JDS communications最新文献

{"title":"Feeding rumen-protected choline to prepartum Holstein cows in negative energy balance increases circulating lipoprotein phosphatidylcholine and triglyceride concentrations","authors":"W.A. Myers ,&nbsp;M.G. Zenobi ,&nbsp;D.C. Reyes ,&nbsp;J.E.P. Santos ,&nbsp;C.R. Staples ,&nbsp;J.W. McFadden","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0661","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0661","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rumen-protected choline (RPC) supplementation in dairy cows may increase hepatic phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis, thereby promoting triacylglycerol (TAG) secretion within very-low-density lipoproteins. To investigate the effects of dietary RPC on lipoprotein PC and TAG concentrations, pregnant, nonlactating, multiparous Holstein cows were supplemented with RPC (ReaShure, Balchem Corp.) at 0 (control), 30, 60, 90, and 120 g/d, corresponding to choline ion equivalents of 0, 6.45, 12.9, 19.4, and 25.0 g/d, respectively. Cows were fed diets that met or slightly exceeded their net energy and MP requirements for maintenance and pregnancy for 5 d, followed by a 9-d period of restricted intake (∼31% of these requirements). Preprandial plasma (n = 41, from cows in 0, 60, and 120 g/d RPC treatments) and liver samples (n = 72, from cows across all RPC treatments) were collected on d 9 of feed restriction. Plasma TAG-rich and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) fractions were isolated using liquid chromatography. Total TAG, cholesterol, and phospholipid concentrations in these lipoprotein fractions were measured. Circulating lipoprotein fractions and liver samples were processed for lipidomics. Data were analyzed using a mixed model, with calf birth weight and days prepartum at enrollment as covariates. Normalized omics data were natural-log-transformed. Plasma concentrations of total TAG within the TAG-rich lipoprotein fraction increased both linearly and quadratically, whereas total cholesterol exhibited a linear increase with higher RPC intake. In the LDL fraction, total TAG concentrations showed a similar linear and quadratic response, whereas total phospholipid concentrations increased linearly, and cholesterol concentrations remained unaffected by RPC supplementation. Most detectable PC and ether-linked PC species concentrations within the TAG-rich lipoprotein fraction increased linearly with RPC intake (42 out of 45 species; e.g., PC 34:3). Conversely, dietary RPC supplementation resulted in a modest increase in hepatic concentrations of PC species compared with the control (36 out of 57 species), characterized by an increase in highly unsaturated species (e.g., 36:5) and a decrease in those with a lower degree of saturation. Furthermore, increasing amounts of supplemental RPC resulted to linear, quadratic, and overall increases in the hepatic ratio of select PC to PE ion intensities compared with the control (8, 11, and 13 out of 17, respectively). In conclusion, RPC supplementation increased TAG concentrations within lipoprotein fractions in Holstein cows experiencing negative energy balance. The observed changes in hepatic and lipoprotein PC concentrations support enhanced very-low-density lipoprotein secretion in cows fed RPC. These findings suggest that RPC increases lipoprotein PC and TAG concentrations and reduces hepatic TAG deposition in dairy cows.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 304-308"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Observational study on calf carcasses in 2 processing plants for animal byproducts in Germany","authors":"M. Sickinger ,&nbsp;A. Wehrend","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0687","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0687","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the dairy industry, surplus calves have been reported to be especially prone to poor welfare on farms and to inappropriate killing of male calves for economic reasons. Therefore, this study aimed to examine calf carcasses for evidence of inappropriate killing and diseases that may have caused prolonged suffering and unnecessary pain in the course of their lives. Our study was conducted during March 2022 and from April to May 2023 in 2 animal byproduct processing plants, where we carried out external inspections of the carcasses to record the sex of the animals and check for the presence of identification marks. We paid particular attention to findings relevant to animal welfare that suggested improper killing or unnecessary suffering and pain in the animals. The examinations included observations on the skinned carcasses (in plant 1), as well as on carcasses in the blanket, the opening of the trachea, and the carpal and tarsal joints (i.e., partial necropsy). In total, 981 calves from dairy cattle and beef cattle herds were examined on 19 delivery days. This encompassed 450 calves at the first location and 531 at the second location. In total, 515 calves were male and 465 were female. The sex of one animal could not be determined because of the nutritional trace on the carcass. Ear tags were not inserted in 588 calves. Five of the 588 calves initially had ear tags. Ear tags were detected in 393 calves. At