Journal of AOAC International最新文献

{"title":"Validation of a QuEChERS-UHPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in cannabis flowers: Application to regulated and non-regulated products.","authors":"Mónica Pereira, Florencia Tissot, Ignacio Machado","doi":"10.1093/jaoacint/qsag086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsag086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cannabis sativa flowers are a complex plant matrix that poses significant analytical challenges due to their chemical composition and the low regulatory limits established for consumer safety.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To optimize and validate a QuEChERS-UHPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, and ochratoxin A in Cannabis sativa flowers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Critical parameters influencing extraction efficiency were systematically evaluated through a 3³ factorial design, including solvent acidification, extraction time, and evaporation temperature. Optimal conditions were achieved using acetonitrile acidified with 0.1% v/v formic acid, 15 min vortex extraction, and evaporation below 50 °C.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Under these conditions, recoveries ranged between 90-109%, with precision (RSD 2.5-8.3%) and trueness demonstrating satisfactory method performance. Linearity was confirmed with R² > 0.99, and LOQs of 1.0 µg/kg for aflatoxins and 5.0 µg/kg for ochratoxin A, consistent with European Pharmacopoeia requirements. Application to 30 cannabis flower samples revealed that all commercial products complied with international maximum residue limits (MRLs), whereas some non-regulated samples exceeded the total aflatoxin limit (4 µg/kg), mainly due to elevated aflatoxin B2.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings provide the first data on mycotoxin occurrence in cannabis flowers from Uruguay and highlight the importance of monitoring non-regulated products, emphasizing the need for appropriate quality-control strategies.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>The proposed method provides a simple, robust, and high-throughput approach for routine quality control of cannabis flowers.</p>","PeriodicalId":94064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AOAC International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148889792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simplified Method to Test Decontamination of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Agent Dried on Steel Surfaces.","authors":"Oksana Yakovleva, Teresa Pilant, Juraj Cervenak, Cyrus Bett, Terry O Woods, Kitty L Pomeroy, Luisa Gregori, David M Asher","doi":"10.1093/jaoacint/qsag083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsag083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents are lethal unconventional pathogens that have infected both humans and animals. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a TSE. TSE agents are unusually resistant to inactivation. In-use tests conducted to investigate those products involve intentionally contaminating carrier objects with TSE agents, exposing them to decontaminating regimens, and then surgically implanting treated carriers into TSE-susceptible rodents to assay for TSE infectivity.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To adapt a simple in-use carrier test to decontaminate TSE agents based on methods employed for decades to test for bacteria, fungi and viruses remaining on surfaces treated with disinfectants, known as \"use-dilution tests.\"</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We serially diluted 10% BSE brain homogenate in a normal bovine-brain-tissue paste and contaminated 60 stainless-steel pins mounted in disposable heat-resistant plastic holders with the lowest dilution and five or six pins with each successive dilution. We investigated 2N NaOH-known to inactivate TSE agents-with and without autoclaving (121 °C and 134 °C) and autoclaving without exposure to NaOH. Each pin was briefly introduced into the brain of an anesthetized mouse. We monitored animals for 24 months. At the end of the study, the brains of all mice (except six mice that died early post inoculation) were tested for the presence of abnormal prion protein, a marker of TSE infections. Next, we calculated the level of inactivation provided by each method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Our results indicated that none of the 60 animals inoculated with pins decontaminated with NaOH (with or without autoclaving) developed BSE while steam autoclaving alone at both conventional and elevated temperatures was not effective. This inactivation corresponded to ≥ 1.1 log10 reduction of infectivity.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Using our relatively simple and quick pin method with brief intracerebral punctures without surgical implantation, we tested many more replicate treated carriers than in studies previously reported while yielding similar results.