Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS最新文献

{"title":"Acute Comparative Analysis of Anesthetic Methods in Neonatal Mice (Mus musculus) Using Ultrasonic Vocalizations and Biochemical Markers.","authors":"Susana Diaz-Anderson, Jeannette Delva-Wiley, Sandra Lee, Katherine Lamont, Morika D Williams","doi":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-25-193","DOIUrl":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-25-193","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hypothermia has been used as an anesthetic technique in neonatal rodents since 1934. While the long-term impacts of neonatal anesthetic exposure in adult mice are still under investigation, its acute effect during the neonatal period is poorly characterized. Although hypothermia can achieve sufficient anesthetic depth to eliminate pain sensation, its effect during induction and recovery remains unclear. Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) within a range of 30-120 kHz for normal behavior and communication, with lower frequencies often associated with pain and distress. Using USV analysis and other physiologic measures, we assessed the well-being of neonatal mice subjected to different anesthetic exposures at different ages (postnatal day [PND] 2, 5, 8, 11, and 14). C57BL/6 neonatal mice (n = 483) were randomly assigned to 1 of 7 groups: no handling or anesthesia, handling only, hypothermia (PND 2, 5, and 8 only), isoflurane vaporizer, sevoflurane vaporizer, isoflurane drop, or sevoflurane drop methods. USVs were recorded at 4 time points: before the anesthetic exposure (T0), immediately during recovery (DR), 5 minutes after recovery (PR), and 120 minutes after recovery (T120) (n ≥ 12 pups per group). Induction and recovery were timed. At T120, terminal blood was collected to measure stress-related biochemical markers (blood glucose, corticosterone, norepinephrine). Our results show that neonatal mice receiving hypothermia anesthesia had significantly lower frequency of USVs during and after recovery, longer duration of USV calls, and longer recovery time compared with other anesthetic groups. Our findings suggest that hypothermia anesthesia induces acute distress in neonatal mice ≤PND 8 compared with inhalational anesthetics. In accordance with the principles of the 3Rs to minimize pain and distress, using inhalant anesthesia (isoflurane or sevoflurane) is preferable to hypothermia for neonatal anesthesia in mouse pups at ≤PND 8.</p>","PeriodicalId":94111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13249257/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147655569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating Subtypes of Endometriosis in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) Using Clinical Findings and Immunohistochemistry.","authors":"April A Johnson, Amelia C Wilkes, Kirk A Easley, Deepa K Machiah, Melissa A Roy","doi":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-26-010","DOIUrl":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-26-010","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Endometriosis is defined as endometrial tissue outside of the uterus. It is a debilitating, complex, and underdiagnosed condition, impacting approximately 10%-15% of reproductive-aged women worldwide. Endometriosis is associated with chronic pain, infertility, diminished well-being from invasive and delayed diagnostics, and limited treatment options. It is reported to cause approximately 23,000 hospitalizations and cost approximately $9 billion annually due to reduced quality of life and productivity. Endometriosis also occurs spontaneously in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), and similar negative impacts are seen in research colonies. Despite extensive research in both species, much remains unknown about its etiopathogenesis, especially regarding uncommon presentations. This retrospective observational cohort study evaluated clinical findings from 68 rhesus macaques diagnosed with endometriosis at the Emory National Primate Research Center and characteristics associated with their endometriosis lesions. Animals were categorized into 4 endometriosis subtypes: pelvic, abdominal, extra-abdominal, and invasive. Prevalence and descriptive statistics were calculated for reproductive history, physical exam findings, and other observations related to an endometriosis diagnosis. In addition, immunohistochemical analysis was performed on lesions from a subset of 27 macaques and 6 controls to evaluate variation in mean staining intensity and distribution (±SEM) for estrogen receptor α (ERα), progesterone receptor (PR), and CD10 antibodies. Clinical data corroborated established literature by demonstrating common findings associated with endometriosis. It provided novel information by examining the relationship and patterns of these findings in uncommon presentations of endometriosis. Analysis of mean staining intensities (±SEM) revealed significant differential expression of ERα and PR in abdominal endometriosis compared with extra-abdominal and invasive subtypes, as well as autologous eutopic uterine tissue. This study provides important data that may begin to unravel some of the underlying mechanisms by which endometriosis behaves in varied ways.