partial necropsy, 18 animals were diagnosed with profound emaciation. Additionally, arthritis existed in 9 animals. Chronic diseases other than arthritis were observed in 27 (2.8%) of 981 animals. Arthromyodysplastic syndrome was diagnosed in 26 animals. Fractures were found in 38 animals, of which only 3 cases occurred antemortem. The remaining 35 cases of fracture occurred postmortem as a result of transportation. No animal had signs of improper obstetric care. Amniotic fluid was detected in the lumen of the trachea of 122 stillborn calves (i.e., death sub natu). In contrast to the situation reported in pigs, no evidence existed in the 2 animal byproduct processing plants investigated for calf carcasses that inappropriate killing and diseases leading to prolonged suffering and unnecessary pain before death represented systemic problems. No fundamental need for routine testing of animal carcasses existed in either animal byproduct processing plant.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 368-372"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breeding for improved heat tolerance in dairy cattle: Methods, challenges, and progress*","authors":"Ignacy Misztal ,&nbsp;Luiz F. Brito ,&nbsp;Daniela Lourenco","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0651","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0651","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heat tolerance in dairy cattle has likely deteriorated over time due to unfavorable genetic correlations between milk production level and heat tolerance, with stronger deterioration in later parities. The dairy cattle industry has responded to the challenge of heat stress by implementing management modifications. Methodology exists to calculate genetic prediction of breeding values for high production under heat stress conditions, with high reliabilities of breeding values obtained when incorporating genomic information. However, cows that maintain production during the heat stress peak have an increased likelihood of death. One remedy would be selection for better fertility and survival under heat stress, but with a low volume of data and low heritabilities, corresponding reliabilities may be too low for an efficient selection. In environments where intensive management is too expensive, an ideal cow would maintain production in a favorable climate, would briefly reduce production during heat stress, and would restore production after the heat stress conditions are over. As there are many biological mechanisms involved in heat stress response, in addition to deriving heat tolerance indicators based on variability in performance traits under heat stress conditions, novel traits that capture physiological, behavioral, and anatomical traits related to heat stress response, less dependent on production level, could also contribute to breeding for improved heat tolerance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 464-468"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between the lunar cycle and pregnancy at first artificial insemination of Holstein cows","authors":"P. Pinedo ,&nbsp;K. Keller ,&nbsp;M. Schatte ,&nbsp;J. Velez ,&nbsp;T. Grandin","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0722","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0722","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of this observational study was to analyze the association of the lunar cycle with pregnancy at first artificial insemination (P/AI1) of Holstein cows. The study cows were managed under organic certification, which prohibits the use of exogenous hormones for synchronization of ovulation and requires continuous access to open dry lots. Two categorizations of the lunar cycle were used for the analysis: lunar phases 4 (LP4) with 4 categories of equal duration (new moon to first quarter, first quarter to full moon, full moon to third quarter; and third quarter to new moon) and lunar phases 8 (LP8) with 8 categories (new moon, first quarter, full moon, third quarter [set to 1 d duration each] and waxing crescent, waxing gibbous, waning gibbous, and waning crescent [4 d of duration each]). Two sets of data were created where first postpartum inseminations were matched with the corresponding lunar phase for the 2 categorizations (LP4 and LP8) using the artificial insemination (AI) dates. Data were examined separately in primiparous and multiparous cows. Least squares means for P/AI1 by lunar phase were calculated and compared using ANOVA. Potential associations between P/AI1 and the 2 lunar phase categorizations were initially tested by chi-squared test of independence followed by multivariable logistic regression. Differences in P/AI1 LSM were established only in primiparous cows in the LP8 categorization. Cows receiving AI1 during the first quarter had a smaller probability of P/AI1 (0.29) as compared with waxing gibbous (0.39), waning crescent (0.40), waning gibbous (0.42), and third quarter (0.46). The logistic regression analyses were completed using the new moon category as reference. The analysis identified greater odds of P/AI1 during the third quarter than during the new moon in both primiparous (odds ratio [95% CI] = 1.15 [1.02–1.30]) and multiparous (1.12 [1.01–1.24]) cows. When LP8 was