Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Are Diffusion Models Effective Good Feature Extractors for MRI Discriminative Tasks?","authors":"Binghua Li, Zhe Sun, Chao Li, Koji Kamagata, Christina Andica, Wataru Uchida, Kaito Takabayashi, Sen Guo, Rui Zou, Shigeki Aoki, Toshihisa Tanaka, Qibin Zhao","doi":"10.2463/mrms.mp.2024-0206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2463/mrms.mp.2024-0206","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Diffusion models (DMs) excel in pixel-level and spatial tasks and are proven feature extractors for 2D image discriminative tasks when pretrained. However, their capabilities in 3D MRI discriminative tasks remain largely untapped. This study seeks to assess the effectiveness of DMs in this underexplored area.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We use 59830 T1-weighted MR images (T1WIs) from the extensive, yet unlabeled, UK Biobank dataset. Additionally, we apply 369 T1WIs from the BraTS2020 dataset specifically for brain tumor classification, and 421 T1WIs from the ADNI1 dataset for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Firstly, a high-performing denoising diffusion probabilistic model (DDPM) with a U-Net backbone is pretrained on the UK Biobank, then fine-tuned on the BraTS2020 and ADNI1 datasets. Afterward, we assess its feature representation capabilities for discriminative tasks using linear probes. Finally, we accordingly introduce a novel fusion module, named CATS, that enhances the U-Net representations, thereby improving performance on discriminative tasks.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our DDPM produces synthetic images of high quality that match the distribution of the raw datasets. Subsequent analysis reveals that DDPM features extracted from middle blocks and smaller timesteps are of high quality. Leveraging these features, the CATS module, with just 1.7M additional parameters, achieved average classification scores of 0.7704 and 0.9217 on the BraTS2020 and ADNI1 datasets, demonstrating competitive performance with that of the representations extracted from the transferred DDPM model, as well as the 33.23M parameters ResNet18 trained from scratch.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We have found that pretraining a DM on a large-scale dataset and then fine-tuning it on limited data from discriminative datasets is a viable approach for MRI data. With these well-performing DMs, we show that they excel not just in generation tasks but also as feature extractors when combined with our proposed CATS module.</p>","PeriodicalId":94126,"journal":{"name":"Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144059095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impaired Glymphatic Function in Diffuse Axonal Injury: Evaluation Using the Diffusion Tensor Imaging Analysis Along the Perivascular Space (DTI-ALPS) Method.","authors":"Sung Hyun An, Miran Han, Woo Sang Jung, Jin Wook Choi, Eun Ju Ha, Sun-Won Park, Jung Hyo Rhim, Mira Han, Jung Hyun Park","doi":"10.2463/mrms.mp.2024-0088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2463/mrms.mp.2024-0088","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Glymphatic system impairment has been suggested in previous animal and human studies regarding traumatic brain injury (TBI). Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is an important pathological feature of TBI and is frequently diagnosed in patients with moderate to severe TBI. This study evaluated the glymphatic system function in patients with DAI using diffusion tensor imaging analysis along the perivascular space (DTI-ALPS), a non-invasive technique.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 162 patients with TBI, including 84 with DAI and 78 without DAI, underwent MRI with DTI within 6 months of the date of injury. The ALPS index was calculated to assess the glymphatic system activity and compared between patients with and without DAI. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to compare the ALPS index between patients with DAI grades 1, 2, and 3. Correlation analysis was performed between the ALPS index, DAI grade, and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients with DAI (1.29 ± 0.17) had a significantly lower ALPS index than those without DAI (1.42 ± 0.19, P < 0.001). The ALPS index differed significantly between patients with different DAI grades (ANCOVA, P < 0.001). The ALPS index and DAI grades were negatively correlated (r =-0.47, P < 0.001). The ALPS index and GCS scores showed a weak positive correlation (r = 0.174, P = 0.027).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Patients with DAI have a lower ALPS index, indicating impaired glymphatic system activity, which is more severe in patients with a higher DAI grade. These findings broaden the understanding of the pathophysiology of DAI and help predict patients' prognoses and recovery trends.