</p>","PeriodicalId":94111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS","volume":" ","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13249069/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147725254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recurrent Cystolithiasis with Urethral Obstruction in a Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta) after a Bilateral S1 Ventral Root Avulsion Injury.","authors":"Kelsey E Carroll, Yinghui Qiu, Peter Chu, Kari L Christe, Jaime H Nieto, Leif A Havton","doi":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-26-021","DOIUrl":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-26-021","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A series of adult male (n = 6) and female (n = 4) rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) underwent a bilateral S1 ventral root avulsion injury for longitudinal lower urinary tract studies in a motor-sparing experimental model of conus medullaris syndrome. The surgeries were well tolerated, and all animals recovered well postoperatively. However, one male animal presented clinically with acute lethargy, poor appetite, and unwillingness to move at 51 days after the bilateral S1 ventral root avulsion injury. Physical examination under sedation detected an enlarged bladder, which was emptied via transurethral bladder catheterization. When the animal re-presented for similar symptoms over the following 2 days, radiographic and ultrasound studies revealed cystolithiasis with urethral obstruction. Repeat transurethral bladder catheterizations reestablished functional patency of the urethra, independent voiding, and full clinical recovery. Two weeks later, the animal presented again with acute lethargy, poor appetite, unwillingness to move, and an enlarged bladder. Cystolithiasis and the recurrence of urethral obstruction were diagnosed by radiographic and sonographic studies. Subsequent transurethral bladder catheterization was unable to dislodge the obstruction, and the animal was euthanized. Necropsy identified 3 bladder stones. Histochemistry of the bladder and urethral walls showed some acute inflammation but absence of chronic changes. Chemical analysis of bladder stone composition showed calcium phosphate (90%) and calcium carbonate (10%). Our case highlights the value of an expedited physical examination and noninvasive imaging to diagnose cystolithiasis complicated by an acute urethral obstruction, a medical emergency, in a rhesus macaque presenting with nonlocalizing symptoms. Although spinal cord injury is an established risk factor for urolithiasis in humans, our case provides the first (to our knowledge) association of a spinal cord injury syndrome with cystolithiasis in a nonhuman primate.</p>","PeriodicalId":94111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS","volume":" ","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13249130/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147619329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation of Pseudopregnant Recipient Females Using Female Mice (Mus musculus) Showing Nonestrous Signs: Investigation of a Unique Approach Based on the Whitten Effect.","authors":"Yuji Noguchi, Eiji Watanabe","doi":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-25-131","DOIUrl":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-25-131","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Availability of pseudopregnant recipient females is an essential component of embryo transfer in mice. However, conventional methods for sorting females based on estrous signs (proestrus or estrus) require maintaining a large stock of mice, thereby presenting challenges for animal welfare. Furthermore, these large numbers of female mice are often maintained in group housing due to space constraints; and this can induce the Lee-Boot effect, leading to decreased preparation efficiency. Therefore, this study examined a method for preparing pseudopregnant recipient females using mice showing nonestrous signs through a unique approach based on the Whitten effect. Female ICR mice exhibiting metestrus or diestrus characteristics were deliberately sorted and housed with vasectomized males for 3 consecutive days. The Lee-Boot effect was induced through group housing to increase the proportion of females showing nonestrous signs, followed by Whitten effect induction aimed at achieving successful copulation on day 3. Results demonstrated copulation success rates of 74.4% (CLEA Japan, n = 500) and 77.0% (Japan SLC, n = 200) on day 3, significantly higher than random mating controls during the same period (53.5%, Japan SLC, n = 101; December to May). Subsequent embryo transfers achieved high pregnancy rates of 93.1% and 89.6%, respectively. This approach demonstrated the feasibility of using mice showing nonestrous signs, previously overlooked in conventional methods, for preparing pseudopregnant recipient females. When combined with conventional methods, this approach expands the range of mice available for mating and potentially enables more efficient production of pseudopregnant recipient females while minimizing the total number of female mice required. This advancement aligns with the Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement (3Rs) principles of animal experimentation, particularly the reduction principle, and provides a practical strategy for laboratories seeking to perform embryo transfer procedures with smaller mouse numbers.