Journal of AOAC International最新文献

{"title":"Validation of a K Value Method for Freshness Evaluation of Bony Fish Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: An Interlaboratory Study.","authors":"Takeya Yoshioka, Tomoko Nishimura, Kanako Hashimoto, Kenji Ishihara, Masashi Kadokura, Tomoaki Moriyama, Yuko Murata, Kunihiko Konno, Toshiyuki Suzuki","doi":"10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf058","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Freshness is one of the most important qualities of fish and has a significant impact on the utilization and commercial value. As global production and trade volumes of fishery products increase, standardization of scientific methods for evaluating fish freshness is required.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>K value based on the ratio of ATP derivative contents is widely recognized as a scientific freshness index of fish. The aim of this study was to standardize the K value analysis method that would be useful for fair commercial transactions of bony fish.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Conventional methods for analyzing K values of fish were modified. An interlaboratory study was conducted to evaluate the reproducibility of the method. The 11 participating laboratories analyzed 10 test samples (five pairs of blind duplicates of material) using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>For five test materials with a K value of 6.12-83.4%, the range of reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSDR) was 1.3-3.5%. The reproducibility standard deviation (sR) was 0.21-1.2%.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Considering the rate of increase of K value in typical bony fish species and storage conditions, the target value of reproducibility standard deviation was set to sR ≤1.25%, so as detecting a difference of 5% in K values. The results of the interlaboratory study met this criterion.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>The precision of the method was found to be acceptable.</p>","PeriodicalId":94064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AOAC International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144277069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality Evaluation of Gluten-Free Pasta Enhanced with Carboxymethyl Cellulose Gum: Rheological Properties, Characterization, Cooking Tests, and Sensory Analysis.","authors":"Mahsa Mohseni, Peyman Mahasti Shotorbani, Afshin Akhondzadeh Basti, Yeganeh Azimi","doi":"10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf042","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The increasing prevalence of gluten-related disorders, such as celiac disease, has raised the demand for gluten-free products, highlighting a significant economic and public health challenge.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of this study is to create high-quality, nutritious gluten-free pasta using rice flour, corn starch, pregelatinized starch, and carboxymethyl cellulose gum (CMC) as a substitute for semolina.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To assess the impact of CMC on pasta dough quality, samples with 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% CMC were prepared, along with a control (0% CMC) and a semolina sample. The resulting pasta was analyzed for chemical properties, cooking quality, texture, color, and sensory evaluation, comparing it to the control, a market gluten-free pasta, and semolina pasta.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Rheological analysis showed that the storage modulus (G') was higher than the loss modulus (G'') in all formulations. Semolina pasta had a protein content of 13%, which was higher than that of the prepared gluten-free pasta (4%) and market samples (8%). The addition of CMC reduced cooking loss from 11.07% (0% CMC) to 7.31% (1.5% CMC). Colorimetric assessments showed no significant differences among the gluten-free samples. The sample with 1% CMC had the best texture and cooking quality.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The addition of 1% CMC improves dough rheology, product quality, and consumer acceptance as an effective gluten substitute. This research highlights the potential of CMC gum to improve gluten-free pasta quality, meeting consumer expectations for taste and texture while also inspiring innovations in various gluten-free products across various food categories.</p>","PeriodicalId":94064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AOAC International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144251604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolomics Analysis on Different Parts of Ligustrum Lucidum Ait Based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS.","authors":"Lijie Zuo, Xiaojin Ge, Qingmei Qiao, Huifang Lv, Zhikun Xu, Shuya Xu, Lihong Li","doi":"10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf057","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ligustri Lucidi Fructus (LLF), the dried fruit of Ligustrum lucidum Ait (LLA), is a traditional Chinese medicine used for nourishing liver and kidney.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To chemically characterize and compare medicinal and non-medicinal plant parts of LLA to potentially improve biomass utilization.