{"title":"A comprehensive review on lignin extraction from lignocellulosic biomass, and nano-lignin synthesis and modification for potential applications","authors":"Dinesh Verma, Mithilesh Kumar Jha, Sachin Kumar","doi":"10.1002/cjce.70151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.70151","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lignin is the second-largest natural aromatic polymer available on Earth. It plays a vital role in a plant's structural framework, which gives strength to the plant to sustain when facing adversities, and it also restricts it from being attacked by foreign entities such as insects and microorganisms. With significant properties, including biodegradability and being atoxic, it has immense possibility for high-value applications such as antimicrobial agents, UV protectors, emulsion stabilizers, dye synthesis via its derivatives, carbon fibre, and biomaterials—lignin extraction from various lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) through different extraction methods. Further, after extraction, lignin is converted into nano-lignin to broaden its applications through different routes. Due to high functional groups, nano-lignin has a larger surface area and more reactivity. After nano-lignin synthesis, it can be further modified through different chemical routes to increase the application area for specific end products. Therefore, this article summarizes the lignin extraction methods and nano-lignin conversion routes, as well as the modification of lignin for its variety of applications. The article also provides the current technologies and future outlooks in lignin valorization for its potential applications in different fields.</p>","PeriodicalId":9400,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"104 5","pages":"2310-2332"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cjce.70151","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147683964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Md. Sahadat Hossain, Mohammad Raihan Uddin, Sumaya Tabassum, Sanjida Khan, Md. Najem Uddin, Samina Ahmed
{"title":"Green synthesis of nano-crystallite CuO from waste sources for the enhancement of antimicrobial properties","authors":"Md. Sahadat Hossain, Mohammad Raihan Uddin, Sumaya Tabassum, Sanjida Khan, Md. Najem Uddin, Samina Ahmed","doi":"10.1002/cjce.70138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.70138","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Global electronic waste has almost doubled since 2010, increasing from 33.8 MMT to over 62 MMT in 2022, and will reach 82 MMT by 2030. So, it will become the most pressing problem for the world if it cannot be utilized properly. In this research, Cu was collected from waste wire and used to synthesize CuO nanoparticles. The hydrothermal technique was properly employed, and X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterize the prepared CuO nanoparticles. Scherrer's equation, linear straight-line method, Monshi–Scherrer's method, size-strain plot method, Williamson–Hall method, Sahadat–Scherrer's model, and Halder–Wagner method were applied to evaluate the crystallite size, preference growth, volume of the unit cell, lattice parameters, degree of crystallinity, macrostrain, energy density, and crystallinity index of the developed CuO samples. All models, except the linear straight-line model, computed that crystallite size was within the acceptable range of 1–100 nm. The Rietveld refinement reported that the synthesized compound consisted of CuO phases and a small amount of Cu<sub>2</sub>O, which was negligible. The antimicrobial action of synthesized CuO nanoparticles was examined against gram-negative (<i>Escherichia coli</i>) and gram-positive (<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>) bacteria. The investigations found that a significant inhibition zone was created for those microorganisms.</p>","PeriodicalId":9400,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"104 5","pages":"2242-2255"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147684216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Synergistic enhancement of methane hydrate inhibition using biopolymers: Experimental and computational insights on kinetics and performance","authors":"Mihoubi Bahaeddine, Muzhi Guo, Baojiang Sun, Litao Chen","doi":"10.1002/cjce.70147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.70147","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The kinetics of methane hydrate formation in the presence of eight biopolymers (Arabic gum, xanthan gum, inulin, dextran, starch, pectin, pullulan, and guar gum) were investigated and analyzed. A rocking cell apparatus and constant cooling methods were used to determine the nucleation time and gas consumption rate. The effects of these biopolymers were tested at concentrations (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0 wt.%). The results indicated that when tested individually, all biopolymers successfully prolonged the induction time, but some of them did not reduce the gas consumption rate at specific concentrations. Guar gum and Arabic gum effectively extended the induction time to 186 and 178 min, respectively. In addition, they decreased the gas consumption rate to the lowest value of 1.84 and 0.89 × 10<sup>−4</sup> mol/min, respectively. The synergistic effect of biopolymers with PVP and PVCap was also investigated. The results showed that they are effective synergists. In addition, they had a substantial synergistic impact on PVCap and PVP performance. Starch and Arabic gum demonstrated exceptional inhibition synergy with PVP, extending the induction time to 349 and 332 min and reducing the rate of gas consumption to 1.02 and 1.01 × 10<sup>−4</sup> mol/min, respectively. Inulin and dextran exhibited extraordinary inhibition synergy, prolonging the induction time to 472 and 434 min and reducing the gas consumption rate to 0.63 and 0.42 × 10<sup>−4</sup> mol/min, respectively. The simulation results demonstrate that guar gum substantially enhances the hydrate inhibition performance of both PVCap and PVP, showing excellent correlation with experimental findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":9400,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"104 5","pages":"2293-2309"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147683229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rita Dwi Ratnani, Nuha Nuha, Soen Steven, Arif Dwi Santoso, Ira N. Djarot, Miranti D. Pertiwi, Joko Triastono, Aldicky F. Amri, Hermawati Cahyaningrum, Rahmania Admirasari, Hadiyanto Hadiyanto, Intan C. Sophiana, Forita Dyah Arianti
