JDS communications最新文献

{"title":"An economic analysis of interseeding of pasture and feeding legume forages to dairy cows in an organic system","authors":"Marielle E. Mumford,&nbsp;Joleen C. Hadrich,&nbsp;Andre F. Brito,&nbsp;Bradley J. Heins","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0968","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0968","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study assessed the economic viability of interseeding a legume-grass mixture in an existing organic pasture system, focusing on the implications for milk yield, milk composition, and profitability. Using net present value analysis, financial and production data were analyzed from the University of Minnesota Farm Financial FINBIN database and university feeding trials (University of Minnesota and University of New Hampshire). The analysis modeled a baseline 88-cow organic dairy herd with an average milk yield of 7,185 kg. A 10-yr net present value analysis was used to account for the time value of money at a discount rate of 7% and fluctuating pasture productivity, with interseeding occurring in years 1, 5, and 10. The analysis found a positive net present value of $394,274, which indicated that the investment was financially feasible for organic dairy farms. Sensitivity testing found that although the modeled farm was resilient to increased seed costs, profitability was more dependent on milk price and production. Specifically, an 18.7% decrease in milk price or a reduction in annual milk yield to 5,844 kg/cow would be required to reduce the net present value to zero. In conclusion, integrating legume-grass mixtures into organic rotational grazing systems was economically feasible and could support long-term profitability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 178-183"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148694656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agrivoltaic arrays and effects of forage biomass and nutritive value of grasses and legumes for grazing dairy cattle","authors":"Sabrina L. Florentino,&nbsp;Eric S. Buchanan,&nbsp;Michael H. Reese,&nbsp;Andre F. Brito,&nbsp;Bradley J. Heins","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0973","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0973","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Forage crops for grazing dairy cattle grown underneath ground-mounted photovoltaic (PV) systems may provide a feed source for livestock production. The objective was to evaluate forage biomass and nutritive value of grasses and legumes grown under different PV conditions. Forages were planted underneath a 30-kW PV site (30kW), a 50-kW PV site (50kW), and one control pasture site without PV (CON) in 2022 and 2023 with 4 replicates per site. Solar sites were all located on the University of Minnesota West Central Research and Outreach Center grazing dairy farm (Morris, MN) and were not located next to each other, but were 700 m apart. Forage crops included alfalfa (<em>Medicago sativa</em> L.), field peas (<em>Pisum sativum</em> L.), meadow fescue (<em>Schedonorus pratensis</em> (Huds.) P. Beauv), orchardgrass (<em>Dactylis glomerata</em> L.), red clover (<em>Trifolium pratense</em> L.), brown midrib sorghum-Sudangrass (<em>Sorghum bicolor</em> [L.] Moench ssp. <em>Drummondii</em> [Steud.]), white clover (<em>Trifolium repens</em> L.), and 3 grass and legume mixes with either alfalfa, red clover, or white clover. Forage samples were clipped (3 clippings per year) when the forages reached ~25 to 35 cm in height, which corresponded to recommended pregrazing height for lactating dairy cows. Samples were analyzed for forage nutritive value. Forage biomass, DM, and nutritive values were analyzed with PROC MIXED of SAS with the fixed effects of site (30kW, 50kW, or pasture), forage nested within site, year (2022 and 2023), and cutting (1, 2, or 3), and the random effect of replicate nested within site. Forages produced less biomass at the 50-kW (3,223 kg/ha) solar sites compared with 30-kW solar site (8,968 kg/ha) and the control pasture (9,987 kg/ha). The 50kW forages had greater crude protein on a DM basis (23.8%) than the 30kW (20.1%) and control pasture (18.2%). The 50kW (54.4%) forages also had greater total-tract NDF digestibility than the 30kW (52.3%) and control pasture (49.1%). Forage biomass and nutrient nutritive values varied based on the solar array design and amount of sun exposure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 112-118"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148694699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Compositional differences of milk from pasture-based systems compared with systems consuming large amounts of non-pasture feeds","authors":"Jonathan B. Magan,&nbsp;John T. Tobin,&nbsp;Tom F. O'Callaghan,&nbsp;Noel A. McCarthy,&nbsp;Sean A. Hogan,&nbsp;Mark A. Fenelon","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2026-0987","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2026-0987","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pasture-based milk production systems represent a considerable minority from a global perspective but encompass unique management factors, which lead to characteristic differences in milk composition relative to conventional production systems. Synchronized calving patterns, associated stage of lactation effects and coincident variation in dietary composition throughout the year contribute to seasonal changes across a range of compositional factors from early transition milk to mid-lactation and late-lactation milk. The most substantial and identifiable impacts of pasture-based production are resolved in the fatty acid profile of milk; however, considerable shifts in gross compositional factors, nitrogen composition, mineral and vitamin profiles, and minor volatile compounds and metabolites also present seasonal trends and notable changes in concentration in response to grass feeding.