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The metabolite profiles of three different plant parts were evaluated by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS). PCA (principal components analysis) and PLS-DA (partial least squares discriminant analysis) were used to compare the chemical composition of the leaf, stem, and fruit of LLA. Differential metabolites were analyzed via the Pathway Analysis module of MetaboAnalyst 5.0 for pathway enrichment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 37 compounds were identified from three different plant parts by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS combined with UNIFI v1.8.1 software. Significant metabolic differences were observed among the leaf, stem, and fruit of LLA using PCA and PLS-DA. Eleven compounds were identified as markers. The content of loganate, secologanoside, nuzhenal C, Luteolin, iso-oleonuezhenide, dammarenediol-II was so much higher in the fruit than those in the leaf and stem. The content of oleanolic acid was higher in the fruit, stem than that in the leaf. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed that triterpenoids (dammarenediol-II, oleanolic acid, β-Amyrin) exhibited significantly higher abundance in the fruit and stem than in the leaf.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The stem of LLA may processed as a source of oleanolic acid in the future. This study laid the foundation for the rational utilization of non-medicinal LLA resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":94064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AOAC International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144259709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determination of Folic Acid in Various Dietary Supplement Dosage Forms by UPLC/PDA: Single-Laboratory Validation, First Action 2024.09.","authors":"Lusi A, Mina Fakhary, Jennifer M Solano, Mohamed Koroma","doi":"10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf014","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The AOAC Expert Review Panel (ERP) approved a method for the quantification of folic acid in various dietary supplement dosage forms containing tablets, 2-piece capsules, powder drinks, softgels, and gummies as First Action Official Method  SM status.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The previously published method summarized a single-laboratory validation with parameters of linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, repeatability, recovery, specificity, and system suitability. Based on the request from ERP, the recovery test for the gummies has been reperformed with a revised procedure.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Determination of Folic Acid in Various Dietary Supplement Dosage Forms UPLC/PDA.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The recovery range of 94.6-106.5% was achieved by spiking 20, 50, and 80% on the gummy samples. Other adjustments or clarification of the method and minor typos were also addressed.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>After the revised method, report, and results were analyzed and discussed, the ERP adopted the method and provided recommendations for achieving Final Action status.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>The revised method meets the requirements of SMPRSM 2022.002.</p>","PeriodicalId":94064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AOAC International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144210571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Genetics and Environment on Cranberry Fruit Metabolites.","authors":"James Harnly, Ping Geng, James Polashock, Pei Chen, Jennifer Johnson, Nicholi Vorsa","doi":"10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cranberry fruit samples of 15 genotypes (cultivars and accessions) grown in 16 locations in 4 states (MA, NJ, OR, and WI) and a Canadian province (British Columbia) were analyzed by non-targeted fuzzy chromatography-direct injection mass spectrometry (FC-DIMS). The data collected for 206 ions were analyzed by multifactorial multivariate analysis of variance-principal component analysis (MFMV-ANOVA-PCA). MFMV-ANOVA-PCA showed that sample composition varied statistically (p < 0.001) with respect to the major factors (state/province, growing location, genotype, and analytical batch) and cross factors (genotype-state/province and genotype-growing location). MFMV-ANOVA-PCA score plots verified a systematic variation with respect to 42 genotype-state/province pairs and 82 genotype-growing location pairs. MFMV-ANOVA-PCA variable loadings identified major ions that varied with each of the major factors and cross factors and 56 ions were annotated. The location-ion count matrix was transposed and analyzed by hierarchical cluster analysis producing dendrograms that grouped ions with respect to metabolic pathways for either the genotype-state/province or genotype-growing location pairs. Annotation of the ions in the hierarchical clusters allowed evaluation of the impact of genetics and location on compounds of interest. Ions expected to correlate with fruit quality measurements (brix, titratable acid, total anthocyanins, and total proanthocyanidins) were identified. This study demonstrates that mass spectral data coupled with chemometric analysis is a valuable tool for predicting the composition of specific genotypes for specific growing locations. The general design of this study can be used as a model for other food plants.</p>","PeriodicalId":94064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AOAC International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144188726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the changes of volatile compounds in crude and processed turmeric using GC-MS based volatilomics.","authors":"Xiaoliu Hu, Zhaoxiang Zeng, Chao Su, Chengwu Song, Rongzeng Huang, Sen Li, Shan Cao, Shuna Jin","doi":"10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf055","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>It is a common practice to process crude turmeric (CT) using different approaches, however, limited research is available on the comparison of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) before and after the processing.