{"title":"Environmental impact assessment of water hyacinth pyrolysis to produce bio-oil","authors":"Rita Dwi Ratnani, Nuha Nuha, Soen Steven, Arif Dwi Santoso, Ira N. Djarot, Miranti D. Pertiwi, Joko Triastono, Aldicky F. Amri, Hermawati Cahyaningrum, Rahmania Admirasari, Hadiyanto Hadiyanto, Intan C. Sophiana, Forita Dyah Arianti","doi":"10.1002/cjce.70134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.70134","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The future of sustainable chemicals lies in the adoption of renewable sources such as biomass conversion. One unique biomass that can be utilized is water hyacinth. Apart from being able to overcome river pollution, its valorization can produce bio-oil. In this study, the environmental impacts of water hyacinth pyrolysis were assessed. It employed the life cycle assessment (LCA) approach with a cradle-to-gate system boundary and a functional unit of 50 kg of bio-oil. The pyrolysis of 250 kg of pretreated water hyacinth at 400°C demonstrated a yield of 19.45% ± 1.02% for bio-oil. Following the results, the pyrolysis process predominantly contributes to 66.2%–99.7% of environmental impacts due to the high liquid petroleum gas (LPG) requirement. The sensitivity results exhibit a meaningful change of impacts under alteration of ±10% LPG consumption. The findings underscore the environmental benefits of converting water hyacinth into bio-oil to address its ecological challenges while simultaneously enhancing sustainability.</p>","PeriodicalId":9400,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"104 5","pages":"2256-2268"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147683717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Huong Mai Thi Kieu, Son Ich Ngo, Young-Il Lim, Bum Ho Choi
{"title":"Optimal susceptor rotation speed in hot-wall horizontal SiC epitaxy using computational fluid dynamics","authors":"Huong Mai Thi Kieu, Son Ich Ngo, Young-Il Lim, Bum Ho Choi","doi":"10.1002/cjce.70125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.70125","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Silicon carbide (SiC) semiconductors are critical for high-temperature, high-power, and high-frequency electronic devices due to their high thermal conductivity and wide bandgap. Uniform SiC epitaxial layers in chemical vapour deposition (CVD) reactors are essential for consistent electrical properties and enhanced wafer productivity. This study investigates hydrodynamics and concentration distribution in a custom-designed hot-wall horizontal SiC-CVD industrial-scale reactor using a Eulerian computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to optimize susceptor rotation speed for uniform 8-inch SiC epitaxial thickness. The inlet gas mixture (H<sub>2</sub>, N<sub>2</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>, SiHCl<sub>3</sub>) enters at 700°C and is preheated to 1200°C. An 8-inch wafer is positioned on a susceptor rotating at 0–300 rpm and heated to 1700°C. Grid convergence index analysis verified mesh independence. The realizable <i>k-ε</i> turbulence model provided the highest accuracy among four turbulence models. CFD results for SiHCl<sub>3</sub> concentration closely matched experimental SiC film thickness profile. The Rossby number (Ro), representing the ratio of coriolis to inertial effects, explains swirling flow formation, which reduces the SiHCl<sub>3</sub> concentration uniformity index (<span></span><math>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>U</mi>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>I</mi>\u0000 <mi>c</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow></math>) at high rotation speeds (250 and 300 rpm). CFD results reveal an optimal rotation speed of 200 rpm for maximum <span></span><math>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mi>U</mi>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>I</mi>\u0000 <mi>c</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow></math>. This study provides a robust CFD-based framework for optimizing SiC-CVD reactor parameters.</p>","PeriodicalId":9400,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"104 5","pages":"2269-2282"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147683793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CrN nanoparticles confined into nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbon matrix for efficient electrocatalytic nitrogen fixation","authors":"Jing Wang, Ziyi Huang, Jing Chen, Lin Ma, Hui Liufu, Yanjie Xi, Yuyan Zheng, Ruishan Sun, Liying Zhang","doi":"10.1002/cjce.70139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.70139","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) driven electrochemical ammonia synthesis via utilizing an inexpensive and efficient electrocatalyst has been confirmed as a potential alternative approach for industrially applied Haber–Bosch process. Chromium nitride-based nanocomposite (CrN@NC) has been synthesized by a one-pot pyrolysis and nitriding strategy with tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (TTAB) as carbon and nitrogen source. In this nanocomposite, CrN nanoparticles are highly dispersed in hierarchical porous nitrogen-doped carbon matrix. CrN@NC features rich active sites, increased surface area, and enhanced conductivity. Benefitting from its desirable structure, as an inexpensive electrocatalyst for nitrogen fixation, CrN@NC catalyst exhibits an obviously enhanced NRR performance in comparison to the bare CrN. CrN@NC can present a maximal NH<sub>3</sub> production rate about 24.99 μg mg<sup>−1</sup><sub>cat</sub> h<sup>−1</sup> at a low overpotential of −0.2 V versus RHE in Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> solution, followed by a Faradic efficiency (FE) of 13.53%. Moreover, CrN@NC also exhibits a satisfactory selectivity because of the absence of the detectable hydrazine byproduct.