Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS最新文献

{"title":"Dry Heat Sterilization of a Pelleted, Natural Ingredient Rodent Diet.","authors":"David M Kurtz, Tanya E Whiteside, Gordan Caviness, Fred B Lih","doi":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-24-000005","DOIUrl":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-24-000005","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sterilization of rodent feed is recommended to eliminate potential murine pathogens and minimize microbial variability between batches. Most research institutions sterilize feed using steam/pressure (autoclave) or irradiation. Both methods have advantages and disadvantages that contribute to their suitability, including cost, maintenance, availability, and alterations to the exposed product. Dry heat sterilization, which has been in use for over 75 y, uses higher temperatures and longer sterilization times than steam autoclave and is most often used for delicate instruments or products that would be damaged by water such as powders or oil-based liquids. Dry heat sterilization in vivaria has been limited to date but is gaining popularity due to lower initial purchase and ongoing operational costs as compared with steam autoclaves. Little published information exists on the effects of dry heat sterilization on animal feed. We evaluated the sterility and chemical alterations of a natural ingredient, pelleted, rodent diet (NIH-31) after exposure to dry heat. Feed sterility was achieved using a dry heat exposure temperature of 160 °C (320 °F) for 4 h. This exposure resulted in a significant loss of heat-labile vitamins and significantly more acrylamide production as compared with the nonsterile, irradiated, and autoclaved feed.</p>","PeriodicalId":94111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS","volume":" ","pages":"377-384"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11270041/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140859481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing the Glass Bead Sterilization Protocol Focusing on Removal of Organic and Bacterial Intraoperative Contamination.","authors":"Keith Lewy, Jonathan Bova, Timothy A Erickson, Robert Rose, Sara D Lawhon, Tracy H Vemulapalli","doi":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-23-000122","DOIUrl":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-23-000122","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Validated glass bead sterilization protocols to effectively sterilize rodent surgical instruments after bacterial exposure (for example, cecal contamination) are lacking. To refine current approaches, we added either a multienzyme detergent, neutral pH detergent, or chlorhexidine scrub step before glass bead sterilization of forceps or needle drivers exposed to cecal contents. We exposed sets of forceps and needle drivers to cecal contents, which were then air dried for 3 min. Immediately after, the instruments were wiped several times with a clean, dry paper towel. The contaminated tips were soaked in either a multienzyme or neutral pH detergent (<i>t</i> = 5 min), chlorhexidine scrub (<i>t</i> = 2 min), or no pretreatment solution. To further increase debris removal, instruments (from all groups) were brushed using a clean toothbrush. The nonpretreatment instruments were briefly soaked in saline before brushing. After being rinsed with sterile water, all instruments were exposed to a glass bead sterilizer for 60 s at 500 °F (260 °C). Sets were then swabbed for bacterial culturing. Swabs were plated onto either sheep blood agar (<i>n</i> = 23) or chocolate agar (<i>n</i> = 20) for aerobic culturing or <i>Brucella</i> agar (<i>n</i> = 20) for anaerobic culturing. A subset of instruments was sampled to determine organic material presence after treatment using an ATP luminometer (<i>n</i> = 21). Multiple agar types and bioluminescence were used to more deeply evaluate tool sterility and to differentiate the relative effectiveness of each protocol. From the saline group, only one pair of forceps yielded growth on <i>Brucella</i> agar, and 2 pairs yielded growth on chocolate agar. No other bacterial growth was observed. The use of a pretreatment agent also lowered overall organic contamination levels in needle drivers compared with using only saline. These results indicate that brushing instruments to mechanically remove debris from instruments is paramount to ensure sterility. However, a best practice would be to also use one of the pretreatment options used in this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":94111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS","volume":" ","pages":"368-376"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11270036/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140137596","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection and Eradication of a <i>Demodex</i> Infestation in Specific Pathogen-free High-barrier Laboratory Mouse Facility Housing Immunocompromised Animals.","authors":"Samantha Le Sommer, Yan Sun, Levi Legler, Katherine Nelson, Laura Coon, Damian Bohler, Maria I Kontaridis","doi":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-23-000092","DOIUrl":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-23-000092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Demodex</i> mites are a common ectoparasite in nonlaboratory <i>Mus musculus</i> (mouse) populations. While