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study investigated the impact of five different processing methods on the VOCs of CT before and after processing.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The five types of processed turmeric included vinegar-treated turmeric (VT), mussel powder-treated turmeric (MT), water extract of rice-processed turmeric (RT), stir-fried turmeric (ST), and wine-processed turmeric (WT). The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique was utilized to identify the volatile profiles. Volatilomics based on multivariate statistics was used to assess the key metabolic differences between five processed turmeric and CT within the VOCs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 79 VOCs were detected between processed turmeric and CT, with terpenoids accounting for most of them. In the ST and WT groups, compared to the CT group, the number of changes in VOCs was relatively small, whereas in the VT, RT, and MT groups, there were a greater number of changes, with most metabolites exhibiting a downward trend. Through the volatilomics analysis, 13 potential differential compounds were screened out, among which there were three common differential compounds.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study reveals the primary causes for the variations in VOCs in processed and CT, establishing the groundwork for evaluating the overall quality of processed turmeric and its use in therapeutic settings.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>The study systematically compared the effects of five different turmeric processing methods on VOCs using GC-MS-based volatilomics, providing a data reference for research on the changes in its pharmacological activity.</p>","PeriodicalId":94064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AOAC International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144176355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ochratoxin A in human milk from the MIREC study.","authors":"Iulia Popa, The Minh Luong, Tye E Arbuckle, Jillian Ashley Martin, Terence Koerner, Jason Carere","doi":"10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf051","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by multiple fungal species and is found in a variety of foods. Ingestion of OTA-contaminated foods by lactating mothers can lead to OTA exposure in infants.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>To help assess infants' exposure to OTA, milk samples from the Maternal-Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) Human Milk Study were analysed. Human milk samples were collected (n = 494) and analyzed for OTA levels by HPLC.</p><p><strong>Results and discussion: </strong>The mean OTA concentration was 7.32 ± 9.25 ng/L, with 390 (79%) test samples testing positive for OTA and a range of 4.5-192 ng/L. Based on the food consumption questionnaires distributed among participants, higher OTA levels were observed with higher consumption of cottage cheese, hot cereal, and whole grain bread and significant differences were found in OTA levels at different sites. The mean OTA level in the analysed milk test samples was well below the amount found in infant formulas sold in Canada, which was determined by Health Canada to be safe.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The concentrations of OTA found in human milk in this study are well below the amount deemed safe in infant formula by Health Canada and, therefore, unlikely to be of concern to infant health.</p>","PeriodicalId":94064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AOAC International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144175586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polydopamine-Coated Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as a Dispersive SPE Adsorbent for Selective Recognition and Enrichment of Basic Orange 2 in Food Matrices with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Analysis.","authors":"Meihua Hu","doi":"10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Basic orange 2, as an industial dye, exhibits severe effects to human health and has been forbidden to use as food additives in many countries. The practical use of common pretreatment process for basic orange 2 in food might be limited owing to time consuming, high consumption of solvents and weak selectivity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to validate a pre-treatment technology for basic orange 2 based on simplicity, being rapid, good selectivity, high sensitivity and inexpensiveness to ensure the tongue safety for people.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To develop a strategy for the extraction and enrichment of basic orange 2 in food matrices by the specific magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers prior to the determination by HPLC.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The polymers with basic orange 2 as the template were deposited on the surface of ferroferric oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4@PDA MIPs) through the self-assembly of dopamine in the weak alkaline solution. The Fe3O4@PDA MIPs as a disperse SPE sorbent were used for extracting and detecting basic orange 2 using HPLC. Parameters influencing extracting efficiencies were optimized, including the mass of MIPs, pH value, time for ultrasonication, elution solvent and volume.