Polish journal of microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Gut Microbiota, Circulating Metabolites and Risk of Endometriosis: A Two-Step Mendelian Randomization Study.","authors":"Hua Yang","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2024-041","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2024-041","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Epidemiological studies and animal models have suggested a possible link between gut microbiota (GM), circulating metabolites, and endometriosis (EMs) pathogenesis. However, whether these associations are causal or merely due to confounding factors remains unclear. We conducted a two-sample and two-step Mendelian randomization (MR) study to elucidate the potential causal relationship between GM and EMs, and the mediating role of circulating metabolites. Our MR analysis revealed that higher abundances of class Negativicutes, and order Selenomonadales, as well as genera <i>Dialister, Enterorhabdus, Eubacterium xylanophilum</i> group, <i>Methanobrevibacter</i> were associated with an increased risk of EMs (Odds Ratio (OR) range: 1.0019-1.0037). Conversely, higher abundances of genera <i>Coprococcus 1</i> and <i>Senegalimassilia</i> were linked to reduced risk of EMs (OR range: 0.9964-0.9967). Additionally, elevated levels of circulating metabolites such as 1-eicosatrienoyl-glycerophosphocholine and 1-oleoylglycerophosphocholine were found to be associated with heightened risk of EMs (OR range: 2.21-3.16), while higher concentrations of 3-phenylpropionate and dihomo-linolenate were protective (OR range: 0.285-0.535). Two-step MR analysis indicated that specific microbial taxa, notably genus <i>Enterorhabdus</i> and order Selenomonadales, might function as mediators linking circulating metabolites to the risk of EMs. Our findings suggest a probable causal relationship between GM, circulating metabolites, and EMs, indicating that GM may mediate the influence of circulating metabolites on the pathophysiology of EMs. These results offer new leads for future mechanistic studies and could inform clinical translational research.</p>","PeriodicalId":94173,"journal":{"name":"Polish journal of microbiology","volume":"73 4","pages":"491-503"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11639408/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142820440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knocking Down LncRNA-GAS5 Restores the Inhibition of Cuprotosis Protein FDX-1 by <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>.","authors":"Zhiyuan An, Wenyi Ding","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2024-040","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2024-040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigated the regulatory effect of LncRNA-GAS5 on FDX-1 in HEK293T cells by <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>. Transfected LncRNA-GAS5 overexpressing or knocking down plasmids into HEK293T cells, and the expression of FDX-1 was detected by Western blotting. <i>A. baumannii</i> inhibited the expression of FDX-1. Overexpression of LncRNA-GAS5 inhibited the expression of FDX-1, while knocking down LncRNA-GAS5 increased the expression of FDX-1. Overexpression of LncRNA-GAS5 further enhanced the inhibitory effect of <i>A. baumannii</i> on FDX-1, while knocking down LncRNA-GAS5 restored the inhibitory effect of <i>A. baumannii</i> on FDX-1. LncRNA-GAS5 regulates the inhibitory effect of <i>A. baumannii</i> on FDX-1 in HEK293T cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":94173,"journal":{"name":"Polish journal of microbiology","volume":"73 4","pages":"535-539"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11639367/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142820478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Plant Growth-Promotion Properties of Rhizospheric and Endophytic Bacteria Associated with <i>Robinia pseudoacacia</i> L. in Serpentine Soil.","authors":"Mujo Hasanović, Emir Hrelja, Anesa Ahatović Hajro, Senad Murtić, Adaleta Durmić-Pašić","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2024-044","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2024-044","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Serpentine soils are characterized as a unique environment with low nutrient availability and high heavy metal concentrations, often hostile to many plant species. Even though these unfavorable conditions hinder the growth of various plants, particular vegetation with different adaptive mechanisms thrives undisturbed. One of the main contributors to serpentine adaptation represents serpentine bacteria with plant growth-promoting properties that assemble delicate interactions with serpentine plants. <i>Robinia pseudoacacia</i> L. is an invasive but adaptive species with phytoremediation potential and demonstrates extraordinary success in this environment. To explore more in-depth the role of plant growth-promoting serpentine bacteria, we isolated them and tested their various plant growth-promoting traits both from the rhizosphere and roots of <i>R. pseudoacacia</i>. Based on the demonstrated plant growth-promoting traits such as siderophore production, phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, indole-3-acetic acid production, and ACC deaminase production, we sequenced overall 25 isolates, 14 from the rhizosphere and 11 from the roots. Although more efficient in exhibiting plant growthpromoting traits, rhizospheric bacteria showed a low rate of diversity in comparison to endophytic bacteria. The majority of the isolates from the rhizosphere belong to <i>Pseudomonas</i>, while isolates from the roots exhibited higher diversity with genera <i>Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Lysinibacillus</i> and <i>Brevibacterium/Peribacillus/Bacillus</i>. The capacity of