Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy最新文献

{"title":"Changes in retinal microvasculature and serum Gremlin-1 levels in acromegaly: a case-control study.","authors":"Gokcen Unal Kocabas, Onur Furundaoturan, Cumali Degırmencı, Su Ozgur, Meltem Kocamanoglu, Cigdem Gozde Arslan, Esma Pehlıvan Koroglu, Filiz Afrashı, Yasemin Akcay, Ilgin Yıldırım Sımsır, Banu Sarer Yureklı","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104415","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>There are controversial results about the effects of GH/IGF-1 on retinal vasculature. Gremlin 1 has roles in both pituitary tumorigenesis and angiogenesis. Therefore, we aimed to detect retinal micro-vascular changes in acromegaly with OCTA and examine its association with serum Gremlin-1 levels.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A cross-sectional, case-control study METHODS: We included 53 acromegaly patients and age/gender-matched 31 healthy controls. To evaluate retinal structure, optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) imaging was performed. Gremlin -1 levels were measured by the ELISA method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Acromegaly patients had significantly lower superficial total density (p<0.001), superficial parafoveal density (p=0.002), superficial perifoveal density (p<0.001); deep total density (p<0.001), deep parafoveal density (p<0.001), deep perifoveal density (p<0.001). Total thickness and perifoveal thickness were significantly lower in the acromegaly group. Gremlin-1 levels were significantly lower in acromegaly patients (1.22(0.13) vs 1.38(0.29); p=0.015, for acromegaly and control groups, respectively). We assessed study groups based on glucose tolerance status. Normal glucose tolerance (NGT) acromegaly patients had significantly lower superficial total density (p=0.036), superficial perifoveal density (p=0.003), deep total density (p=0.023), and deep perifoveal density (p=0.023) compared to NGT controls. According to backward linear regression analysis, the presence of acromegaly itself consistently showed a significant negative impact on all types of vascular density.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Patients with acromegaly have decreased vascular density and lower levels of Gremlin-1 independent of glucose tolerance status. Acromegaly may cause a reduction in gremlin-1 as a compensatory mechanism due to high IGF-1 levels known as an angiogenic factor, which in turn leads to the decrease in vascular density, or gremlin-1 may already have shown a decline in response to chronic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in acromegaly resulting in a reduction in vascular density.</p>","PeriodicalId":94170,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy","volume":" ","pages":"104415"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142735424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of efficacy of Hemoporfin-PDT in the treatment of PWS birthmarks of young children previously received PDL treatment.","authors":"Yawen Wang, Jun Zhou, Chunzhi Qi, Youbao Li, Die Hu, Rongrui Zhang, Shengzhi Mu, Zhao Wang, Songmei Geng, Weihui Zeng, Jing Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104418","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104418","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hemoporfin-mediated photodynamic therapy (Hemoporfin-PDT) is considered a safe and effective treatment for port-wine stains (PWS). This study aims to investigate the influence of prior pulse dye laser (PDL) treatments history on the effectiveness of Hemoporfin-PDT in young children aged 1-3 years with PWS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Data was gathered for individuals with PWS aged 1-3 years who received two or more Hemoporfin-PDT treatments. The study population was stratified into two groups: Cohort 1 (No PDL) comprised patients without a history of PDL treatment, while Cohort 2 (Prior PDL) consisted of patients with a history of PDL treatment. An analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between treatment efficacy and variables including gender, age, location, and type of PWS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were a total of 220 cases in the No PDL group and 53 cases in the Prior PDL group. It was observed that prior PDL treatment history did not impact the efficacy of Hemoporfin-PDT in treating PWS among young children. Both the type and location of PWS significantly influence the clinical effectiveness of Hemoporfin-PDT for PWS (P=0.040, P<0.001), while gender and age show no association with treatment outcomes (P>0.05). Notably, the peripheral face might be an independent influencing factor for high efficacy of Hemoporfin-PDT of the facial regions (P<0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Previous PDL treatment history does not impact the effectiveness of Hemoporfin-PDT therapy in young children with PWS.