</p>","PeriodicalId":9400,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"104 5","pages":"2365-2376"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147683942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Additive manufacturing of smart 3D-printed radiation shielding materials—An innovation in recent times","authors":"Kajal Yadav, Sarika Verma","doi":"10.1002/cjce.70143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.70143","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Advancements in 3D-printed radiation shielding materials have ushered in a new era of radiation protection, characterized by enhanced efficiency, accuracy, and personalization. The use of additive manufacturing technology in creating shielding materials against electromagnetic interference (EMI), gamma rays, neutrons, and X-rays is well covered in this article. An overview of additive manufacturing and the basic ideas of radiation and shielding are covered first. This article also highlights the various types of 3D printing materials and technologies used to create radiation shielding components, including metal composites, polymers, and hybrid materials. The benefits of 3D printing are highlighted, including the ability to create intricate designs that enhance shielding effectiveness while using less weight and material. This paper also highlights the development of intelligent, multipurpose shielding structures tailored for specific applications, summarizing significant scientific advancements in the field. The conclusion highlights the potential of additive manufacturing to transform radiation shielding in the electronic, nuclear, aerospace, and medical sectors while outlining present issues and anticipated future developments.</p>","PeriodicalId":9400,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"104 5","pages":"2333-2351"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147683192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jiandong Yang, Chenhao Wang, Jianbo Yu, Xuefeng Yan
{"title":"A multi-feature space constrained stacked autoencoder and its application for uncertain process monitoring","authors":"Jiandong Yang, Chenhao Wang, Jianbo Yu, Xuefeng Yan","doi":"10.1002/cjce.70122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.70122","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Industrial equipment measurement data are often subject to errors and uncertainties due to factors such as environmental conditions and equipment aging, posing significant risks to operational safety. To mitigate these issues, we propose a novel process monitoring method based on a multi-feature space constrained stacked autoencoder (MFSCSAE), designed to reduce the impact of uncertainties. In real-world industrial processes, uncertain data typically fluctuate within an interval centred around the true value. The MFSCSAE model incorporates multiple feature space constraints, using the upper and lower bounds of this interval as inputs, with the true measurement data serving as the reconstruction target. A new loss function is derived by combining the deviation between the model's output and the true target with the deviation between the features of the hidden layers. The model is trained on normal operational data, and control limits are determined using support vector data description (SVDD). These control limits are then used to assess whether the industrial process is functioning within acceptable bounds. The proposed method is applied to both the Tennessee-Eastman (TE) process and a real industrial fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process, demonstrating the effectiveness of the MFSCSAE model in monitoring uncertain processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":9400,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"104 5","pages":"2460-2475"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147683382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Issue Highlights","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/cjce.70260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.70260","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9400,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"104 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147683453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wenqian Tang, Hailong Liu, Ruirui Bie, Jiantao Li, Lei Zhang, Nailiang Wang, Zheng Hong Luo, Chunxi Lu
{"title":"Experimental study on liquid spreading characteristics in a trickle bed","authors":"Wenqian Tang, Hailong Liu, Ruirui Bie, Jiantao Li, Lei Zhang, Nailiang Wang, Zheng Hong Luo, Chunxi Lu","doi":"10.1002/cjce.70136","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.70136","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The performance of a trickle bed reactor (TBR) is primarily determined by liquid spreading in the reactor. The radial spreading will be weakened under the uniform liquid inlet conditions. To elucidate liquid spreading characteristics, particularly radial dispersion, the non-uniform liquid inlet condition is investigated in trickle bed reactor. It is found that the liquid spreading characteristics are mainly determined by the governing forces on the liquid. Therefore, dimensionless numbers including the Weber number (We) and the AB number (AB) are introduced to quantify the impact of governing forces. The results show that gravity is the primary governing force under the experiment conditions. Nevertheless, inertial forces and capillary forces show gradually more significant effects with enhanced gas–liquid flow rates and aspect ratios. Gravity and gas-phase inertial forces promote axial liquid spreading, while capillary forces and liquid-phase inertial forces promote radial liquid spreading. Finally, an empirical correlation considering the governing forces is established to predict the liquid spreading uniformity.</p>","PeriodicalId":9400,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"104 5","pages":"2283-2292"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-04-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147683977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}