</p>","PeriodicalId":94126,"journal":{"name":"Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144004339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of the Magnetization Transfer Effect on T1 Measurements in Quantitative MR Imaging: Comparison of the Two-dimensional Multidynamic Multiecho (2D-MDME) and Three-dimensional Quantification Using an Interleaved Look-Locker Acquisition Sequence (3D-QALAS) Protocols on Two Systems.","authors":"Ryoichi Kose, Katsumi Kose, Yasuhiko Terada, Daiki Tamada","doi":"10.2463/mrms.tn.2024-0163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2463/mrms.tn.2024-0163","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multiparametric quantitative MRI (MP-qMRI) methods, which measure multiple relaxation times simultaneously, are becoming into practical tools, but the relationship between different MP-qMRI methods has not been clarified. In particular, since 2D multidynamic multiple-echo (2D-MDME) was provided by multiple major MRI vendors, many patient studies have been reported, but its relationship with 3D-QALAS (3D-QuAntification using an interleaved Look-Locker Acquisition Sequence with T₂ preparation pulse), which is expected to be its 3D version successor, is unknown. In this study, we implemented 2D-MDME and 3D-QALAS on an originally designed 1.5T and a clinical 3T MRI systems, and measured relaxation times of phantoms, focusing on the effect of magnetization transfer (MT) effect on T₁ measurements. As a result, in 2D-MDME, T₁ shortening effects of around 20%-35% was observed due to the MT effect, and in 3D-QALAS, no effect of the MT effect on the T₁ measurements was observed. Therefore, we concluded that the MT effect needs to be considered when comparing MP-qMRI methods in clinical studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":94126,"journal":{"name":"Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144001146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Added Value of Sodium MR Imaging and Proton MR Spectroscopy to Conventional MR Imaging for a Better Characterization of the Ischemic Stroke: A Narrative Review.","authors":"Maëva Cotinat, Emmanuelle Robinet, Noëlle Messaoudi, Laurent Suissa, Emilie Doche, Maxime Guye, Laurent Bensoussan, Wafaa Zaaraoui, Jean-Philippe Ranjeva","doi":"10.2463/mrms.rev.2025-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2463/mrms.rev.2025-0002","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stroke is a major cause of disability and death in adults worldwide. In clinical setting, time efficient MRI protocols including diffusion weighted images, fluid attenuated inversion recovery, fast T2*-weighted images and MR angiography aim to establish ischemic stroke diagnosis, visualize vessel occlusion and determine the extent of ischemia damage distinguishing between the salvageable ischemic penumbra and the infarct core. Thus, MRI plays a pivotal role in diagnosis, treatment decision-making, and prognostic assessment, although prediction based on these elements remains limited and can be improved. We reviewed the added-values of alternative MRI methods such as sodium(²³Na) MRI and ¹H MR spectroscopic imaging that open new temporal and pathophysiological windows on ionic dys-homeostasis and metabolism alteration in the context of ischemic stroke and reperfusion. Insights on the timeline of the cellular events accessible using these alternative methods and perspectives to improve clinical outcome prediction of ischemic stroke patients are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":94126,"journal":{"name":"Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144013546","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Practical Brain MRI Guidelines for Anti-Aβ Antibody Treatment in Early Symptomatic Alzheimer's Disease.","authors":"Shingo Kakeda, Yukio Miki, Kohsuke Kudo, Harushi Mori, Aya M Tokumaru, Osamu Abe, Shigeki Aoki","doi":"10.2463/mrms.gl.2025-1000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2463/mrms.gl.2025-1000","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>These guidelines aim to support MRI diagnosis in patients receiving anti-amyloid β (Aβ) antibody treatment without restricting treatment eligibility.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>These guidelines were collaboratively established by Japan Radiological Society, The Japanese Society of Neuroradiology, and Japanese Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine by reviewing existing literature and the results of clinical trials.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Facility standards should comply with the \"Optimal Use Promotion Guidelines\" of Japan, and physicians should possess comprehensive knowledge of amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) and expertise in brain MRI interpretation. The acquisition of knowledge regarding amyloid-related imaging abnormalities, brain MRI, anti-Aβ antibody introduction, and post-treatment diagnosis are also recommended.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These guidelines facilitate the accurate diagnosis and effective management of ARIA; ensure the safe administration of anti-Aβ drugs; and provide a framework for MRI facilities, includes staffing requirements and the use of MRI management systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":94126,"journal":{"name":"Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143797533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility Study for a Microstrip Transmission Line RF Coil Integrated with a PET Detector Module in a 7T Human MR Imaging System.","authors":"Md Shahadat Hossain Akram, Masaki Fukunaga, Fumihiko Nishikido, Sodai Takyu, Takayuki Obata, Taiga Yamaya","doi":"10.2463/mrms.mp.2023-0061","DOIUrl":"10.2463/mrms.mp.2023-0061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>The purpose of this study was to do a feasibility study on a microstrip transmission line (MS) RF coil for a positron emission tomography (PET) insert in a 7 Tesla human MRI system. The proposed MS coil integrated the RF shield of the PET detector as the ground conductor of the coil. We called the integrated module \"MS PET coil.