Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Dimensionality reducing Gaussian mixture-based reconstruction for fault detection in multimode processes","authors":"Yanfeng Cui,&nbsp;Wei Fan,&nbsp;Yongzan Zhou","doi":"10.1002/cjce.25308","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cjce.25308","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Modern industrial processes increasingly prioritize demands for safety and reliability, spurring substantial research on process monitoring models. Among existing research subjects, concurrent multimode operating conditions are vital for effective process monitoring. This work proposes an efficient dimensionality-reducing Gaussian mixture-based reconstruction approach for multimode industrial process monitoring. The t-SNE method is first employed to transform high-dimensional data into a lower-dimensional space that retains critical operational information. Using these reduced dimensions, a robust Gaussian mixture model is established to partition the operation data into different modes. Furthermore, the original data are assigned to the corresponding operating modes, and local variational autoencoder (VAE) reconstruction models are established, respectively. For each VAE model, two statistics are designed, termed <span></span><math>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>T</mi>\u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msup></math> and <span></span><math>\u0000 <mi>SPE</mi></math>, to detect abnormalities. The proposed method is applied to a three-phase flow facility, and the superiority over the comparison methods is proved.</p>","PeriodicalId":9400,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"102 12","pages":"4267-4280"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140942061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Semi-continuous non-sterile production of medium chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates from fatty acids","authors":"Warren Blunt,&nbsp;Alain Lagassé,&nbsp;Jacob Harvey,&nbsp;Richard Sparling,&nbsp;Daniel Gapes,&nbsp;David Levin,&nbsp;Nazim Cicek","doi":"10.1002/cjce.25299","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cjce.25299","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Medium chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHAs) are efficiently synthesized from fatty acids. It was hypothesized that under non-axenic conditions, the anti-microbial properties of fatty acids would reduce growth of microbial competitors and allow <i>Pseudomonas putida</i> LS46 to dominate the population resulting in non-sterile mcl-PHA production. Non-sterile batch and fed-batch cultures produced similar final mcl-PHA content, monomer composition, and productivity during 24–27 h cultivations when compared to sterile control cultures for initial octanoic acid concentrations ranging from 5 to 40 mM at an initial pH of 6.5. In the absence of a <i>P. putida</i> inoculum, growth was eventually observed in non-sterile medium after a lag period of up to 120 h, the length of which was dependent on the octanoic acid concentration. The efficacy of prolonged non-sterile cultivation was tested using a sequential batch reactor (SBR). After 28 days (672 h), 1.62 g L⁻¹ of total biomass was observed, of which the mcl-PHA content was 47%. This resulted in a PHA titer of 0.77 g L⁻¹, and a volumetric PHA productivity of 32 mg L⁻¹ h⁻¹. The polymer composition remained stable throughout at 87.0 ± 2.7% C₈ monomers, and short-chain length (scl-) monomers were not detected. This study is the first of its kind to report that purely mcl-PHAs were produced after prolonged periods in a non-sterile environment and demonstrate that medium chain-length fatty acids exert a strong selective pressure toward organisms that synthesize mcl-PHA. This suggests an opportunity for mcl-PHA production in open continuous cultivation, which could reduce both fixed and operating costs.</p>","PeriodicalId":9400,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"102 11","pages":"3896-3908"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cjce.25299","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140937505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leakage characteristics of plug flow in the case of pipe leakage","authors":"Tao Ren,&nbsp;Wenjun Ma,&nbsp;Jiangbei Huang,&nbsp;Zhiwei Li,&nbsp;Bin Sun","doi":"10.1002/cjce.25303","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cjce.25303","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In order to study the changes in two-phase flow parameters after pipeline damage and the impact of gas injection on water leakage from damaged pipelines, experimental and simulation studies were conducted on the damaged pipelines. The main objective is to compare the void fraction in intact and damaged states and to investigate the factors influencing and variations in gas–liquid leakage flow rates. The results show that increasing the liquid superficial velocity can reduce the difference in void fraction distribution caused by different damage directions. The leakage flow rate is affected by the direction of damage and the superficial velocity of the respective phase. It has been discovered that gas injection in the pipeline can make it easier to find small-area pipeline damage. The change rate of the volume void fraction shows different changes with the increase in gas proportion in different directions; the shape of the bubble has no bearing on this change.