infrequently reported in laboratory research mice, the prevalence is thought to be as high as 35% of all colonies. Here, we discuss an outbreak of <i>Demodex</i> within an SPF high-barrier vivarium housing laboratory mice first identified through commercial sentinel-free PCR testing. Consequently, in-house PCR-mediated identification of individually infected cages was conducted, and a successful method for eradication of secondary reemergent infection was generated via recurrent testing and empirical 12-wk treatment with 3 mg/kg moxidectin and 13 mg/kg imidacloprid. While we were unable to determine the source of our primary outbreak, the secondary outbreak was traced to nongenetically modified C57B6/J immunocompetent mice, which were capable of harboring subclinical infection below our PCR threshold. Our eventual successful eradication of <i>Demodex</i> confirmed, first, that in-house PCR detection is a cost-effective means of monitoring an outbreak; second, that treatment with 3 mg/kg moxidectin and 13 mg/kg imidacloprid does kill <i>Demodex</i> mites in laboratory mice; and third, that treatment of only PCR-positive mice is an insufficient way to control an outbreak. Taken together, our methodological approach for infestations such as <i>Demodex</i> suggests it is possible to eradicate them but that it requires a thorough, systematic, and aggressive treatment regimen. Moreover, we recommend that all cages derived from infected animals be treated as positive, regardless of PCR positivity, to prevent recurrent and/or persistent infections within an animal colony.</p>","PeriodicalId":94111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11467872/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141441187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Opinion: Promoting the Welfare of Research Animals: The Need to Expand the Roles and Views of Laboratory Animal Veterinarians.","authors":"Stacy Pritt","doi":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-24-000014","DOIUrl":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-24-000014","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11467889/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141433715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of a Topical Extended-release Analgesic in Mice.","authors":"Taylor Simmons, Gerry Hish, Tara L Martin, Patrick A Lester","doi":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-23-000117","DOIUrl":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-23-000117","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Mice often undergo painful procedures and surgeries as part of biomedical research protocols. Buprenorphine, a partial μ-opioid receptor agonist and κ receptor antagonist, is commonly used to alleviate the pain associated with such procedures. Due to its pharmacokinetic profile, buprenorphine requires frequent dosing, resulting in handling stress that can impact animal welfare and study data. A long-acting transdermal buprenorphine formulation (LA-bup) was recently approved for use in cats to provide up to 4 d of postoperative analgesia. In this study, we characterized the pharmacokinetics of a single topical dosing of LA-bup in male and female CD-1 mice administered a 0.36-mg or 18-μL topical dose at select time points. Plasma buprenorphine concentrations were evaluated at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, and 72 h (<i>n</i> = 3 mice/time point) and remained above the purported therapeutic threshold (1 ng/mL) from 1 to 24 h postadministration. Repeated daily dosing at 24 and 48 h demonstrated plasma levels above 1 ng/mL for up to 72 h with minimal accumulation or changes in maximal concentrations over time. Inadvertent transfer of the topical drug to nondosed mice in the same cage was evaluated by measuring plasma buprenorphine concentrations in nondosed mice cohoused with a single-dosed mouse. Male mice did not demonstrate transfer of drug via grooming or interactions, yet 2 out of 26 nondosed female mice had detectable buprenorphine plasma levels indicating a relatively low incidence of cross-ingestion in cohoused female mice. This study demonstrates that LA-bup is a promising analgesic in mice that could be used for tailored analgesia strategies, depending on the surgical model or duration of analgesic therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":94111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11467868/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141155912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Supplemental Diet during Breeding on Fertility, Litter Size, Survival Rate, and Weaning Weight in Mice (Mus musculus).","authors":"Raymond K Wong Dvm, Samantha J Carriero Bs, Benjamin C Wadsworth Ms, Sorana Raiciulescu MSc, Amy E Field Vmd Daclam, Christena L Cadieux PhD","doi":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-23-000128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-23-000128","url":null,"abstract":"The addition of supplemental diets to laboratory animals, specifically rodents, is a common practice for the provision of additional nutritional support. We set out to investigate whether the use of commercially available supplemental diets during breeding affected fertility rate, litter size, pup health, and pup survival. Genetically modified female breeding mice with a C57BL/6 background were divided into 3 groups (n = 16 per group) that received standard rodent