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>The proposed pin method was proven effective to evaluate inactivation regimens for BSE agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":94064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AOAC International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148882901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Generic Approach for Simultaneous Screening and Quantification of Aflatoxins and Pesticide Residues in Rice by LC-MS/MS: Single Laboratory Validation.","authors":"Dasharath P Oulkar, Ravinder Goyal, Ujjwal Sharma, Sunil Singh, Satyen Kumar Panda","doi":"10.1093/jaoacint/qsag084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsag084","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chemical residues in rice require highly sensitive analytical methods to verify compliance with stringent residue limits. In addition to pesticide residues, aflatoxins are critical contaminants due to their toxicity and carcinogenicity.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To develop and validate a simple, generic LC-MS/MS workflow for simultaneous screening and quantification of pesticide residues and aflatoxins in rice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Samples were extracted using a modified QuEChERS EN 15662:2018 procedure with acidified acetonitrile, followed by dispersive solid-phase extraction cleanup. Analysis was performed using a UHPLC coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (QQQ) with heated electrospray ionization in time-scheduled selected reaction monitoring mode. Method performance was assessed in accordance with SANTE guidance using matrix-matched calibration.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The optimized LC-MS/MS method demonstrated many transitions with polarity switching while maintaining acceptable chromatographic peak quality and selectivity. Acidified extraction improved the response by 3- 5-fold for the selected analytes. The method achieved LOQs of 0.0005 mg/kg for pesticides and aflatoxins. Calibration was linear over 0.0005-0.050 mg/kg for pesticides and 0.0002-0.010 mg/kg (0.2 -10 µg/kg) for aflatoxins, with R² ≥ 0.99 and residuals within ±20%. Recoveries for all target analytes were within 70- 120%, with precision ≤20% RSD at the evaluated spike levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The proposed single-extraction LC-MS/MS workflow is selective, sensitive, accurate, and suitable for the simultaneous high-throughput determination of pesticide residues and aflatoxins in rice. The method meets SANTE criteria for pesticides, complies with the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2023/2782 for aflatoxins, and complies with FSSAI and EU MRLs/MLs for rice.</p>","PeriodicalId":94064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AOAC International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148876827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Triplex PCR Assays for Simultaneous Detection of Maize Ingredients, Maize Allergen-Encoding Genes, and the Cry1Ab Transgene in Processed Foods.","authors":"Tata Ninidze, Kakha Bitskinashvili, Tamara Kutateladze, Boris Vishnepolsky, Nelly Datukishvili","doi":"10.1093/jaoacint/qsag082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsag082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Maize is widely used in processed foods but may cause allergic reactions. Reliable detection of maize ingredients, related allergens, and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in foods is essential for food authenticity, food safety, and consumer protection. However, DNA degradation during food processing and multi-target detection remain significant analytical challenges.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To develop and evaluate triplex PCR assays for the simultaneous detection of maize ingredients, allergen-encoding genes, and the Cry1Ab transgene, thereby enabling integrated food authentication, allergen and GMO screening in processed foods.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Genomic DNA was extracted from certified reference materials (0-5% MON810 maize) and processed foods using the CTAB method and a commercial plant kit. Two triplex PCR systems were optimized for the detection of species-specific marker (zein), allergen-encoding genes (Zea m 8, Zea m 14), and the Cry1Ab transgene. The PCR products were analyzed via agarose gel electrophoresis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The CTAB method yielded higher amounts of amplifiable DNA than the commercial kit. The developed assays enabled simultaneous detection of (i) Zea m 8, Zea m 14, and the zein gene, and (ii) Zea m 8, Zea m 14, and the Cry1Ab transgene. The assays successfully detected 0.1% MON810 reference material in the uniplex and 0.5% in the triplex systems. Analysis of processed foods confirmed reliable detection of all targets despite DNA degradation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The proposed triplex PCR assays offer a reliable, rapid, and cost-effective approach for the simultaneous detection of maize ingredients, allergen-encoding genes, and the Cry1Ab transgene, supporting food authentication, allergen and GMO screening in processed foods.