</p>","PeriodicalId":94111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13249228/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147793386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Port of Choice: Induction Chamber Inlet Position Affects Speed of Isoflurane Induction in Mice.","authors":"Eden D Alamaw, Alberto R Gaudiel, Mingyun Zhang, Benjamin D Franco, Katechan Jampachaisri, Monika K Huss, Patrick E Sharp, Cholawat Pacharinsak","doi":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-26-006","DOIUrl":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-26-006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Various factors affect inhalant anesthetic induction speed in mice. We investigated the effects of different inhalant anesthetic inlet port positions on isoflurane induction speed in 3 mouse strains. We considered 3 anesthetic inlet port positions: conventional (port located in a traditional location approximately halfway between the induction box lid and base), top (port incorporated into the induction box lid), and bottom (port located adjacent to the base, but on the side wall). We hypothesized that positioning the anesthetic inlet port at the bottom of the induction chamber would result in a shorter induction time compared with the conventional inlet placement across all 3 mouse strains. This crossover study design involved randomly assigning mice undergoing isoflurane anesthetic induction with one of the custom-designed inlet positions: conventional, top, or bottom inlet port. C57BL/6, NSG, and Alb-Cre Foxm1b-/- male and female mice were used (n = 60, 20 mice per strain). The anesthetic induction speed was evaluated as the (1) time to immobility and (2) time to loss of righting reflex (LORR) - the time to loss of righting reflex by slightly tilting induction chamber. In C57BL/6 mice, the time to immobility was shorter using the bottom inlet port than with the conventional inlet. In NSG mice, the time to immobility was longer using the top inlet port than with the conventional inlet. In Alb-Cre Foxm1b-/- mice, inlet port position did not affect the time to immobility. For the time to LORR, in C57BL/6 mice, the bottom inlet resulted in shorter times to LORR compared with the top inlet, while no difference was detected between the bottom and conventional inlets. For Alb-Cre Foxm1b-/- mice, the bottom inlet produced shorter LORR times compared with both the top and conventional inlets. In NSG mice, inlet position did not significantly affect LORR times. This study suggests that a bottom gas anesthetic inlet port position provides the shortest (fastest) anesthetic induction for C57BL/6 and Alb-Cre Foxm1b-/- mice, but not for NSG mice.</p>","PeriodicalId":94111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13446399/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147725171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Antibody Testing Using Commercially Available Reagents in Tuberculosis Surveillance Algorithms Being Developed for Nonhuman Primate Breeding Colonies.","authors":"JoAnn L Yee, Andrew J Haertel, Carolina Allers, Amanda Carpenter, Heidi Palmer, Mary Barnes, Kathrine P Falkenstein, Koen K A Van Rompay, Gregory Timmel, Jeffrey A Roberts","doi":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-25-186","DOIUrl":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-25-186","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The detection and elimination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex-infected nonhuman primates (NHPs) is vitally important to ensure the biosecurity and health of the individual animals as well as the NHP colonies and humans who have contact with them. In the century since the tuberculin skin test was developed and used for detection, additional tests targeting the organisms or the host response to them have been proposed as alternative or adjunct pieces to build a testing algorithm. None has gained widespread acceptance for use in NHPs. A major obstacle has been the lack of rigorous studies to validate the use of these tests, especially comparisons against isolation via culture, the long accepted but less than perfect and often technically challenging gold standard. The changing biology of infection over time and the lack of availability of statistically powerful numbers of well-characterized samples from known naturally infected subjects have been additional obstacles. Recent studies have examined the use of newer assays such as IFNγ release assays for cell-mediated immune responses and PCR tests for direct agent detection. In this study we explored the use of antibody testing using commercially available reagents: 39 nonnegative skin tests and 16 nonnegative antibody tests were found in 593 animals from 3 large, stable, long-term breeding colonies. Using multiple tests, infection was not confirmed in any of the animals. Thus, antibody testing may be another useful tool for TB surveillance in NHPs.