chow alone or standard rodent chow with one of 2 commercially available supplemental diets: Love Mash (Bio-Serv) extruded pellet or Nutra-Gel (Bio-Serv) diet gel. Male and female mice began receiving the supplemental diet 1 wk before being paired with a partner of the same supplemental group. The mice were allowed to breed for 1 wk before separation from the male. The dams were continued on the diet until all pups were weaned. Overall, breeding dams supplemented with the Love Mash diet experienced significantly greater reproductive success rates and pup survivability compared with the standard diet control group. Dams supplemented with either of the 2 supplemental diets supported significantly larger litters compared with the standard diet control group. Furthermore, Love Mash supplemented diet groups produced significantly larger pups compared with the Nutra-Gel supplemented groups. This study demonstrates that supplemental diets given 1 wk before breeding and continued throughout gestation, parturition, and weaning significantly improved reproductive success, increased litter sizes, and supported pup health and survival.","PeriodicalId":94111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS","volume":"55 43","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140970028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Supplemental Diet during Breeding on Fertility, Litter Size, Survival Rate, and Weaning Weight in Mice (<i>Mus musculus</i>).","authors":"Raymond K Wong, Samantha J Carriero, Benjamin C Wadsworth, Sorana Raiciulescu, Amy E Field, Christena L Cadieux","doi":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-23-000128","DOIUrl":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-23-000128","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The addition of supplemental diets to laboratory animals, specifically rodents, is a common practice for the provision of additional nutritional support. We set out to investigate whether the use of commercially available supplemental diets during breeding affected fertility rate, litter size, pup health, and pup survival. Genetically modified female breeding mice with a C57BL/6 background were divided into 3 groups (<i>n</i> = 16 per group) that received standard rodent chow alone or standard rodent chow with one of 2 commercially available supplemental diets: Love Mash (Bio-Serv) extruded pellet or Nutra-Gel (Bio-Serv) diet gel. Male and female mice began receiving the supplemental diet 1 wk before being paired with a partner of the same supplemental group. The mice were allowed to breed for 1 wk before separation from the male. The dams were continued on the diet until all pups were weaned. Overall, breeding dams supplemented with the Love Mash diet experienced significantly greater reproductive success rates and pup survivability compared with the standard diet control group. Dams supplemented with either of the 2 supplemental diets supported significantly larger litters compared with the standard diet control group. Furthermore, Love Mash supplemented diet groups produced significantly larger pups compared with the Nutra-Gel supplemented groups. This study demonstrates that supplemental diets given 1 wk before breeding and continued throughout gestation, parturition, and weaning significantly improved reproductive success, increased litter sizes, and supported pup health and survival.</p>","PeriodicalId":94111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11467879/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140961227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Rodent Infectious Agent Detection by Exhaust Dust Testing and Traditional Sentinel Testing Using Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction.","authors":"Taylor Simmons, Yesen Zhou, Lea Ann Chlebek, Cherie Chang, Lexi Frank, Jason Villano, Cheryl Perkins, Ken Henderson, Zachary T Freeman","doi":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-23-000125","DOIUrl":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-23-000125","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Improved diagnostic capabilities and a desire to reduce or refine the use of animals as soiled bedding sentinels (SBS) have driven interest in developing the use of PCR-based testing methods, such as exhaust dust testing (EDT), for routine rodent health surveillance. We compared the absolute and quantitative PCR results from EDT filters with SBS mice by routine screening via a panel of 19 infectious agents including agents known to be excluded or present in the colony. In this study, EDT and SBS were compared at days 0, 90, and 180 in 3 facilities (<i>n</i> = 12 rooms) with animals housed on IVC racks (<i>n</i> = 19 double-sided and 23 single-sided racks). All racks were negative for excluded agents (<i>n</i> = 15 agents) during the study. The bacterial agent <i>Helicobacter</i> spp. was consistently detected on EDT filters while less consistently detected via SBS. EDT filters detected <i>Corynebacterium bovis</i> better than SBS in areas where the agent was present. EDT filters and SBS mice tested for murine norovirus (MNV) demonstrated agreement for positive tests by both PCR and serology. For rodent chaphamaparvovirus-1 (RCHPV-1) we compared EDT to urine and feces from SBS. Six cages of SBS were positive for RCHPV-1 by fecal PCR with 5 out of 6 testing positive on urine, while only 3 out of 6 EDT filters tested positive. Since real-time fluorogenic PCR was used for testing, relative PCR copy numbers for each positive finding were evaluated to estimate organism load at the rack level. Copy numbers allowed for further characterization of agent presence within a colony. Furthermore, we compared copy numbers with cage census for MNV and <i>Helicobacter</i> spp., which was positively correlated for EDT testing but not for SBS. Overall, our results demonstrate that EDT's ability to detect many commonly excluded agents is comparable to or better than SBS.