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>Triplex PCR assays enable rapid, simultaneous detection of maize ingredients, allergen-encoding genes (Zea m 8, Zea m 14, zein) and the Cry1Ab transgene in processed foods, detecting 0.1% and 0.5% MON810 reference materials by uniplex and triplex PCR, respectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":94064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AOAC International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148835683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a quantitative duplex droplet digital PCR for the detection of genetically modified COT102 cotton event.","authors":"Yingjie Liang, Xiaojia Liu, Jin Liu, Jie Dong, Dongwei Gao","doi":"10.1093/jaoacint/qsag081","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsag081","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>With the implementation of genetically modified (GM) component labeling thresholds and low-level presence requirements in an increasing number of countries and regions, the demand for accurate quantitative detection has grown substantially. Meanwhile, digital PCR exhibits significant advantages over conventional real-time PCR for the quantification of GM components.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>In this study, a quantitative method of GM COT102 cotton event using duplex droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) was developed.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The duplex ddPCR system was designed to simultaneously quantify the copy number (CN) concentrations of the COT102 event-specific sequence and those of AdhC, an endogenous reference gene of cotton, within a single reaction. The ratio of the CN concentrations of COT102 to that of AdhC was calculated as the percentage of GM component.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The relative limit of quantification (LOQrel.) for GM component COT102 was 0.1%, with the linear quantification ranges of COT102 and AdhC determined as 0.61-216 copies/μL and 0.54-261 copies/μL.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A quantitative method using duplex ddPCR for the detection of GM COT102 cotton event was established.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>This method is completely capable of meeting the quantification requirements worldwide, even the regions with the lowest labeling threshold, and is suitable for the detection of GM components in raw cotton, cottonseed oil and cottonseed meal.</p>","PeriodicalId":94064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AOAC International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148803768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality evaluation of Sanfu Paste by combining multi-dimensional fingerprint with chemometrics.","authors":"Yuwei Liu, Haibo Jiang, Ying Lv, Wenqing Li, Wei Liao, Jiansheng Cao, Wenfei Lu, Yufei Feng","doi":"10.1093/jaoacint/qsag080","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsag080","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The investigation of Sanfu paste (SFP) has mostly concentrated on its clinical applications, mechanistic study, and the enhancement of dosage forms; conversely, quality evaluation has been comparatively overlooked and hardly documented.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study seeks to develop a thorough technique for SFP quality evaluation by the integration of multidimensional fingerprinting, chemometrics, and multicomponent content analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) fingerprinting techniques were established to evaluate compositional similarity among 16 batches of SFP from various geographical sources. Ten primary bioactive constituents-sinapine thiocyanate, corydaline, coptisine, berberine hydrochloride, dehydrocorydaline, euphol, methyl eugenol, safrole, elemicin, and sinapic acid-were quantitatively assessed. Thorough quality evaluation utilised orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), principal component analysis (PCA), and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ten distinct chemical compounds were discovered, demonstrating batch-to-batch diversity in concentration; notably, sinapine thiocyanate and methyl eugenol exhibited comparatively larger abundances. The similarity indices between HPLC and GC fingerprints for 16 SFP batches surpassed 0.9. HCA and PCA produced consistent clustering patterns. The OPLS-DA model exhibited stability and robustness, identifying euphol, dehydrocorydaline, sinapine thiocyanate, and methyl eugenol as the primary discriminatory markers.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study developed a chemical fingerprinting and quantitative content-determination approach that offers an accurate and dependable instrument for the quality evaluation and thorough assessment of SFP.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>GC and HPLC fingerprinting techniques, along with quantitative content-determination assays for SFP, were established for the inaugural time. These approaches are essential for clarifying the pharmacological foundation of its bioactive components and for thorough quality evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":94064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AOAC International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148803745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution of Four Characteristic Constituents from Cocculus orbiculatus in Rats Using UHPLC-Q-trap-MS/MS.","authors":"Xia Chen, Jiangying Peng, Di Wu, Daopeng Tan, Yuan Xiong, Hao Liang, Lin Qin, Annian Liu, Maochen Wei, Xingdong Wu, Yuqi He","doi":"10.1093/jaoacint/qsag078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsag078","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cocculus orbiculatus (L.) DC, a plant belonging to the genus Cocculus of the Menispermaceae, is rich in alkaloids, flavonoids, and other constituents, and exhibits anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities. However, studies on the in vivo processes of its bioactive components remain limited.