Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association最新文献

{"title":"Endocrine Complications in Hepatic Glycogen Storage Diseases: A Long-term Perspective.","authors":"Ja Hye Kim, Yena Lee, Soojin Hwang, Dohyung Kim, Beom Hee Lee, Gu-Hwan Kim, Han-Wook Yoo, Jin-Ho Choi","doi":"10.1055/a-2444-4320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1055/a-2444-4320","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Patients with hepatic type of glycogen storage diseases (GSDs) can manifest endocrine features such as hypoglycemia, dyslipidemia, or osteoporosis. This study aimed to investigate the long-term endocrine consequences in patients with hepatic GSDs.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included 64 patients from 52 families with hepatic GSDs including GSD type Ia (41 patients from 37 families), Ib (3 unrelated), III (8 from 6 families), IV (one patient), and IX (11 from 5 families). All patients were genetically confirmed. Clinical and endocrine findings were retrospectively analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The median age at diagnosis and current age were 2.4 years (range, 0.1-42.4 years) and 17.6 years (range, 1.0-47.8 years), respectively. The mean height SDS at diagnosis was -3.5 ± 1.4, and short stature was observed in 35.6% of patients. Patients diagnosed after the age of 3.4 years exhibited a high risk of short stature (OR = 36.1; P-value < 0.001). Among 33 patients who reached final height, 23 (69.7%) showed delayed puberty. Hypertriglyceridemia was observed in 46 patients (71.9%), whereas 25 patients (39%) had elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels during the follow-up period. Among 24 patients who underwent dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, 22 showed a low bone mineral density Z-score of -3.0 ± 1.3 at the L-spine.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study described the long-term endocrine consequences in patients with hepatic GSDs. Pediatric endocrinologists should be aware of the presenting features and long-term endocrine sequelae of GSDs to provide proper management and decrease its morbidities.</p>","PeriodicalId":94001,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142484052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Nelson's Syndrome to Corticotroph Tumor Progression Speed: An Update.","authors":"Laura Bessiène, Chiara Villa, Xavier Bertagna, Bertrand Baussart, Guillaume Assié","doi":"10.1055/a-2359-8649","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2359-8649","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since the first description of Nelson syndrome 60 years ago, the way to consider corticotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) after bilateral adrenalectomy has evolved. Today, it is globally acknowledged that only a subset of corticotroph PitNETs is aggressive.After adrenalectomy, corticotroph tumor progression (CTP) occurs in about 30 to 40% of patients during a median follow-up of 10 years. When CTP occurs, various CTP speeds (CTPS) can be observed. Using simple metrics in patients with CTP, CTPS was reported to vary from a few millimeters to up to 40 mm per year. Rapid CTPS/ Nelson's syndrome was associated with more severe Cushing's disease, higher adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the year following adrenalectomy, and higher Ki67 on pituitary pathology. Complications such as apoplexy, cavernous syndrome, and visual defects were associated with higher CTPS. During follow-up, early morning ACTH, absolute variations properly reflected CTPS. Finally, CTPS was not higher after than before adrenalectomy, suggesting that cortisol deprivation after adrenalectomy does not impact CTPS in a majority of patients.Taken together, rapid CTPS/ Nelson's syndrome probably reflects the intrinsic aggressiveness of some corticotroph PitNETs. The precise molecular mechanisms related to corticotroph PitNET aggressiveness remain to be deciphered. Regular MRIs combined with intermediate morning ACTH measurements probably provide a reliable way to detect early and manage fast-growing tumors and, therefore, limit the complications.</p>","PeriodicalId":94001,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association","volume":" ","pages":"581-590"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141499979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Skeletal Effects of a Prolonged Oral Metformin Treatment in Adult Wistar Rats.","authors":"Nahuel E Wanionok, María S Molinuevo, Juan M Fernández, Besada Lucas, Ana M Cortizo, Evelyn J Castillo, Jessica M Jiron, Sedlinsky Claudia, Schurman Leon, José I Aguirre, Antonio D McCarthy","doi":"10.1055/a-2324-8661","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2324-8661","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>We previously showed that a 3-week oral metformin (MET) treatment enhances the osteogenic potential of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and improves several bone histomorphometric parameters in Wistar rats with metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, the skeletal effects of extended periods of MET need to be completely elucidated. Hence, in this study, the impact of a prolonged (3-month) MET treatment was investigated on bone architecture, histomorphometric and biomechanics variables, and osteogenic potential of BMSCs in Wistar rats with or without MetS.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Young male Wistar rats (n=36) were randomized into four groups (n=9) that received either 20% fructose (<b><i>F</i></b>), MET (<b><i>MET</i></b>), F plus MET treatments (<b><i>FMET</i></b>), or drinking water alone (<b><i>Veh</i></b>). Rats were euthanized, blood was collected, and bones were dissected and processed for peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) analysis, static and dynamic histomorphometry, and bone biomechanics. In addition, BMSCs were isolated to determine their osteogenic potential.