the described bacteria to produce siderophores, solubilize phosphate, and fix nitrogen highlights their central role in enhancing nutrient availability and facilitating <i>R. pseudoacacia</i> adaptation to serpentine soils. The findings highlight the potential significance of serpentine bacteria, particularly <i>Pseudomonas</i>, in contributing to the resilience and growth of <i>R. pseudoacacia</i> in serpentine environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":94173,"journal":{"name":"Polish journal of microbiology","volume":"73 4","pages":"515-527"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11639387/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142820437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Culture-Based Standard Methods for the Isolation of <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. in Food and Water.","authors":"Leena A Neyaz, Sara H Arafa, Fatimah S Alsulami, Hayat Ashi, Khaled Elbanna, Hussein H Abulreesh","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2024-046","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2024-046","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Campylobacter</i> spp. is a major source of global gastrointestinal infections. Their enteric infections are linked to the consumption of undercooked poultry products, contaminated milk and water, and the handling of wild animals and birds. The detection of <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. in water and food samples mainly depends on culture-based techniques. Public Health England (PHE), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the International Standard Organization (ISO) have standardized <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. isolation and enumeration procedures for food and water samples, which involve the usage of selective agar media and enrichment broth. Different types of selective plating and enrichment media have been prepared for <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. detection and assessment during regular food surveillance and food poisoning. To date, culture media remains the standard option for microbiological food analysis and has been approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and World Health Organization (WHO). This review discusses the standard microbiological protocols for <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. isolation and enumeration in food and water and evaluates detection media (pre-enrichment, selective enrichment, and selective plating) for their rational applications. Moreover, it also elaborates on the advantages and disadvantages of recent chromogenic culture media in <i>Campylobacter</i> spp.-oriented food surveillance. This review also highlights the challenges of culture-based techniques, future developments, and alternative methods for <i>Campylobacter</i> spp. detection in food and water samples.</p>","PeriodicalId":94173,"journal":{"name":"Polish journal of microbiology","volume":"73 4","pages":"433-454"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11639288/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142820431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advantages of Syndromic Diagnostics: Detection of the Pathogens Causing Urethritis/Cervicitis with the STI CNM Real-Time PCR Kit from Vitro S.A.","authors":"Miguel Ángel Castaño López, Héctor Toledo Porteros, Alberto De La Iglesia Salgado, Josefa Vazquez Medel, Inmaculada García Borrero","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2024-045","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2024-045","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The STI CNM Real-Time PCR Kit from Vitro S.A. (Spain) demonstrates high sensitivity and specificity, is cost-effective, and can detect the three main etiological agents of urethritis/cervicitis in a single multiplex PCR. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are a significant public health problem and a significant burden of morbidity and mortality in hospitals. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates the number of daily infections to be 1 million. Currently, the number of infections and antimicrobial-resistant strains is rising. A rapid and accurate etiologic diagnosis is critical to solving this problem. In this study, we compared the STI CNM Real-Time PCR Kit using the Xpert^® CT/NG technique (Cepheid^®, USA) as Gold Standard for the diagnosis of <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> and <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> and EasyNAT^® MG (Ustar Biotechnologies (Hangzhou) Ltd., China) as Gold Standard for the diagnosis of <i>Mycoplasma genitalium</i> infection. Regarding <i>C. trachomatis</i> and <i>N. gonorrhoeae</i>, out of 200 samples, there was a match in 199 cases, with only one positive sample not being detected by the STI CNM Real-Time PCR Kit. This results in a sensitivity of 96% and a specificity of 100% for this kit. Diagnosing <i>M. genitalium</i> infection, out of 200 samples, the STI CNM Real-Time PCR Kit correctly detected all negative and positive samples, with 100% agreement compared to the reference technique. In summary, the STI assay has a very high sensitivity and specificity, comparable to other commercial diagnostic kits. Furthermore, it has the advantage of bundling the detection of the three main bacterial agents of urethritis/cervicitis, resulting in better cost efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":94173,"journal":{"name":"Polish journal of microbiology","volume":"73 4","pages":"529-534"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11639385/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142820389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Genomic Analysis of an <i>Apiotrichum cacaoliposimilis</i> Strain Isolated from a Patient with Urinary Tract Infection.","authors":"Wei Wang, Jinping Yi, Jiahuan Zhan, Dong Luo, Qiang Chen, Shengming Yu, Ling Xie, Kaisen Chen","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2024-038","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2024-038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Opportunistic infections caused by fungi, particularly those occurring in immunocompromised patients, are considered challenging worldwide. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of pathogenic fungi is necessary. The present study reports the isolation of a strain of <i>Apiotrichum cacaoliposimilis</i>, which is difficult to detect using conventional clinical assays, from the sterile urine samples of a patient with a urinary tract infection. Sanger sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer regions confirmed the genus of the microbe, while whole-genome sequencing yielded the initial genome assembly of <i>A. cacaoliposimilis</i>. A total of 7,161 predicted proteincoding genes were mapped using multiple databases, including Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, non-redundant protein database, Pathogen-Host Interactions Database, and Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database. The phenotypic data, biochemical reactions, and antimicrobial susceptibility analyses were conducted to reveal the metabolic properties, virulence, and drug resistance profile of the isolated <i>A. cacaoliposimilis</i>. The rank-sum test revealed the differences in the intergeneric distribution of the highly virulent genes <i>UgeB</i> and <i>Pem2</i>. In addition, other genes exhibited significant overlap in terms of virulence factors with the clinical isolate <i>Apiotrichum mycotoxinivorans</i> GMU1709. Fortunately, similar to most fungi belonging to the <i>Apiotrichum</i> genus, the isolate investigated in the present study was also sensitive to the drug voriconazole (MIC = 0.06 μg/ml). In summary, the phylogenetic placement, potential pathogenic genes, drug sensitivity patterns, and morphological characteristics of the isolated <i>A. cacaoliposimilis</i> were determined precisely in the present study.</p>","PeriodicalId":94173,"journal":{"name":"Polish journal of microbiology","volume":"73 4","pages":"475-489"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11639406/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142820395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Animal Health Protection - Assessing Antimicrobial Activity of Veterinary Disinfectants and Antiseptics and Their Compliance with European Standards: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Stefan Tyski, Ewa Bocian, Agnieszka E Laudy","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2024-043","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2024-043","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Disinfectants and antiseptics lead in reducing the number of microorganisms, including pathogenic ones, thus limiting the number of infections. In the veterinary field, disinfection prevents the transfer of pathogenic microorganisms from animals to humans and <i>vice versa</i>, as well as among animals. Several assays of disinfectant antimicrobial activity testing, often not standardized, without appropriate controls, and not validated, have been used and published. To unify these methods, nine European Standards (ENs) for the veterinary area have been prepared. These tests make it possible to examine whether a given disinfectant has bactericidal, fungicidal, or virucidal activity by the standard. This publication discusses ENs regarding the assessment of the above-mentioned antimicrobial activity of disinfectants used in veterinary medicine. Recent research on this topic has also been cited. According to ENs, tests are carried out using the suspension method or carriers in clean and dirty conditions. The decontamination of high-risk animal and zoonotic pathogens is also discussed. Selected publications on cattle, pig, poultry, and aquaculture farm disinfection are presented. Only valid methods of the described studies with appropriate statistical analysis can prove adequate antimicrobial activity. So far, the role of international standards in investigating the antimicrobial activity of disinfectants and antiseptics to reduce infections has been underestimated. This publication highlights gaps and irregularities in conducted research and aims to inform about existing EN standards dedicated to testing the biocidal activity of disinfectants and antiseptics intended for use in the veterinary area.</p>","PeriodicalId":94173,"journal":{"name":"Polish journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"413-431"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-12-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11639285/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142776021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comprehensive Analysis of Codon Usage Bias in Human Papillomavirus Type 51.","authors":"Xiaochun Tan, Siwen Bao, Xiaolei Lu, Binbin Lu, Weifeng Shen, Chaoyue Jiang","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2024-036","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2024-036","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Human papillomavirus type 51 (HPV-51) is associated with various cancers, including cervical cancer. Examining the codon usage bias of the organism can offer valuable insights into its evolutionary patterns and its relationship with the host. This study comprehensively analyzed codon usage bias in HPV-51 by examining 64 complete genome sequences sourced from the NCBI GenBank database. Our analysis revealed no noteworthy preference for codon usage in HPV-51 overall. However, there was a noticeable bias towards A/T-ending codons, accompanied by GC3s below 