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 4-10"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148694716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The defining characteristics of pasture-based systems in temperate regions","authors":"B. Horan,&nbsp;S. Stirling,&nbsp;R. Bryant,&nbsp;L. Delaby","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0981","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0981","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pasture is an important source of feed for dairy and beef cattle in many parts of the world, but its predominant use in some dairy production systems such as those traditional to Western Europe, South America, and Oceania is relatively unique, with only 10% to 15% of global dairy products derived from such systems. Recently, pasture-fed dairy products have commanded premium international market prices as consumers perceive them to be superior to products from conventional confinement-based systems. There is, however, no international standard that defines the term grass/pasture fed and diverse definitions apply across different countries. To provide a practical definition of the dietary characteristics of pasture-based systems, we reviewed the literature from recent full-lactation farm systems experiments which have reported the proportion of grazed pasture in the total animal diet, in addition to grazing platform stocking rate (SR), grazing days per cow and per hectare without forage supplements, and concentrate supplementation (kg DM/cow). The final database contained 56 experimental comparisons published between 2008 and 2025. Based on the data, the proportion of grazed pasture in the total animal diet was described using linear regression according to 3 factors, namely, the number of full grazing days achieved without forage supplementation (no. of days), the grazing SR (cows/ha) on the grazing area, and the total level of concentrate supplementation (kg DM/cow). The results of the linear regression indicate that these 3 parameters explain a large part of the variation in grazed pasture proportion. Based on the data reported in these studies, we propose that a pasture-based dairy system can be defined as a system where the total diet of the dairy cow during the combined lactating and nonlactating period (equivalent to one complete year) contains in excess of 50% of grazed pasture on a DM basis, and where less than 15% of the total animal feed requirements are supplied from concentrate supplements (equivalent to approximately 1,000 kg DM/cow).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 11-17"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148694717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Some attributes of pasture-based systems as they relate to dairy cow welfare","authors":"M.W. Fisher,&nbsp;J.R. Roche,&nbsp;K.E. Schütz,&nbsp;M. Verdon,&nbsp;L.M. Hemsworth","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0947","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0947","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Like all dairy cattle, pasture-based cows face challenges to their welfare, but there are also unique challenges because of the physical environment, which involves exposure to the vagaries of climate and an associated variability in feed supply and composition. Cows balance energy intake with energy expenditure, producing more milk when more pasture is available or when supplementary feed is provided, and less milk when feed is limited. The physiological balancing of milk production with nutrient supply may mean that dairy cows experience short-term fluctuations of hunger and satiety. Though generally having greater freedom for the expression of natural behaviors and often experiencing better health, exposure to the weather brings its challenges. Welfare may be compromised by excessive heat in summer and cold and wet conditions in winter. The provision of shade to protect cows from solar radiation and shelter to protect them from wind and rain, as well as access to clean, dry, and soft lying surfaces, can sometimes be a challenge, especially in large herds. Although the desire to provide livestock with shelter is acknowledged by producers, it is subject to resource availability and affordability and adequate information on relevant technologies and initiatives. Other technologies specific to pasture-based systems include virtual fencing and herding, where grazing and guiding of cows can be controlled by audio or vibration cues which, if ignored, are followed by an aversive electric shock. Safety mechanisms are required to ensure the animal can predict and control its circumstances and respond accordingly. Although they may improve labor efficiency or potentially provide more time for meaningful tasks and interactions with animals, such technologies may also alter how animals and humans interact, challenging traditional ideals of the human–animal relationship. In conclusion, alongside more traditional perspectives of what animals are experiencing, animal welfare critiques also need to acknowledge the dynamic and complex factors determined by human needs and expectations