</p>","PeriodicalId":94170,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy","volume":" ","pages":"104418"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142735425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bleaching efficacy of in-office bleaching with violet light using low-concentration hydrogen peroxide nanoparticulate photocatalyst gel: a randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Gustavo Garcia Castro, Palena Araújo Pinto, Michael Willian Favoreto, Alessandra Reis, Maria Viviana-Mora, Rita de Cássia Mendonça de Miranda, Andres Felipe Milan Cardenas, Alessandro D Loguercio, Rudys Rodolfo de Jesus Tavarez","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104410","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104410","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the bleaching efficacy and tooth sensitivity (TS) of participants submitted to different application protocols of in-office bleaching with violet light using 6% hydrogen peroxide (HP) nanoparticulate photocatalyst gel.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Sixty-six participants were randomized and bleached using either a 6% HP (Nano White, DMC), and/or violet light (Bright Max Whitening, MMOptics), according to the following protocols: 1) only violet light (VIOL); 2) only bleaching gel application (BG) and; 3) combined bleaching gel application + violet light (BG+VIOL). The bleaching efficacy was evaluated with the Vita Easyshade spectrophotometer, Vita Classical and Vita Bleachedguide scales. The risk and intensity of TS were recorded using a 0-10 visual analogue scale (VAS) and a 0-4 numerical scale (NRS). Color change and intensity of TS values were compared using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test were used. The absolute risk of TS was compared using the Chi-square test (α = 0.05).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A significant and higher degree of bleaching was observed in the BG and BG+VIOL groups compared to the VIOL group (p < 0.003). Despite no significant differences in the risk (p > 0.07) and intensity (p > 0.28) of TS among groups, a higher risk of TS was observed in the BG and BG+VIOL groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Using VIOL reduced the risk of TS but did not improve bleaching. However, BG+VIOL with low-concentration HP nanoparticulate photocatalyst gel achieved equal efficacy and was less likely to cause TS compared to BG.</p>","PeriodicalId":94170,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy","volume":" ","pages":"104410"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142718103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photodynamic disruption of a polymicrobial biofilm of two periodontal species using indocyanine green-loaded nanospheres.","authors":"Kota Ono, Jun-Ichiro Hayashi, Yuiko Suzuki, Mika Yamashita, Kiyoshi Nishikawa, Naoya Higuchi, Ryoma Goto, Tasuku Ohno, Eisaku Nishida, Genta Yamamoto, Takeshi Kikuchi, Yoshiaki Hasegawa, Akio Mitani","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104421","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104421","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is considered a potential treatment for biofilm infections, which have become an increasing health issue because of the rise in antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the bactericidal effect of aPDT using indocyanine green-loaded nanospheres with chitosan coating (ICG-Nano/c) against polymicrobial periodontal biofilms.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Composite biofilms of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Streptococcus gordonii were constructed in 96-well plates, and aPDT with ICG-Nano/c and an 810 nm diode laser was performed either by direct irradiation or transmitting irradiation through a 3-mm-thick gingival model. The efficacy of ICG-Nano/c-based aPDT was compared with antibiotics (minocycline and amoxicillin). Additionally, attenuated aPDT under sublethal conditions was used to investigate gene expression related to the antioxidant response (oxyR and sod of P. gingivalis) and biofilm formation via quorum sensing (luxS of both species) with real-time polymerase chain reaction.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ICG-Nano/c-based aPDT significantly reduced the bacterial load in the biofilm, achieving at least a 2 log₁₀ reduction in colony-forming units within 5 minutes for both irradiation methods. After 6 hours of treatment, the bactericidal effects of aPDT and antibiotics were similar, but after 32 hours, antibiotics were more effective, particularly against P. gingivalis. Attenuated aPDT showed a slight increase in sod expression in P. gingivalis, while luxS expression decreased in both bacteria.