</p>","PeriodicalId":94111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11467870/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140878244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of a Novel Battery-Operated Tumbler Device for Use in the Detection of Mouse Pathogens for Rodent Health Monitoring.","authors":"Harmaneek K Sidhu, Cheryl L Perkins, Ken S Henderson, Brianne M Hibl, Simonne S Nouer, Elizabeth A Tolley, David J Hamilton","doi":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-23-000053","DOIUrl":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-23-000053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The search for alternatives to live animal sentinels in rodent health monitoring programs is fundamental to the 3Rs (Reduction, Replacement, and Refinement) of animal research. We evaluated the efficacy of a novel battery-operated tumbler device that rotates soiled bedding in direct contact with sample media against the use of exhaust sample media and soiled bedding sentinel (SBS) mice. Four rodent racks were used, each with 3 test cages: a cage with a tumbler device that rotated for 10min twice a week (TUM10), a cage with a tumbler device that rotated for 60min twice a week (TUM60), and a cage housing 2 female Crl:CD1(ICR) mice. Every 2 wk, each test cage received soiled bedding collected from all cages on each respective rack. In addition to soiled bedding, the tumbler device contained various sample collection media: a contact Reemay filter (3mo-cRF) that remained in the tumbler for the duration of the study, a contact Reemay filter (1mo-cRF) that was replaced monthly, adhesive swabs (AS) that were added at every biweekly cage change, and an exhaust Reemay filter located at the exhaust outlet of the cage. All analyses were performed by direct PCR for both sample media in the animal-free methods, and fecal pellet, body swab, and oral swabs were collected from sentinel mice. Out of 16 total pathogens detected, assessment of 1mo-Crf from both TUM10 and TUM60 cages detected 84% and 79% of pathogens, respectively, while SBS samples detected only 47% of pathogens. AS in TUM60 and TUM10 cages detected the fewest pathogens (24% and 13%, respectively). These results indicate that the novel tumbler device is an effective and reliable tool for rodent health monitoring programs and a suitable replacement for live animal sentinels. In this study, 1mo-cRF in TUM10 cages detected the highest number of pathogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":94111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS","volume":" ","pages":"285-293"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11193420/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139716780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ammonia Accumulation as a Proxy to Determine Cage-change Frequency in Antelope Ground Squirrels (<i>Ammospermophilus leucurus</i>).","authors":"Megan M Ellis, Jourdan E Brune, Karuna Patil, Thea L Brabb","doi":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-23-000047","DOIUrl":"10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-23-000047","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Due to a lack of evidence-based standards for cage-change intervals for antelope ground squirrels (AGS, <i>Ammospermophilus leucurus</i>), we evaluated cage ammonia accumulation in our colony of adult, wild-caught AGS and identified factors that influenced ammonia levels. Intracage ammonia was measured daily in singly housed AGS in static caging that contained a running wheel and 1/2, 3/4, 1, or 2 quart (qt) of corncob bedding. Cages were changed when ammonia levels reached greater than 50ppm, our upper acceptable limit for ammonia based on mouse studies of ammonia aversion and toxicity. We also measured average daily water consumption over 2 wk to examine any correlation between water use and ammonia accumulation. We hypothesized that the desert-dwelling AGS would not reach intracage ammonia levels of greater than 50ppm in a 2-wk interval at any bedding volume. Our data showed that intracage ammonia was highly variable among individuals and was significantly associated with water consumption and bedding volumes. Seventeen percent of AGS on 1/2qt of bedding and 18% on 3/4qt of bedding reached greater than 50ppm ammonia before 7 d. All AGS on 1 and 2qt of bedding remained below 50ppm ammonia for 1 wk. Even when maintained on 2qt of bedding, not all AGS remained below 50ppm ammonia for 2 wk. Therefore, we concluded that the most appropriate option was weekly cage change for singly housed AGS on 1qt of bedding in static caging.</p>","PeriodicalId":94111,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS","volume":" ","pages":"251-256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11193419/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140061650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}