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Under optimal experimental conditions, the detection linearity of basic orange 2 was in the range of 0.04-1.0 μg/mL with correlation coefficient of 0.9991 and the limit of detection (LOD) of 5.8 ng/mL. The recoveries from spiked samples were 73.3%-90% with RSD 3.1%-8.1% in food samples. Notably, the magnetic MIPs showed an excellent reusability during 3 times extraction procedures.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The Fe3O4@PDA MIPs prepared have great potential for purification and enrichment of basic orange 2 prior to its determination by HPLC in dried beancurd stick, yellow fish, chili powder, drinks and wine.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>The magnetic MIPs developed show good adsorption performance for basic orange 2 with a very low detection, and excellent reusability. The assay was applied to detect basic orange 2 in food samples successfully.</p>","PeriodicalId":94064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AOAC International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144145143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discrimination of Rhizoma Paridis and its Adulterants by FT-IR and HPLC Fingerprint Combined with Chemometrics.","authors":"Lei Cheng, Jingjing Dong, Jun Qian, Yinglin Liu, Qingshu Yang, Xi Liu, Baozhong Duan","doi":"10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf052","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rhizoma Paridis (RP) is economically significant but identifies complex traditional medicine materials, which can be accidentally contaminated, deliberately substituted, or admixed with other species of similar morphological characteristics. This issue can affect quality and safety issues.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>In this study, the screening technique to detect adulteration in RP was developed using multiple fingerprints and chemometrics.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with chemometrics, including similarity analysis (SA), principal component analysis (PCA), orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), were applied for the identification of RP and its adulterants.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HPLC analysis was more sensitive than FT-IR for differentiating RP from its contaminants. Except for the slight overlapping between Paris polyphylla var. chinensis (Franch.) Hand.-Mazz. and Paris mairei H.Lév., the remaining species could be successfully differentiated by the chemometrics method.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study indicates that the fingerprint of FT-IR and HPLC combined with chemometrics may be a valuable tool for discriminating RP and its adulterants.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>FT-IR and HPLC combined with chemometrics analysis were developed to discriminate between RP and adulterants. The chemometrics analysis using SA and OPLS-DA indicate significant differentiation in the chemical composition of these species. This research provides important chemotaxonomic references in species identification.</p>","PeriodicalId":94064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AOAC International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144113142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a LC-MS/MS Method for the Determination of Lauric Arginate Ethyl Ester (E243) in Food.","authors":"Yiu-Tung Wong, Ka-Lok Chan, Odi Hang-Wah Yiu, Chun-Ching Chen, Ting-Wai Leung, Kin-Wai Yeung","doi":"10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsaf053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Lauric arginate ethyl ester (LAE) is a natural cationic surfactant exhibiting excellent antimicrobial activity and has been approved as safe additive in certain food according to the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) General Standard for Food Additives (GSFA).</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to develop an analytical method based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the analysis of LAE in food using isotope-labeled LAE as internal standard.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>LAE in food was extracted by a mixture of acetonitrile (ACN)/Water (9:1) and analyzed by LC-MS/MS via internal standard calibration method using LAE-d23 hydrochloride as internal standard.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The limit of detection (LOD) values of LAE were 0.32 mg/kg in liquid samples and 1.0 mg/kg in solid samples. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) values were 4.4 mg/kg and 14 mg/kg in liquid and solid samples, respectively. Spike recoveries consistently fell within the range of 90% to 110% at three different fortification levels, accompanied by %RSD below 10% in each instance.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>An analytical method with LC-MS/MS detection for the analysis of LAE in various food matrices was successfully developed, validated and demonstrated to be fast, robust and reliable.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>The developed analytical method with LC-MS/MS detection offered a fast and efficient way to analyse LAE in various food samples during a routine food surveillance programme.</p>","PeriodicalId":94064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AOAC International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144082955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}