\"</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A single-channel MS PET coil was developed with an integrated RF-shielded PET detector module. For comparison, we also studied a conventional MS coil with a single-layer ground conductor. A lutetium fine silicate (LFS) scintillation crystal block (14 × 14 × 4-layer) with a silicon photomultiplier (Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Shizuoka, Japan) and a front-end readout circuit board were mounted inside the shield cage of the MS PET coil. The MS PET coil was studied with and without PET detectors. All three coil configurations were studied with a homogeneous phantom in a 7T MRI system (Siemens Healthineers, Erlangen, Germany). PET data measurements were conducted using a Cesium-137 radiation point source.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The MR images were similar for the MS coil and the empty MS PET coil, as well as for the cases of MS PET coil with and without PET measurements. Compared to the empty MS PET coil (without PET detector and cable RF shield), decreases in SNR, increases in image noise and RF power, and a slight decrease in resonance frequency were seen for the case of the MS PET coil with the detector and cable shield. Differences in the PET energy histograms or in the crystal identification maps with and without MRI measurements were negligible.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Both the MRI and PET performances of the MS PET coil showed responses that matched the MS coil responses. The performance variations of MRI data with and without PET measurement and PET data with and without MR imaging were negligible.</p>","PeriodicalId":94126,"journal":{"name":"Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"155-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11996246/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139725509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Imaging of ¹⁷O-labeled Water Using Fast T2 Mapping with T2-preparation: A Phantom Study.","authors":"Hiroyuki Kameda, Yumi Nakada, Yuta Urushibata, Hiroyuki Sugimori, Takaaki Fujii, Naoya Kinota, Daisuke Kato, Minghui Tang, Keita Sakamoto, Kohsuke Kudo","doi":"10.2463/mrms.tn.2023-0152","DOIUrl":"10.2463/mrms.tn.2023-0152","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>¹⁷O-labeled water is a T2-shortening contrast agent used in proton MRI and is a promising method for visualizing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics because it provides long-term tracking of water molecules. However, various external factors reduce the accuracy of ¹⁷O-concentration measurements using conventional signal-intensity-based methods. In addition, T2 mapping, which is expected to provide a stable assessment, is generally limited to temporal-spatial resolution. We developed the T2-prepared based on T2 mapping used in cardiac imaging to adapt to long T2 values and tested whether it could accurately measure ¹⁷O-concentration in the CSF using a phantom. The results showed that ¹⁷O-concentration in a fluid mimicking CSF could be evaluated with an accuracy comparable to conventional T2-mapping (Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill multi-echo spin-echo method). This method allows ¹⁷O-imaging with a high temporal resolution and stability in proton MRI. This imaging technique may be promising for visualizing CSF dynamics using ¹⁷O-labeled water.</p>","PeriodicalId":94126,"journal":{"name":"Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"269-275"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11996253/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140144902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automated Detection of Cerebral Microbleeds on Two-dimensional Gradient-recalled Echo T2* Weighted Images Using a Morphology Filter Bank and Convolutional Neural Network.","authors":"Noriko Nishioka, Yukie Shimizu, Toru Shirai, Hisaaki Ochi, Yoshitaka Bito, Kiichi Watanabe, Hiroyuki Kameda, Taisuke Harada, Kohsuke Kudo","doi":"10.2463/mrms.mp.2023-0146","DOIUrl":"10.2463/mrms.mp.2023-0146","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>We present a novel algorithm for the automated detection of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) on 2D gradient-recalled echo T2* weighted images (T2*WIs). This approach combines a morphology filter bank with a convolutional neural network (CNN) to improve the efficiency of CMB detection. A technical evaluation was performed to ascertain the algorithm's accuracy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this retrospective study, 60 patients with CMBs on T2*WIs were included. The gold standard was set by three neuroradiologists based on the Microbleed Anatomic Rating Scale guidelines. Images with CMBs were extracted from the training dataset comprising 30 cases using a morphology filter bank, and false positives (FPs) were removed based on the threshold of size and signal intensity. The extracted images were used to train the CNN (Vgg16). To determine the effectiveness of the morphology filter bank, the outcomes of the following two methods for detecting CMBs from the 30-case test dataset were compared: (a) employing the morphology filter bank and additional FP removal and (b) comprehensive detection without filters. The trained CNN processed both sets of initial CMB candidates, and the final CMB candidates were compared with the gold standard. The sensitivity and FPs per patient of both methods were compared.