of animals and their husbandry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 63-69"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148694722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"JDS Communications special issue: Pasture-based dairy systems—Definition, diversity, and future direction","authors":"J.R. Roche","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2026-1119","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2026-1119","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148694647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Postpartum automated estrus alert phenotypes in seasonal-calving, pasture-based dairy cows","authors":"E.M. Sitko,&nbsp;J. O'Connor,&nbsp;J. McCarthy,&nbsp;S.T. Butler","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0921","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0921","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objectives of this retrospective observational study were to (1) characterize postpartum estrus phenotypes in spring-calving, pasture-based dairy cows; (2) evaluate associations between cow-level factors and the timing of return to estrus; and (3) evaluate associations between pre-breeding estrus phenotypes and first-service pregnancy per artificial insemination (P/AI). Individual cow data were available from 4,586 lactations across 19 herds in 2022 and 2023. All cows were monitored with a neck-mounted activity monitoring device (SenseHub, MSD Animal Health). The first automated estrus alert occurred on 34 ± 16 d postpartum (mean ± SD); 25%, 51%, and 24% of cows were classified as early (≤21 d), intermediate (22–42 d), or late (&gt;42 d), respectively. First-lactation cows had a lower hazard of first estrus compared with multiparous cows. Cows in the medium and high tertiles for genetic merit for fertility traits had a greater hazard of first estrus and achieved greater first-service P/AI compared with cows in the low genetic merit for fertility tertile. Only a small proportion (2%) of interestrus intervals were between 2 and 7 d. Most interestrus intervals were normal length (18–24 d), although short (8–17 d) and prolonged (&gt;24 d) intervals were more common after the first estrus compared with subsequent estrus events. Cows that expressed at least one estrus before first service had greater P/AI (57% vs. 47%), and cows inseminated following a normal interestrus interval had greater P/AI (58%) than those inseminated after a long (50%) or short (54%) interestrus interval. These results demonstrate that most (76%) pasture-based dairy cows in our analysis had at least one automated estrus alert within 6 wk postpartum and that both parity and genetic merit for fertility traits influenced the postpartum interval to return to estrus and reproductive performance. Automated activity monitoring systems provide a useful tool for characterizing pre-breeding estrus phenotypes and identifying cows with delayed estrus or atypical estrous cycles to inform targeted reproductive management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 242-247"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148694690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economics of altering the amount of supplement offered to dairy cows grazing pasture according to nutritional requirements in early lactation","authors":"C.K.M. Ho,&nbsp;M.L. Douglas,&nbsp;K. Giri,&nbsp;W.J. Wales,&nbsp;V.M. Russo","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0940","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0940","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;This study aimed to determine the effect of grouping grazing-based dairy cows by energy and protein requirements and providing differing amounts of supplements on milk production and income over feed costs. The study was part of a larger experiment that also examined the effect of feeding different starch sources during the first 21 DIM and ensuing early lactation period. The experiment used 108 multiparous spring-calving Holstein-Friesian cows. Cows were grouped into 3 cohorts of equal numbers based on calving date and then randomly allocated to a wheat treatment (n = 18) or a nutritional grouping treatment (n = 90). Cows in the wheat treatment remained in that group throughout the experiment, whereas cows in the nutritional grouping treatment were allocated to 1 of 5 groups after 14 DIM. Cows in the wheat treatment were offered 7 kg DM of wheat grain per day. For cows in the nutritional grouping treatment, milk production and composition, BW, and BCS data from 7 to 14 DIM were used to estimate individual ME and protein requirements. Within each cohort, cows assigned to the nutritional grouping treatment were ranked by nutritional requirements, with the top 12 categorized as high and the bottom 12 as low. Cows were then allocated based on calving date to a high nutritional group (NGH; n = 18) or high control group (ConH; n = 18), or a low nutritional group (NGL; n = 18) or low control group (ConL; n = 18). These 4 groups were compared in the economic analysis conducted in this study. Cows in the nutritional grouping treatment were offered a grain mix in the dairy from 22 to 100 DIM comprising wheat and barley grains and canola meal at 9, 5, or 7 kg DM/cow per day for NGH, NGL, and the controls (ConH and ConL), respectively. Grazed pasture was provided as the balance of the diet with a target allowance of ~25 kg DM/cow per day (measured to ground level). We found no significant effect of grouping by nutritional requirements on milk yield, milk