</p>","PeriodicalId":9400,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"102 11","pages":"4055-4068"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140929767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mass transfer and bubble hydrodynamics in stirred tank with multiple properties fluid via a CFD-PBM method","authors":"Hao Chen,&nbsp;Zhe Chen,&nbsp;Xu-Qing Wang,&nbsp;Xiu-Guang Yi,&nbsp;Xi-Bao Zhang,&nbsp;Zheng-Hong Luo","doi":"10.1002/cjce.25304","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cjce.25304","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The performance of a stirred bioreactor was evaluated in this study in terms of the bubble hydrodynamics and the mass transfer efficiency, using a non-viscous Newtonian fluid of water, a viscous non-Newtonian fluid of xanthan, and a viscous non-Newtonian fluids of xanthan with dispersed soybean powder, respectively. The computational fluid dynamics–population balance model (CFD-PBM) method coupled with the viscosity model and the mass transfer model is established to simulate the gas–liquid mass transfer process and bubble size distribution in the stirred bioreactor. The results demonstrate that the rheological properties of the fluid play an important role in determining the gas holdup, the mass transfer efficiency, and the bubble size distribution. Viscosity of the fluid exhibits a negative impact on gas–liquid mass transfer rate and gas holdup. Moreover, by properly adjusting the operating conditions such as the stirrer speed, it is possible to modulate the gas dispersion and mass transfer rate in the reactor.</p>","PeriodicalId":9400,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"102 11","pages":"4038-4054"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140929835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation of natural convection in a rectangular enclosure filled with porous medium saturated with magnetic nanofluid using Buongiorno's two-component model","authors":"K. Venkatadri,&nbsp;K. V. Narasimha Murthy,&nbsp;Tasveer A. Bég,&nbsp;O. Anwar Bég,&nbsp;Sireetorn Kuharat","doi":"10.1002/cjce.25300","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cjce.25300","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Motivated by studying emerging nanofluid-based magnetic fuel cells and hybrid direct absorber solar collectors, a numerical study is presented for buoyancy-driven flow in a vertical enclosure containing a porous medium saturated with magnetized nanofluid flow under a transverse static magnetic field. The enclosure features adiabatic side walls and vertical heat slits, ensuring consistent cold temperatures on the lower and upper bounded walls. The side walls of the regime are insulated, and the hot slits are centrally located on these walls. The finite difference method (FDM) is applied to employ the transformed dimensionless vorticity–stream function (VSF) formulation of the transport equations. The impact of pertinent parameters on isotherm, streamline, iso-concentration, and average Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are visualized with contour plots and graphs. Increasing Darcy number values tend to amplify the isotherm magnitudes. Higher Hartmann (magnetic) number values, on the other hand, lead to a reduction in local Nusselt number profiles but do not significantly modify the local Sherwood number. The porous medium permeability, as simulated via the Darcy number, has a strong impact on streamlines, thermal contours, and iso-concentrations. A reduction in Darcy's number suppresses local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers, whereas an elevation in Rayleigh's number enhances them. Increasing the Buongiorno nanoscale Brownian motion parameter enhances local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers at both cold walls of the enclosure. The simulations provide a deeper insight into enclosure flows involving electrically conducting nanofluids in advanced processing systems for nanomaterials and hybrid fuel cells utilizing electromagnetic and liquid fuel technologies.</p>","PeriodicalId":9400,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"102 10","pages":"3639-3660"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140929838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of scale inhibitor methods during modified smart water injection","authors":"Seyedeh Fatemeh Ghazi Ardakani,&nbsp;Seyed Taha Hosseini,&nbsp;Yousef Kazemzadeh","doi":"10.1002/cjce.25293","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cjce.25293","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Enhancing oil recovery (EOR) through water flooding methods, including smart water injection, low salinity water injection, polymer injection, and surfactant injection has become a pivotal strategy for enhancing productivity. Despite their promising outcomes, these methods often encounter challenges such as scaling formation and deposition, impacting reservoir permeability and production rates. A comprehensive understanding of scaling formation is crucial for effective implementation of these methods. This article explores various scaling types prevalent in the field, examining key parameters (temperature, pressure, and pH) that influence scaling formation. Additionally, it presents a diverse range of inhibitors employing both chemical and mechanical methods to mitigate and prevent scaling, thus safeguarding reservoir performance. The efficiency of inhibitors is scrutinized concerning chemical composition and performance maintenance under different temperature and pressure conditions. This study serves as a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and industry experts involved in the oil industry and reservoir management. By elucidating scaling mechanisms, delineating consequences, and offering extensive solutions, it enhances comprehension and provides a foundation for improving oil recovery strategies. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of scaling mechanisms, providing insights that can be applied to optimize oil recovery processes, mitigate reservoir challenges, and improve overall reservoir management strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":9400,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"102 11","pages":"3922-3952"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140929772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of machine learning on hydrate formation prediction of pure components with water and inhibitors solution","authors":"Qazi Nasir,&nbsp;Humbul Suleman,&nbsp;Wameath S. Abdul Majeed","doi":"10.1002/cjce.25291","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cjce.25291","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The present work investigates the use of machine learning approaches for the prediction of hydrate formation pressure (HFP) in gas hydrate systems. Advanced machine learning models, including the decision tree regressor (DTR), random forest regressor (RFR), extreme gradient boosting (XGB), gradient boosting regressor (GBR), histogram gradient boosting regressor (HGBR), and CatBoost regressor (CB), are trained and evaluated on a large dataset consists of 3137 experimental data points. The models are evaluated using R-squared (<i>R</i>²), mean squared error (MSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean squared error (RMSE). The study indicates that for the intent of HFP prediction, CatBoost outperformed all other machine learning models. It demonstrated high accuracy on the testing set with an <i>R</i>² value of 0.9922, and with the lowest RMSE (1.61 × 10⁻³), MAE (7.90 × 10⁻⁴), and MSE (2.58 × 10⁻⁶), CatBoost strengthened its prediction ability.</p>","PeriodicalId":9400,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"102 11","pages":"3953-3981"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140882446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance and mechanism of DL-alanine ionic liquid shale inhibitor","authors":"Liu Feng,&nbsp;Wang Bo,&nbsp;Han Chunshuo,&nbsp;Du Jia,&nbsp;Wang Yu,&nbsp;Zhou Weiqiang,&nbsp;Du Weichao,&nbsp;Wang Quande","doi":"10.1002/cjce.25296","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cjce.25296","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Shale hydration and expansion during drilling can lead to wellbore instability, sticking, and frequent leakage accidents. To prevent these issues, an ionic liquid (IL) inhibitor solution was synthesized using DL-alanine and 98% concentrated sulphuric acid as raw materials. The optimum composition and effect of the synthesized inhibitor in oilfield water-based drilling fluids were evaluated through anti-expansion, linear expansion rate, water washing resistance, and clay hydration dispersion experiments. The inhibition mechanism was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, zeta potential, contact angle, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The results show that the optimum IL consists of a 1:1 molar ratio of DL-alanine to concentrated sulphuric acid synthesized under a reaction temperature and time of 70°C and 18 h, respectively. The resulting DL-alanine IL exhibited the best inhibitory effect on the hydration, dispersion, and expansion of clay at a concentration of 0.5% in aqueous solution, and its linear expansion rate was only 18.49%. After adding a quantitative amount of clay to different concentrations of DL-alanine IL aqueous solution, the expansion volume of the clay decreased and the water washing resistance significantly improved. These results provide a theoretical basis for improving the safety and efficiency of shale horizontal well drilling operations.</p>","PeriodicalId":9400,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"102 11","pages":"3982-3993"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140882383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Towards sustainable, direct printed, organic transistors with biocompatible copolymer gate dielectrics","authors":"Roslyn Massey,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Song,&nbsp;Shiva Ashoori,&nbsp;Jingwen Guan,&nbsp;Ravi Prakash","doi":"10.1002/cjce.25298","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cjce.25298","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We have investigated the potential of three dielectric materials to meet the future demands of green dielectrics: Polycaprolactone (PCL) thermoplastic, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-carrageenan (CAR) crosslinked biopolymer, and boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) as a nano additive in PVA. Metal–insulator–metal (MIM) capacitors and organic thin film transistors (OTFT) were built with bilayer dielectric stacks of PVA-CAR, PVA-PCL, and PVA-BNNT materials to examine their electrical properties. The PVA-CAR layer uses a cyclic freeze thaw process to crosslink PVA and CAR for superior mechanical and electrical properties to either material alone. The PVA-CAR MIM capacitors showed a dielectric constant of 23, which was found to be consistent with the extracted OTFT gate dielectric characteristics. Of the OTFT devices tested, PVA-CAR OTFT showed highest device currents at low applied biases and produced an ON/OFF ratio of 10⁴–10⁵, both values were highest amongst the tested gate dielectrics. This material is therefore extremely promising for green electronics. The PVA-PCL OTFT had very low leakage current and beneficial hydrophilic properties with comparable electrical properties to the commonly used organic material polytetrafluoroethylene. PVA-BNNT MIM capacitors showed a low dielectric constant of 0.7, and the high resistivity makes this a promising material for shielding or substrates in high frequency applications. All three materials have the potential to fulfil different niches in a sustainable electronics future.</p>","PeriodicalId":9400,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"102 12","pages":"4152-4165"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cjce.25298","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140889942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental methods in chemical engineering: Karl Fischer titration","authors":"Paula Rivera-Quintero,&nbsp;Gregory S. Patience,&nbsp;Nicolas A. Patience,&nbsp;Daria C. Boffito,&nbsp;Xavier Banquy,&nbsp;Dalma Schieppati","doi":"10.1002/cjce.25295","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cjce.25295","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Karl Fischer titration (KF) measures the water content in organic and inorganic compounds. Water reacts with a titrant solution containing iodine and a sulphurous monoalkyl ester to produce a monoalkyl sulphate ester and HI. In volumetric titrators, a burette injects the titrant directly into a cell while coulometric titrators generate titrant in situ. Regardless of the volume of the sample, volumetric titration is limited to 100 mg, while coulometric titration is best suited for &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;&gt;&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;mg&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;. KF is fast (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;&lt;&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;min&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;), considered accurate (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;±&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;5&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;), and precise (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;&lt;&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;1&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;). However, factors such as humidity, non-standard analytes (hexane, isopropanol, ethylene glycol), tritrant composition, and temperature compromise its repeatability: the % sample standard deviation, &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt; (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;4&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;), varied from 2% to 60% (&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mover&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;¯&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mover&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;22&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;,&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;n&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;conditions&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msub&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;19&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;). This high variability is, in part, due to the experimental design that included samples and conditions ill-suited for the technique. However, even for the tests for which KF is suitable, &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mover&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;¯&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mover&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;&gt;&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;10&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;%&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;/math&gt;. Certain compounds react with the titrant, which increases the variability. The main sources of error affecting the analysis are ambient moisture, pH, solvent, sample handling, and titration speed. As of 2023, the Web of Science has indexed 1332 articles ","PeriodicalId":9400,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"102 9","pages":"2980-2997"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cjce.25295","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140832215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}