considered for the logistic regression analysis, associations between the lunar cycle and P/AI1 were only identified in primiparous cows for the first quarter compared with the new moon (odds ratio [95% CI] = 0.67 [0.47–0.94]). In conclusion, this study identified small associations between the lunar cycle and pregnancy at first insemination of Holstein cows maintained in an organic-certified herd. Validating the associations described here and clarifying the biological basis of the reported differences in P/AI1 would require controlled studies in other cattle populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 400-405"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of the lactose content and other osmotic agents in milk throughout lactation according to the cow's parity","authors":"A. Hamon ,&nbsp;J. Guinard-Flament ,&nbsp;A. Costa ,&nbsp;A. Fischer ,&nbsp;P. Faverdin ,&nbsp;M. Gelé ,&nbsp;A. Boudon ,&nbsp;S. Lemosquet","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0717","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0717","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Milk lactose content (LC) is known to vary due to metabolic disorders and udder inflammation. To assess its ability to serve as a marker of these 2 disorders, it is important to first understand its dynamics for healthy cows, particularly its relation with milk osmolarity, because it is the main osmotic agent. To assess the dynamics of LC, we studied relations among contents of lactose and other major osmotic agents in milk throughout lactation in different parities. Cows were fed a constant TMR diet throughout lactation. The profile of osmotic agents in morning milk (lactose, K, Na, Cl, and protein) was measured in the milk of 30 cows (17 primiparous and 13 multiparous). To avoid confounding effects due to udder inflammation, data from cows with unhealthy udders (i.e., 2 or more milk samples with SCC &gt;200,000 cells/mL) were excluded (n = 2 primiparous and 3 multiparous). From 12 to 235 DIM, 8 to 9 samples per cow were first taken 2 wk apart, and then taken monthly. A regression model that included cow parity, DIM, their interaction, and a random cow effect was used to illustrate the dynamics of milk osmolarity and each osmotic agent throughout lactation. Milk osmolarity remained stable throughout lactation (279 ± 0.3 mOsm/L), with no significant difference between primiparous and multiparous cows. The contents of lactose, K, Na, Cl, and protein explained 86.4% of milk osmolarity. Milk LC was lower for multiparous compared with primiparous cows over the entire lactation period, except at 12 DIM, when both parity cows had similar LC. For multiparous cows, the lower LC was compensated by higher Na content. Principal component analysis of all osmotic agents explained 82% and 83% of the cumulative variance throughout lactation for primiparous and multiparous cows, respectively. At 12 DIM, multiparous cows had lower LC and Cl and K contents compared with primiparous cows, which exhibited only lower LC compared with the rest of the lactation period. From 40 to 235 DIM, however, milk from the 2 parities had similar dynamics of osmotic agents: K content decreased and protein content increased. This study revealed that in cows with healthy udders, the dynamics of LC and other osmotic agents contents in milk differed between parities and throughout lactation to maintain a constant milk osmolarity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 432-437"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of the optimal diagnostic criteria combination for reproductive tract diseases in dairy cows of 100 days in milk or more","authors":"J. Dubuc ,&nbsp;J.C. Arango-Sabogal ,&nbsp;V. Fauteux ,&nbsp;J. Denis-Robichaud ,&nbsp;S. Buczinski","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0690","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0690","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The objective of this study was to determine the optimal diagnostic criteria combination for purulent vaginal discharge (PVD) and endometritis (ENDO) in cows ≥100 DIM to predict the probability of pregnancy. A prospective observational study was conducted in 24 commercial Holstein herds selected by convenience. Cows ≥100 DIM identified as nonpregnant by veterinarians were systematically enrolled in the study and were examined with a Metricheck device (discharge) and a cytobrush device combined with a leukocyte esterase test. No reproductive tract treatments were allowed and cows were systematically enrolled on an ovulation synchronization protocol and inseminated. Data from 1,064 reproductive tract examination events from 918 different Holstein cows were included. Diagnostic criteria combinations of discharge score and esterase score were used to identify PVD and ENDO, respectively. Combinations were compared using mixed logistic regression models accounting for diagnostic criteria (PVD and ENDO), DIM, parity, and season, as well as herd and cow clustering as random effects. The optimal diagnostic criteria combination was chosen based on the variation explained when these thresholds were included in a model (lowest Akaike information criterion; AIC), and their ability to predict pregnancy status (highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve; AUC). The lowest AIC (1,021) and highest AUC (0.898) were obtained with a combination of a discharge score ≥2 (flecks of pus or worse) for PVD and an esterase score ≥0.5 (trace of leukocytes or worse) for ENDO. Based on these criteria, the proportions of PVD and ENDO were 21.5% and 37.8%, respectively. The overall probability pregnancy at artificial insemination was 30.7%; it was higher in unaffected cows than in cows with reproductive tract diseases. In conclusion, the optimal diagnostic criteria combination for cows ≥100 DIM was a discharge score ≥2 for PVD and a esterase score ≥0.5 for ENDO, and cows with PVD or ENDO had poorer reproductive success than unaffected cows.