</p>","PeriodicalId":94111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS","volume":" ","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13249387/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147725174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Customized Open Patch Allergen Testing in a Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta).","authors":"Jeffrey S Frankel, Kevin M O'Brien, Leah Makaron","doi":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-26-015","DOIUrl":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-26-015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>An adult rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) presented with chronic, progressive dermatitis and alopecia refractory to dietary modification, environmental enrichment, and medical management. A comprehensive dermatologic workup was performed, including the application of a customized open patch allergen testing protocol to evaluate suspected environmental exposures. Patch testing identified a commercial dish soap used in routine sanitation as the likely causative contact allergen. Discontinued use of the product resulted in complete and sustained resolution of clinical signs, with recurrence only following accidental reintroduction of the soap to the facility. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the use of customized open patch allergen testing to identify a specific contact allergen in a nonhuman primate, highlighting its potential utility as a diagnostic tool in laboratory animal medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":94111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13446402/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147793357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond Comfort: A Review of the Critical Role of Bedding Selection in Rodent Welfare, Microenvironment, and Research Reproducibility.","authors":"Kathryn A O'Connell, Diego Celdran-Bonafonte","doi":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-25-182","DOIUrl":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-25-182","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This review addresses the critical but often underappreciated influence of bedding selection on rodent welfare, cage microenvironment, occupational health, and research outcomes in biomedical studies. Although contact bedding is widely preferred by mice and rats and is the current industry standard, there is considerable variation in bedding type, volume, sterility, and manufacturer practices, with no established universal protocols. We synthesize over 150 publications, evaluating corncob, wood, and cellulose-based beddings with respect to their physical attributes, absorbency, ammonia management, dust and contaminant control, and support of species-typical behaviors. The review highlights methodological challenges and inconsistent results across studies, with absorbency and ammonia accumulation particularly affected by bedding mass, volume, and microbial contamination, rather than material type alone. Occupational health risks, including ergonomic strain and allergen exposure, are impacted by bedding handling frequency and composition. Animal health is generally not strongly influenced by bedding type, although pine shavings and certain corncob products present toxicity and reproductive risks in some studies. Bedding also has documented impacts on hepatic enzyme induction, neurobehavioral development, pain sensitivity assays, and gut microbiome composition, posing substantial risks for experimental confounding and compromised reproducibility. Based on the evidence, cellulose bedding is recommended for minimizing negative outcomes, but the complexity and variability inherent in bedding selection necessitate careful documentation and transparent reporting. We advocate for standardized detail in publications to ensure comparability and rigor across rodent-based research.</p>","PeriodicalId":94111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13086205/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147476755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Letter to the Editor: The Value of a Paired Design Approach as a Strategy for Reduction of Animal Use.","authors":"Isabel Roussoulieres, Cristina Barbosa, Walter Lilenbaum","doi":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-26-024","DOIUrl":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-26-024","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS","volume":" ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13249381/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147518055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Hidden Lives of Lab Animals: A Vet's Vision for a More Humane Future, 2026, University of California Press, Oakland (ISBN 978-0520403963, 360 Pages, Hardback, 6.1-in. × 9-in., $26.95).","authors":"Stacy Pritt","doi":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-26-045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-26-045","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS","volume":" ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147523435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}