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After CNN processing, the morphology-filter-bank-based method had a 95.0% sensitivity with 4.37 FPs per patient. In contrast, the comprehensive method had a 97.5% sensitivity with 25.87 FPs per patient.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Through effective CMB candidate refinement with a morphology filter bank and FP removal with a CNN, we achieved a high CMB detection rate and low FP count. Combining a CNN and morphology filter bank may facilitate the accurate automated detection of CMBs on T2*WIs.</p>","PeriodicalId":94126,"journal":{"name":"Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"220-228"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11996243/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140144880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"4D Flow MRI Reflects Physiological Hemodynamics for the Diagnosis and Management of Portosystemic Shunts.","authors":"Atsushi Higaki, Akira Yamamoto, Toshimasa Okada, Tomio Ueno, Yasuyuki Tomiyama, Kosuke Ito, Tsutomu Tamada","doi":"10.2463/mrms.ici.2023-0161","DOIUrl":"10.2463/mrms.ici.2023-0161","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A woman in her sixties with portosystemic shunt and hepatic encephalopathy underwent open mesenteric vein ligation, resulting in improved portal flow and blood ammonia. In this case, 4D flow MRI was a valuable diagnostic and follow-up tool, visualizing and quantifying physiological portal hemodynamics with features distinct from those of contrast-enhanced CT and digital subtraction angiography. Our case study highlights the value of 4D flow MRI for managing portosystemic shunts.</p>","PeriodicalId":94126,"journal":{"name":"Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"149-154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11996251/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139992243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Echo-Planar Imaging and Compressed Sensing in the Estimation of Flow Metrics from Aortic 4D Flow MR Imaging: A Healthy Volunteer Study.","authors":"Satoru Aono, Satonori Tsuneta, Noriko Nishioka, Takuya Aoike, Hiroyuki Hirayama, Kinya Ishizaka, Jihun Kwon, Masami Yoneyama, Noriyuki Fujima, Kohsuke Kudo","doi":"10.2463/mrms.mp.2023-0011","DOIUrl":"10.2463/mrms.mp.2023-0011","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Prolonged scanning of time-resolved 3D phase-contrast MRI (4D flow MRI) limits its routine use in clinical practice. An echo-planar imaging (EPI)-based sequence and compressed sensing can reduce the scan duration. We aimed to determine the impact of EPI for 4D flow MRI on the scan duration, image quality, and quantitative flow metrics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a prospective study of 15 healthy volunteers (all male, mean age 33 ± 5 years). Conventional sensitivity encoding (SENSE), EPI with SENSE (EPI), and compressed SENSE (CS) (reduction factors: 6 and 12, respectively) were scanned.Scan duration, qualitative indexes of image quality, and quantitative flow parameters of net flow volume, maximum flow velocity, wall shear stress (WSS), and energy loss (EL) in the ascending aorta were assessed. Two-dimensional phase-contrast cine MRI (2D-PC) was considered the gold standard of net flow volume and maximum flow velocity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to SENSE, EPI and CS12 shortened scan durations by 71% and 73% (EPI, 4 min 39 sec; CS6, 7 min 29 sec; CS12, 4 min 14 sec; and SENSE, 15 min 51 sec). Visual image quality was significantly better for EPI than for SENSE and CS (P < 0.001). The net flow volumes obtained with SENSE, EPI, and CS12 and those obtained with 2D-PC were correlated well (r = 0.950, 0.871, and 0.850, respectively). However, the maximum velocity obtained with EPI was significantly underestimated (P < 0.010). The average WSS was significantly higher with EPI than with SENSE, CS6, and CS12 (P < 0.001, P = 0.040, and P = 0.012, respectively). The EL was significantly lower with EPI than with CS6 and CS12 (P = 0.002 and P = 0.007, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>EPI reduced the scan duration, improved visual image quality, and was associated with more accurate net flow volume than CS. However, the flow velocity, WSS, and EL values obtained with EPI and other sequences may not be directly comparable.</p>","PeriodicalId":94126,"journal":{"name":"Magnetic resonance in medical sciences : MRMS : an official journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"241-252"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11996249/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140332400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}