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study established a UHPLC-Q-trap-MS/MS-based detection method to explore the pharmacokinetic profile and tissue distribution of magnoflorine, oblongine, syringic acid, and laurifoline in rats after intragastric administration of Cocculus orbiculatus extract.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A UHPLC-Q-trap-MS/MS method with MRM in ESI± modes was developed to quantify magnoflorine, laurotetanine, oblongine, and syringic acid in rat plasma and tissues (heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, prostate, intestine, and stomach) after oral administration of Cocculus orbiculatus extract to SD rats.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>No obvious interference from endogenous substances was observed for the internal standard and analytes in plasma and liver samples, and the established method exhibited good linearity, with correlation coefficients r exceeding 0.999. In addition, the precision, accuracy, stability, matrix effect, and extraction recovery of this method met the requirements of biological sample analysis. Pharmacokinetic results indicated that after intragastric administration, magnoflorine, oblongine, and syringic acid were eliminated rapidly, while laurifoline was eliminated slowly. Tissue distribution results revealed that magnoflorine, oblongine, and laurifoline were detectable in all examined tissues, with the highest levels in the intestine and stomach, while syringic acid was detectable only in the kidney and stomach.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In this study, the established method enables sensitive detection of chemical components in plasma and tissues, exhibiting good selectivity, specificity, precision, and reproducibility. Therefore, the obtained pharmacokinetic parameters and tissue distribution characteristics can provide references for optimizing clinical dosing regimens and exploring pharmacodynamic mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>Results from this study offer important insights into administration dosage in pharmacodynamic research of Cocculus orbiculatus and support further exploration of its pharmacodynamic material basis.</p>","PeriodicalId":94064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AOAC International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148803763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Review of Phytochemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Stauntonia hexaphylla (Thunb.) Decne.","authors":"Thi Ly Pham, Chi-Dat Lam, Viet Phong Nguyen","doi":"10.1093/jaoacint/qsag079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsag079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Stauntonia hexaphylla (Thunb.) Decne. is a medicinal plant widely distributed in Korea, Japan, and China, where it has long been used in traditional medicine to treat various ailments. Although numerous studies have investigated its phytochemical constituents and pharmacological potential, a comprehensive review summarizing the current knowledge on its botany, phytochemical constituents, and biological activities is still lacking.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This review provides a comprehensive summary of the phytochemical constituents, botanical characteristics, distribution, and pharmacological activities reported for S. hexaphylla.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Relevant literature was collected from several electronic databases, including Web of Science, SciFinder, PubMed, and ScienceDirect. The keywords used in the search strategy included \"Stauntonia hexaphylla (Thunb.) Decne,\" \"Stauntonia hexaphylla,\" \"S. hexaphylla,\" \"phytochemical constituents,\" \"botanical characteristics,\" \"distribution,\" and \"biological activities\".</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>To date, 115 secondary metabolites have been identified from this plant, including 25 triterpenoids (1-25), 47 saponins (26-72), 21 flavonoids (73-93), 14 phenolic compounds (94-107), 3 lignans (108-110), and 5 other compounds (111-115). Pharmacological investigations have revealed diverse biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-osteoporotic effects, anti-prostatic hyperplasia, antidepressant, anti-fatigue, anti-postmenopausal, anti-alopecia, and antidiabetic effects.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings highlight the rich phytochemical diversity and broad pharmacological potential of S. hexaphylla, supporting its continued investigation as a valuable medicinal resource and a promising source of bioactive compounds.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>A total of 115 secondary metabolites have been identified from S. hexaphylla, with saponins representing the major phytochemical constituents. The plant also exhibits diverse biological activities, particularly notable anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoporotic effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":94064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AOAC International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148803795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenolic compounds from Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm. (L. aggregata) leaves and their effects on colitis: A preliminary study.","authors":"Li Jiang, Jiahua Liu, Xin Bi, Xusheng Wen, Kexin Tao, Hua Zhang, Xin Peng, Fanghua Guo","doi":"10.1093/jaoacint/qsag076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsag076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Developing active ingredients derived from natural plants for the intervention of ulcerative colitis (UC) is an effective strategy to replace conventional drugs with severe side effects. Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm. (L. aggregata) leaves are an edible and medicinal herb with significant commercial value. However, the phenolics of these leaves and their effects in alleviating colitis remain unknown.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Analysis of polyphenolic components from L. aggregata leaves and their mechanism of action in improving colitis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, the phenolic composition and digestive properties of the methanol extract derived from L. aggregata leaves (LLME) were characterized using UPLC-QTOF-MS combined with an in vitro digestion model. Subsequently, a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model in mice was employed to evaluate its anti-inflammatory mechanism.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty phenolic components were tentatively identified from the LLME, mainly including kaempferol, quercetin and their glycosides. These compounds exhibited different digestive fates in the gastrointestinal tract, and might reach the colon. In vivo experiments demonstrated that LLME treatment effectively ameliorated weight loss and colon shortening, upregulated the expression of tight junction (TJ) protein, and suppressed the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and MAPK pathways, thereby inhibiting the production of downstream inflammatory mediators. Additionally, LLME regulated the intestinal microbiota and elevated short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) level.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings suggest that LLME exerts a comprehensive protective effect on intestinal inflammation through multi-target regulation. This work offers a potential natural candidate for further preclinical and clinical evaluation in UC management, and provides a foundation for the application of L. aggregata leaves as functional food resources.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>This work systematically characterized the polyphenols and their in vitro digestive characteristics of L. aggregata leaves, and firstly elucidated their action mechanisms in alleviating colitis.</p>","PeriodicalId":94064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AOAC International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148709186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enzymatic Determination of D-Malic Acid in Selected Foods: AOAC Official Method 2026.02 First Action.","authors":"Markus Lacorn, Thomas Hektor","doi":"10.1093/jaoacint/qsag077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsag077","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>: D-malic acid is one of the two stereoisomers that make up racemic (DL-) malic acid, which is commonly produced through chemical synthesis. In contrast, naturally occurring malic acid found in fruits, fruit juices, and wines consists almost exclusively of the L-isomer, with little or no D-malic acid being present. Therefore, the presence of D-malic acid in a natural product such as wine or fruit juice serves as an indicator that racemic DL-malic acid has been artificially added.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To validate the performance of the D-Malic acid test kit (Enzytec™ Liquid D-Malic acid) for the determination of D-malic acid in food such as soft drinks, fruit juices, tomato juice, and wine.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>D-malic acid is oxidized by NAD+ in the presence of D-malate dehydrogenase to pyruvate and carbon dioxide. The NADH produced is equivalent to D-malic acid converted and is measured at 340 nm.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>α-Ketoglutaric acid, sulfite, and meso-tartaric acid do not interfere at or below 0.5 g/L, 0.5 g/L and 0.2 g/L, respectively. L-tartaric acid reacts and leads to a creep reaction which can be eliminated by precipitation or extrapolation. LOD is at 4 mg/L for 100 µL. The linear measurement range is 14 mg/L to 500 mg/L for a test volume of 100 µL. Recovery was checked in grape juice, tomato juice, lemonade, pineapple juice, currant juice, bitter lemon and apple juice and resulted in mean recoveries between 90 and 103%. Trueness was also evaluated using reference wines and a fruit juice CRM. For automation, two applications with different test volumes were validated. Linearity is given from 5 up to 2500 mg/L.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The method is robust and accurate for manual and automated applications. The method was approved as AOAC Official Method of Analysis℠.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>The kit contains two ready-to-use components which make handling easy and suitable for automation.</p>","PeriodicalId":94064,"journal":{"name":"Journal of AOAC International","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148703075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}