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The ICG-Nano/c-based aPDT system exerted a certain degree of bactericidal activity against a composite biofilm of periodontal bacteria. Therefore, it has potential as an alternative option or adjunctive therapy to conventional antibiotics in periodontal treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":94170,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy","volume":" ","pages":"104421"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142711282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hiporfin photodynamic therapy for early-stage cervical cancer: A case report.","authors":"Yu Liu, Ruifang Wu, Changzhong Li, Mingmei Li, Hao Li, Lihui Wei, Ruizhen Li","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104422","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104422","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A 28-year-old female patient, diagnosed with stage IA1 cervical cancer, received PDT treatment with intravenous injection of Hiporfin, a HpD type photosensitizer. The patient's human papillomavirus (HPV) and cytology testing results were negative at the 3-month. At 6 months, the lesions on the cervical surface and within the cervical canal had completely resolved. There were no signs of recurrence or HPV infection during the 12-month follow-up period. There were no serious adverse events reported during or after the PDT treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":94170,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy","volume":" ","pages":"104422"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142718116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"VALIDITY ASSESSMENT OF A THIRD-GENERATION LIGHT-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE DEVICE IN DETECTING PROXIMAL AND OCCLUSAL CARIES LESIONS:CORRESPONDENCE.","authors":"Hinpetch Daungsupawong, Viroj Wiwanitkit","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104420","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94170,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy","volume":" ","pages":"104420"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142711624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Caries affected Dentin biomodification using Bromelain, Riboflavin photosensitizer via UVA, and Chitosan Nanoparticles on shear bond strength and microleakage scores: A SEM evaluation.","authors":"Khold Alahdal, Ahmed Maawadh, Laila AlDeeb, Thamer Almohareb, Ahoud S Alshamrani, Ali Alrahlah","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104419","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Assessment of the impact of different dentin bio-modifiers i.e., Bromelain, Riboflavin photosensitizer (RFP/Ultraviolet-A), and Chitosan nanoparticles (CHNPs) on the shear bond strength (SBS) and microleakage of composite bonded to acid etched carious affected dentin (CAD).</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Sixty-four human molars in which carious lesions extend till the middle third of the dentin were included. The infected dentin was removed and CAD was exposed. All specimens were categorized into four groups based on the application of dentin bio-modifier (n=16) Group 1 (No dentin modifier), Group 2 (Bromelain), Group 3 (RFP/UVA), and Group 4 (CHNPs). Dental adhesive application and composite buildup were performed. A dye penetration test was used to assess marginal leakage. Resin CAD interface assessment was performed using SEM. For SBS and failure pattern analysis, a universal testing machine and stereomicroscope were used respectively. One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's posthoc test was employed to analyze the differences among various groups (p ≤ 0.05) RESULTS: The lowest microleakage (13.27 ± 0.10) and highest SBS (11.64 ± 0.16 MPa) were observed in Group 2 (Bromelain). However, the maximum values of marginal leakage (37.21 ± 0.21) and minimum SBS (7.34 ± 0.07 MPa) were detected in Group 1 samples. The length of resin tags in the Group 2 specimens (Bromelain) was found to be the highest (102.11 ± 5.12μm)^. However, Group 1 (No modifier) exhibited the lowest resin tag length (50.45 ± 2.37 μm).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Caries-affected dentin modified with Bromelain resulted in satisfactory SBS with minimal microleakage scores. Chitosan nanoparticles and RFP/Ultraviolet-A also presented better outcomes in terms of microleakage and SBS than the control.</p>","PeriodicalId":94170,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy","volume":" ","pages":"104419"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142711222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pigmented pathological type and depth of follicular extension as predictors of treatment failure in 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy for actinic keratosis: A retrospective, matched nested case-control study.","authors":"Qinyuan Zhu, Huyan Chen, Jing Luan, Qiong Huang, Lianjun Chen, Wenyu Wu, Shujun Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104409","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>While 5-Aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) is widely used to treat actinic keratosis (AK), treatment resistance and recurrence after ALA-PDT remain significant clinical challenges.