32%. Dinucleotide frequency analysis revealed reduced frequencies for ApA, CpG, and TpC dinucleotides, while CpA and TpG dinucleotides were more frequent than others. Relative Synonymous Codon Usage analysis revealed 30 favored codons, primarily concluding with A/T nucleotides. Further analysis using Parity Rule 2, Effective Number of Codons plot, and neutrality plot indicated a balance between mutational pressure and natural selection, with natural selection being the primary force shaping codon usage bias. The Isoacceptor tRNA Pool analysis indicates that HPV-51 has a higher translation efficiency within the human cellular translational system. Moreover, the Codon Adaptation Index and Relative Codon Deoptimization Index analyses suggested a moderate adaptation of HPV-51 to human codon preferences. Our discoveries offer valuable perspectives on how HPV-51 evolves and uses genetic codes, contributing to a deeper comprehension of its endurance and disease-causing potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":94173,"journal":{"name":"Polish journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"455-465"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11639286/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142515577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distribution and Molecular Characterization of Antibiotic-Resistant <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> in Hospital Settings of Sulaymaniyah, Iraq.","authors":"Seenaa Muhammed Ali, Taib Ahmed Hama Soor, Gashin Awat Ahmed, Glena Aziz Mhdin, Gulabakh Ali Othman, Sarkhel Mhamad Faiq","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2024-037","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2024-037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> is a significant pathogen in hospital settings, notorious for its role in hospital-acquired infections and its ability to develop resistance to multiple antibiotics. This study investigates the prevalence, distribution, and antibiotic resistance gene profiles of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> in seven hospitals in Sulaymaniyah City. A total of 300 samples were collected from various hospital surfaces including mops, sinks, medical equipment, beds, desks, and floors. Using bacteriological, biochemical, and molecular methods, 66 isolates were confirmed as <i>Pseudomonas</i> species, with 26 identified as <i>P. aeruginosa</i>. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed resistance rates of 23.3% to streptomycin, 13.6% to tobramycin, 22.7% to moxifloxacin, 21.2% to levofloxacin, and 22.7% to norfloxacin. Furthermore, the antibiotic resistance gene detection showed the presence of the <i>bla</i> _CTX-M, <i>bla</i> _SHV, <i>qnr</i>B, and <i>bla</i> _ACC-1 genes among the isolates. The study highlights a 22% contamination rate of hospital surfaces with <i>Pseudomonas</i> species, emphasizing the urgent need for enhanced infection control measures and targeted antimicrobial stewardship to manage and reduce the spread of multidrug-resistant <i>P. aeruginosa</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":94173,"journal":{"name":"Polish journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"467-473"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11639386/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142515578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Epidemiology and Horizontal Transfer Mechanism of <i>optrA</i>-Carrying Linezolid-Resistant <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>.","authors":"Peini Yang, Jiang Li, Mei Lv, Pingan He, Guibo Song, Bin Shan, Xu Yang","doi":"10.33073/pjm-2024-031","DOIUrl":"10.33073/pjm-2024-031","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this work was to provide a theoretical and scientific basis for the treatment, prevention, and control of clinical drug-resistant bacterial infections by studying the molecular epidemiology and horizontal transfer mechanism of <i>optrA</i>-carrying linezolid-resistant <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> strains (LREfs) that were clinically isolated in a tertiary hospital in Kunming, China. Non-repetitive LREfs retained in a tertiary A hospital in Kunming, China. The strains were identified by Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The transferability and horizontal transfer mechanism of <i>optrA</i> gene were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), whole-genome sequencing (WGS), and conjugation experiments. A total of 39 LREfs strains were collected, and all of them were multi-drug resistant. There were 30 LREfs strains (76.9%) carrying the <i>optrA</i> gene, The <i>cfr, poxtA</i> genes and mutations in the 23S rRNA gene were not detected. The conjugation experiments showed that only three of 10 randomly selected <i>optrA</i>-carrying LREfs were successfully conjugated with JH2-2. Further analysis of one successfully conjugated strain revealed that the <i>optrA</i> gene, located in the donor bacterium, formed the <i>IS1216E-erm(A)-optrA-fexA-IS1216E</i> transferable fragment under the mediation of the mobile genetic element (MGE) <i>IS1216E</i>, which was then transferred to the recipient bacterium via horizontal plasmid transfer. Carrying the <i>optrA</i> gene is the primary resistance mechanism of LREfs strains. The <i>optrA</i> gene could carry the <i>erm(A)</i> and <i>fexA</i> genes to co-transfer among <i>E. faecalis</i>. MGEs such as insertion sequence <i>IS1216E</i> play an important role in the horizontal transfer of the <i>optrA</i> gene.</p>","PeriodicalId":94173,"journal":{"name":"Polish journal of microbiology","volume":"73 3","pages":"349-362"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11395433/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142305127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}