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 373-377"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of a national evaluation system in promoting dairy sustainability*","authors":"Asha M. Miles ,&nbsp;Kristen L. Parker Gaddis ,&nbsp;John B. Cole ,&nbsp;Robert H. Fourdraine","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0645","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0645","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sustainable agriculture is best defined as a balance of practices that promote economic vitality, protect the natural environment, and build healthy communities in the present without compromising the future. The dairy industry has achieved tremendous gains in productive efficiency following decades of work with these goals in mind. A major tool contributing to this progress is the US National Cooperator Database (NCD), developed in partnership with key industry groups. Involving a complex system of both domestic and international data sharing, the NCD now includes &gt;9 million genotypes, &gt;100 million pedigrees, and &gt;100 million lactation records. The primary outputs of this system are national genetic and genomic evaluations, published tri-annually. Greater genetic gains have resulted in faster rates of inbreeding, a well-established antagonist to cow health and performance. Dairy genetics are traded all over the world, and the NCD enables the monitoring of inbreeding at the global population level. Dairy systems are continually evolving thanks to technology advancements, changing consumer values, and resource availability; frequent interrogation of the NCD can facilitate the early detection of changing industry trends that affect the accuracy of existing evaluations, but also highlight the need for improvement tools that are just as dynamic as the dairy industry. An industry-wide effort is underway to develop a herd-level sustainability metrics platform that would support dairy producer ability to farm and track their progress in key health and production areas. This pre-competitive collaboration among dairy industry groups ensures the reliable flow of accurate data so we can continue to develop tools to support the dairy producer in the present and future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 458-463"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the structure–function relationship in selected dairy food matrices using material science approaches*","authors":"Prateek Sharma,&nbsp;Pragya Choudhary","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0685","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0685","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dairy foods are available in a variety of physical forms, including liquid, semi-solids, and solids. The desired functionality of these foods depends upon the end user application (e.g., viscoelasticity of cheese in high-speed processing, powder rheology for bulk handling, and gelling behavior for texturization). The theoretical basis for functionality in each food matrix is derived from the multiple layers of food structure and the way different molecules interact with one another at different length scales. Modifying food structure through changing formulation or processing conditions is an effective way of controlling functionality. The accurate characterization of food structure and material properties plays a significant role in optimizing functionality and designing equipment. This work presents how the use of novel material science approaches can not only be helpful in understanding the structure–function relationship in various dairy food matrices (slicing of cheese, powder rheology, high-solid spray drying, and cold gelling behavior of highly concentrated micellar casein concentrate), but also in potentially improving the profitability and efficiency of commercial dairy manufacturing operations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 448-451"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of double disinfectant application during premilking teat disinfection on teat cleanliness, bacterial count, and mastitis in pasture-grazed dairy cows","authors":"Thiago Resin Niero ,&nbsp;Roberto Kappes ,&nbsp;Angelica Leticia Scheid ,&nbsp;Andreina Ferreira Ramos ,&nbsp;Larissa Henrique da Silva ,&nbsp;Leonardo Leite Cardozo ,&nbsp;Sandra Maria Ferraz ,&nbsp;André Thaler Neto","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0696","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0696","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of