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This single-site, retrospective, matched case-control study included 119 patients with histologically confirmed AK to identify clinical and pathological predictors for effectiveness of ALA-PDT. Patients received four consecutive ALA-PDT sessions at intervals of 1 or 2 weeks. Initial complete clearance (ICC) at 3 months and sustained complete clearance (SCC) at 12 months were assessed. Case patients were those with treatment-resistant or recurrent AK, matched with controls based on age, sex, and the treatment date. Baseline characteristics were collected and compared between the case and control groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>ICC at 3 months was achieved in 106 out of 119 patients (89.07%), with 65 out of 82 patients (79.27%) maintaining SCC at 12 months. Pigmented AK emerged as an independent predictor of treatment resistance (OR=44.05, p=0.00). Furthermore, follicular extension to the isthmus or deeper was significantly associated with recurrence within 1 year (OR=17.26, p=0.00).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Pigmented AK and AK with follicular extension to the isthmus or deeper may serve as independent predictors of treatment resistance and recurrence, respectively. These findings highlight the importance of these specific features when assessing prognosis and tailoring treatment strategies for individual AK patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":94170,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy","volume":" ","pages":"104409"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142695829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of systemic reaction to inflammation induced by photodynamic therapy in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.","authors":"Nasrulla Shanazarov, Tatyana Grishacheva, Alisher Aitkaliyev, Zhanara Salmaganbetova, Sandugash Smailova, Balkenzhe Imankulova, Maxim Afanasiev, Alexander Dushkin","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104416","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Photodynamic therapy is a curative treatment of human papillomavirus-associated diseases that provides a selective effect leading to the destruction of pathological cells containing the virus. The retrospective study aimed to determine the role of systemic inflammatory reaction induced by photodynamic stimulation in low- and high-squamous intraepithelial lesion treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>143 patients with confirmed human papillomavirus-associated cervical intraepithelial neoplasia underwent photodynamic therapy with Photolon and activation in the range of 662 nm. All patients underwent colposcopy, histologic study, HPV DNA analysis, CBC, and immunogram. The chi-square criterion was used to evaluate differences before, 5 days post, and 3 months after PDT; a P value <0.05 was considered significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A complete regression in patients with low-squamous intraepithelial lesion (n=117) was achieved 3 months after PDT in 89.7% of cases (105/117) while it persisted in 12 patients. Complete regression in patients with high-squamous intraepithelial lesion (n=26) was achieved in 92.3% (24/26), one patient retained with the lesion, and another one had partial regression in the form of lower grade lesion. On the 5th day post-PDT, the formation of dense fibrin in photodynamic effect was noted on colposcopy, and changes in CBC, accompanied by statistically significant neutrocytosis, increased ESR and other indicators of reactive inflammation were recorded. Patients noted increased body temperature up to 37.8±0.5°C in 88% of cases.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>One of the mechanisms of PDT`s antitumor and antiviral action is the development of acute inflammation in response to cytotoxic action on cells and vascular response in the form of pathological area devascularization. Such reactive inflammation activates all parts of the immune system. Changes on day 5 post-PDT in inflammatory parameters in CBC and IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α markers correlate with the clinical picture of the post-photodynamic effect.</p>","PeriodicalId":94170,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy","volume":" ","pages":"104416"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142696309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combination Treatment with Photodynamic Therapy and Antibiotic in Refractory Cutaneous Nocardiosis: A Case Report.","authors":"Xiaohan Liu, Yang Tan, Qionghui Cheng, Liang Wang, Jinyi Chen, Hong Liu, Wen Ding, Xia Lei","doi":"10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104414","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104414","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Effective management of cutaneous nocardiosis is hampered by the lack of defined treatment recommendations and frequently requires prolonged antibiotic therapy.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>This report describes a case of cutaneous nocardiosis who was effectively treated in a brief amount of time with three sessions of 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) in conjunction with antibiotics.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ALA-PDT combined with antibiotics can effectively treat refractory cutaneous nocardiosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":94170,"journal":{"name":"Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy","volume":" ","pages":"104414"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142695371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}