composition, BW, BCS, or change in BW or BCS. There was also no difference in these parameters between the average of the NGH and NGL groups combined and the average of ConH and ConL. However, NGH cows produced more milk than NGL cows (milk yield; 38.6 vs. 35.9 kg/cow per day, ECM yield; 36.8 vs. 34.1 kg/cow per day). We found no effect of the nutritional grouping strategy on profit (milk income minus the cost of grain mix and pasture). However, NGH cows had the numerically highest profit of Australian dollars (AUD) 10.26/cow per day, followed by ConH, NGL, and ConL. The average profitability of the NGH and NGL groups combined, was higher than the average profit of ConH and ConL combined, but the difference was small (AUD 10.19 vs. AUD 10.10/cow per day). Hence, no meaningful economic advantage was determined in this experiment of differentially feeding supplements based on nutritional requirements. Farmers can, therefore, opt for a simpler strategy of providing concentrates at a flat rate to graz","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 144-150"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148694704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of cow genetics on the somatotropic axis in pasture-based systems: Implications for production and reproduction","authors":"S.T. Butler,&nbsp;E.M. Sitko,&nbsp;M.C. Lucy","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0985","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0985","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Seasonal, pasture-based milk production imposes distinctive physiological demands on dairy cows: compact calving, prompt resumption of estrous cyclicity and completion of uterine involution, achieving peak milk production on a diet primarily composed of grazed grass with short-term variability in supply and quality, and re-establishing pregnancy during a short breeding period. Central to these adaptations is the somatotropic axis—growth hormone (GH), hepatic GH receptor (GHR), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1), 6 IGF binding proteins (IGFBP1–IGFBP6), and the IGF binding protein acid labile subunit (IGFALS)—which orchestrates nutrient partitioning, lactation, and the return to cyclicity and potential to reestablish pregnancy. This review summarizes the insights from experiments conducted in Ireland and New Zealand comparing different cow genotypes managed under grazing systems (e.g., North American vs. New Zealand Holstein-Friesian cows; Holstein-Friesian cows with divergent fertility merit but similar milk merit) and integrates herd-scale postpartum phenotypes linked to reproduction. In seasonal-calving, pasture-based systems, breeding indexes to improve cow genetic merit (greater emphasis on fertility and milk solids) are associated with a more favorable somatotropic axis profile (greater serum IGF1 during lactation), more conservative nutrient partitioning (less BCS loss), and superior uterine health, estrous expression, luteal function, and conception, without compromising milk solids output per cow. The biology of the somatotropic axis in dairy cows has an important effect on nutrient partitioning and fertility under pasture-based systems of milk production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 70-75"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148694707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transition cow nutrition for grazing herds: Practical priorities for health and performance","authors":"Mallory Crookenden,&nbsp;Axel Heiser","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0984","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2025-0984","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The transition period, encompassing the 3 wk before and 3 wk after calving, represents the most metabolically and immunologically demanding phase of the dairy cow's lactation cycle. Despite lower milk yield targets, grazing cows experience homeorhetic adaptations and immune perturbations comparable in magnitude to those of high-yielding, TMR-fed cows. However, pasture-based systems impose distinct management constraints that necessitate a pragmatic, rather than precision-focused, approach to nutritional management. This review synthesizes recent evidence on transition physiology in grazing systems and examines strategies that account for inherent pasture variability while maximizing on-farm achievability. The evidence demonstrates that optimal BCS at calving, controlled prepartum energy restriction to 80% to 100% of requirements, and focused mineral supplementation, particularly magnesium and calcium, remain the most cost-effective determinants of transition success. Secondary strategies, including targeted fatty acid supplementation, may provide additional benefits but should complement, not replace, foundational management. Emerging precision technologies offer promise for identifying individual cows at risk before clinical disease manifests, yet their utility in grazing systems depends on integration with variable pasture quality and realistic labor constraints. This review emphasizes that pragmatic, fundamentals-first management, aligned with seasonal pasture dynamics and farm-specific constraints, offers the most reliable pathway to improved transition outcomes, reduced metabolic disease, and sustainable dairy production in grazing systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"7 ","pages":"Pages 34-40"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148694741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}