double disinfectant application during premilking teat disinfection on heavily soiled teats has proven effective in reducing the teat cleanliness score and certain bacterial groups in freestall confined cows. We aimed to compare the efficacy of a single (SDA; before forestripping) and a double (DDA; before and after forestripping) disinfectant application on teat cleanliness score, bacterial counts, and the incidence of subclinical and clinical mastitis in pasture-grazed dairy cows. Initially, 2 groups of 8 cows were assigned to receive either SDA or DDA lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide application, using a dip cup. The treatments were applied at every milking to all lactating cows participating in the experiment. The experiment was conducted over an 8-mo period. Cows calving during this period were alternately assigned to one of the 2 groups after 7 d. Every 15 d, both before (PRE) and after (POST) treatment, we evaluated the teat cleanliness score (TCS) and collected swabs from teat skin to quantify gram-negative bacteria (coliform and noncoliform), <em>Staphylococcus</em> spp., <em>Streptococcus</em> spp., and total bacterial count (TBC). On the same day, we also collected milk samples from individual cows to measure SCC and identify subclinical mastitis (SCC ≥200,000 cells/mL). We then classified the cows as having no subclinical mastitis and new subclinical cases based on 2 consecutive analyses. Clinical mastitis cases were recorded throughout the experiment. A variance analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of treatment on bacterial count, TCS, and SCS. After disinfection, gram-negative and <em>Streptococcus</em> spp. were the most reduced type of bacteria regardless treatment. No significant differences were observed between the DDA and SDA groups for TCS, counts of coliforms, gram-negative noncoliform bacteria, <em>Staphylococcus</em> spp., <em>Streptococcus</em> spp., and TBC PRE and POST application or in reducing these variables. We transformed SCC into SCS, which was similar between groups, as well as the subclinical and clinical mastitis cases. In situations with lightly soiled teats, an extra application of disinfectant during premilking teat disinfection did not significantly improve TCS, reduce bacterial counts, SCS, or decrease the incidence of subclinical and clinical mastitis compared with a single application of disinfectant.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 389-393"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of frozen storage of bovine colostrum for up to 1 year on concentrations of immunoglobulins and insulin as well as bacterial counts","authors":"Trent A. Westhoff,&nbsp;Sabine Mann","doi":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0731","DOIUrl":"10.3168/jdsc.2024-0731","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Freezing colostrum is a common management strategy to ensure availability of high-quality colostrum for each calf. Limited data are available on the effects of freezing colostrum on important colostral components. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of freezing bovine colostrum at −20°C for 1 yr on concentrations of IgG, IgA, IgM, and insulin, as well as on total plate count (TPC) and coliform counts (TCC). Composite colostrum samples (250 mL) were collected from the complete first milking from Holstein cows (n = 10), immediately cooled on ice, and divided into fourteen 8-mL aliquots. One aliquot was stored on ice for analysis within 6 h of collection (fresh) and 13 additional aliquots were frozen and stored at −20°C for subsequent analyses upon thawing at 21°C to 24°C in 4-wk intervals. All samples were analyzed for Brix % via a digital Brix refractometer; IgG, IgA, and IgM via radial immunodiffusion; insulin via radio immunoassay; and TPC and TCC via commercial ready-to-use aerobic bacterial culture plates. Data were analyzed using mixed effects repeated-measures ANOVA. Compared with fresh colostrum, Brix % was 4.1% ± 0.9% to 6.2% ± 0.9% lower between 4 and 52 wk. Concentration of IgG was reduced 8.1% ± 2.8%, 7.6% ± 2.5%, and 8.2% ± 2.3% at 32, 44, and 48 wk relative to sampling, respectively. Freezing colostrum did not affect concentrations of IgA or IgM. Insulin concentrations were reduced 14.5% ± 3.5% at 16 wk, 11.1% ± 3.0% at 40 wk, 18.4% ± 3.3% at 48 wk, and 20.8% ± 3.2% at 52 wk relative to sampling compared with insulin concentration determined in fresh colostrum. Coliform count was reduced 22.1% ± 7.6% by 4 wk and continued to be lower at each time point through 52 wk. Total plate count was reduced at 4, 20, and 24 wk to 46.9% (30.9%–71.4%), 47.9% (31.5%–72.9%), and 51.0% (33.3%–78.1%) of the TPC in the fresh colostrum, but did not differ at the other time points. We conclude that freezing colostrum appeared to affect Brix %, TCC, and concentrations of IgG and insulin. As such, producers should store colostrum at −20°C for no longer than 32 wk to minimize the risk of a change in the composition.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":94061,"journal":{"name":"JDS communications","volume":"6 3","pages":"Pages 406-410"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143895802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}