic genes, drug sensitivity patterns, and morphological characteristics of the isolated <i>A. cacaoliposimilis</i> were determined precisely in the present study.</p>","PeriodicalId":94173,"journal":{"name":"Polish journal of microbiology","volume":"73 4","pages":"475-489"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11639406/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142820395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Animal Health Protection - Assessing Antimicrobial Activity of Veterinary Disinfectants and Antiseptics and Their Compliance with European Standards: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Stefan Tyski, Ewa Bocian, Agnieszka E Laudy","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2024-043","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2024-043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Disinfectants and antiseptics lead in reducing the number of microorganisms, including pathogenic ones, thus limiting the number of infections. In the veterinary field, disinfection prevents the transfer of pathogenic microorganisms from animals to humans and <i>vice versa</i>, as well as among animals. Several assays of disinfectant antimicrobial activity testing, often not standardized, without appropriate controls, and not validated, have been used and published. To unify these methods, nine European Standards (ENs) for the veterinary area have been prepared. These tests make it possible to examine whether a given disinfectant has bactericidal, fungicidal, or virucidal activity by the standard. This publication discusses ENs regarding the assessment of the above-mentioned antimicrobial activity of disinfectants used in veterinary medicine. Recent research on this topic has also been cited. According to ENs, tests are carried out using the suspension method or carriers in clean and dirty conditions. The decontamination of high-risk animal and zoonotic pathogens is also discussed. Selected publications on cattle, pig, poultry, and aquaculture farm disinfection are presented. Only valid methods of the described studies with appropriate statistical analysis can prove adequate antimicrobial activity. So far, the role of international standards in investigating the antimicrobial activity of disinfectants and antiseptics to reduce infections has been underestimated. This publication highlights gaps and irregularities in conducted research and aims to inform about existing EN standards dedicated to testing the biocidal activity of disinfectants and antiseptics intended for use in the veterinary area.</p>","PeriodicalId":94173,"journal":{"name":"Polish journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"413-431"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11639285/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142776021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive Analysis of Codon Usage Bias in Human Papillomavirus Type 51.","authors":"Xiaochun Tan, Siwen Bao, Xiaolei Lu, Binbin Lu, Weifeng Shen, Chaoyue Jiang","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2024-036","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2024-036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human papillomavirus type 51 (HPV-51) is associated with various cancers, including cervical cancer. Examining the codon usage bias of the organism can offer valuable insights into its evolutionary patterns and its relationship with the host. This study comprehensively analyzed codon usage bias in HPV-51 by examining 64 complete genome sequences sourced from the NCBI GenBank database. Our analysis revealed no noteworthy preference for codon usage in HPV-51 overall. However, there was a noticeable bias towards A/T-ending codons, accompanied by GC3s below 32%. Dinucleotide frequency analysis revealed reduced frequencies for ApA, CpG, and TpC dinucleotides, while CpA and TpG dinucleotides were more frequent than others. Relative Synonymous Codon Usage analysis revealed 30 favored codons, primarily concluding with A/T nucleotides. Further analysis using Parity Rule 2, Effective Number of Codons plot, and neutrality plot indicated a balance between mutational pressure and natural selection, with natural selection being the primary force shaping codon usage bias. The Isoacceptor tRNA Pool analysis indicates that HPV-51 has a higher translation efficiency within the human cellular translational system. Moreover, the Codon Adaptation Index and Relative Codon Deoptimization Index analyses suggested a moderate adaptation of HPV-51 to human codon preferences. Our discoveries offer valuable perspectives on how HPV-51 evolves and uses genetic codes, contributing to a deeper comprehension of its endurance and disease-causing potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":94173,"journal":{"name":"Polish journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"455-465"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11639286/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142515577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}