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>MET affected trabecular and cortical bone, altering bone architecture and biomechanics. Furthermore, MET increased the pro-resorptive profile of BMSCs. In addition, fructose-induced MetS practically did not affect the the structural or mechanical variables of the skeleton.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A 3-month treatment with MET (with or without MetS) affects bone architecture and biomechanical variables in Wistar rats.</p>","PeriodicalId":94001,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association","volume":" ","pages":"547-556"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140917527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oridonin Attenuates Diabetes‑induced Renal Fibrosis via the Inhibition of TXNIP/NLRP3 and NF‑κB Pathways by Activating PPARγ in Rats.","authors":"Gengzhen Huang, Yaodan Zhang, Yingying Zhang, Xiaotao Zhou, Yuan Xu, Huiting Wei, Xian Chen, Yuerong Ma","doi":"10.1055/a-2322-7438","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2322-7438","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Oridonin possesses remarkable anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory properties. However, the renoprotective effects of oridonin and the underlying molecular mechanisms in diabetic nephropathy (DN). We hypothesized that oridonin could ameliorate diabetes‑induced renal fibrosis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats were provided with a high-fat diet to establish a type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) animal model, and then treated with Oridonin (10, 20 mg/kg/day) for two weeks. Kidney function and renal fibrosis were assessed. High glucose-induced human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (HK-2) were also treated with oridonin. The expression of inflammatory factors and fibrotic markers were analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Oridonin treatment preserved kidney function and markedly limited the renal fibrosis size in diabetic rats. The renal fibrotic markers were inhibited in the oridonin 10 mg/kg/day and 20 mg/kg/day groups compared to the T2DM group. The expression of thioredoxin-interacting proteins/ nod-like receptor protein-3 (TXNIP/NLRP3) and nuclear factor (NF)‑κB pathway decreased, while that of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) increased in the oridonin treatment group compared to the non-treated group. In vitro, PPARγ intervention could significantly regulate the effect of oridonin on the high glucose-induced inflammatory changes in HK-2 cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Oridonin reduces renal fibrosis and preserves kidney function via the inhibition of TXNIP/NLRP3 and NF‑κB pathways by activating PPARγ in rat T2DM model, which indicates potential effect of oridonin in the treatment of DN.</p>","PeriodicalId":94001,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association","volume":" ","pages":"536-544"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140893075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Medical and Surgical Treatment in Management of the Patients With Prolactinoma: A Single-Center Experience.","authors":"Guldana Zulfaliyeva, Ahmet Numan Demir, Semih Can Cetintas, Dilan Ozaydin, Necmettin Tanriover, Pinar Kadioglu","doi":"10.1055/a-2364-6027","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2364-6027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Current guidelines recommend dopamine agonists (DA) as the primary therapeutic approach for prolactinomas; however, emerging evidence suggests that surgical intervention can also yield favorable outcomes.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To comprehensively evaluate prolactinoma patients undergoing surgical and medical treatments at our pituitary center.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective review of mMedical records from prolactinoma patients treated between 2015 and 2022 was performedwere retrospectively reviewed. The study focused on treatment outcomes and remission rates while investigating factors influencing the success of both treatment modalities in achieving remission.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 301 prolactinoma patients were included, of whom 199 were women. Among them, 235 were managed medically, while 66 underwent surgical intervention. The overall remission rates of patients treated with medical and surgery were similar at the final examination (Respectively respectively 82.9% and 81.8%, p=0.114). Factors associated with remission in both treatment modalities included female sex, low initial prolactin levels, small adenoma size, and absence of cavernous invasion. Compared to DA treatment, Ssurgical treatment demonstrated a higher rate of drug-free remission compared to DA treatment for microadenomas, and macroadenomas without cavernous invasion. In cases with cavernous invasion, standalone surgical treatment yielded a low rate of drug-free remission (7.7%); however, when combined with DA therapy post-surgery, remission rates increased to 66.7%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Medical treatment with DAs remains the preferred option for macroadenomas with cavernous sinus invasion, and giant adenomas, with surgery reserved for selected cases to address complications. Conversely, surgery emerges as the most effective modality for achieving remission in patients with microadenomas, and macroadenomas confined to the sella. The recommendation of DAs as first-line therapy for all patients has been withdrawn in the current guidelines, and individual treatment approaches based on tumor characteristics are emphasized. Our results support this approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":94001,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association","volume":" ","pages":"570-580"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141592408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peroneal Nerve Entrapment in Diabetes Mellitus.","authors":"Iliana Stamatiou, Melina Ntoga, Nikolaos Papanas","doi":"10.1055/a-2372-9964","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2372-9964","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This narrative mini-review discusses the association between peroneal nerve entrapment (PEN) and diabetes mellitus (DM). Generally, PEN is not a common cause of peripheral neuropathy in DM. Poor glycaemic control and DM duration are powerful risk factors for PEN. Underlying mechanisms involve neurodegeneration and entrapment of the peroneal nerve. Patients tend to present with chronic leg pain, gradual foot drop, steppage gait, or weakness of ankle dorsiflexion. Electrodiagnostic and imaging studies are very useful in diagnosis to determine the level at which entrapment occurs. Treatment varies based on the aetiology and severity of symptoms. It is initially conservative. Surgical nerve decompression management is required when entrapment is refractory to non-operative options.</p>","PeriodicalId":94001,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association","volume":" ","pages":"558-561"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141763484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"NT-pro-BNP Level is Related to Left Ventricular Remodeling in Patients With Primary Aldosteronism.","authors":"Tao Wu, Chenxiao Xu, Lu Tang, Xi Wu, Pengfei Peng, Xun Yue, Wei Cheng, Shuai He, Lei Li, Yucheng Chen, Yan Ren, Jiayu Sun","doi":"10.1055/a-2348-4468","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2348-4468","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>To assess the relationship between the left ventricular remodeling parameters of cardiac magnetic resonance and NT-pro-BNP in patients with primary aldosteronism (PA).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Seventy-four PA and 39 essential hypertension patients were prospectively recruited and underwent cardiac magnetic resonance. Plasma NT-pro-BNP was measured before patients underwent cardiac magnetic resonance. Left ventricular remodeling parameters were defined as left ventricular function parameters, T1 mapping parameters, and strain parameters. Differences in continuous variables between two groups were analyzed using Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney U test. Differences in categorical variables between two groups were analyzed by chi-squared test. Spearman's correlation and linear regression were used to analyze the relationships between left ventricular remodeling parameters and plasma NT-Pro-BNP level. P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients with PA demonstrated higher NT-pro-BNP [86.0 (49.5, 145.5) vs. 45.0 (28.5, 73.5) pg/mL, P=0.001] and Native T1 (1227±41 vs. 1206±43 ms, P=0.015) level than essential hypertension patients. Compared to patients with normal NT-pro-BNP levels, those with abnormal levels demonstrated different left ventricular remodeling parameters. NT-pro-BNP level was independently related to native T1 (β=0.316, P=0.006), extracellular volume (β=0.419, P<0.001), short-axis global circumferential strain (β=0.429, P<0.001), four-chamber global longitudinal strain (β=0.332, P=0.002), and four-chamber global radial strain (β=-0.334, P=0.004) in patients after adjusting for baseline characteristics.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>NT-pro-BNP level was related to left ventricular remodeling parameters derived from cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with PA. This result implies that clinicians should pay attention to NT-pro-BNP assessment in patients with PA in routine clinical assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":94001,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11464161/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142121423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Association Between Oxidative Stress and Sperm Parameters in Patients with Acromegaly.","authors":"Serdar Sahin, Ebru Cicek, Banu Betül Kocaman, Cem Sulu, Hande Mefkure Ozkaya, Hamdi Ozkara, Dildar Konukoglu, Pinar Kadioglu","doi":"10.1055/a-2329-2998","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2329-2998","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Spermatozoa are susceptible to oxidative radicals when antioxidant defenses are inadequate. The extent to which oxidative radicals contribute to sperm damage in patients with acromegaly remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate and elucidate this relationship.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The overall status of oxidants and antioxidants in both seminal plasma and serum of patients with acromegaly compared to a control group of healthy individuals was investigated. In addition, sperm parameters, including important measures such as growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 concentrations.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-two patients with acromegaly with controlled disease and 14 healthy controls were included. The total oxidant status was significantly higher in the semen samples of the patients with acromegaly. A negative correlation was found between sperm total oxidant status and total sperm count and sperm concentration. Similarly, a negative correlation was found between the total sperm count and the sperm oxidative stress index. In individuals diagnosed with acromegaly, there was a statistically significant increase in sperm growth hormone levels. Conversely, the level of insulin-like growth factor 1 was significantly increased in the sperm of the control group, which consisted of healthy individuals. The correlation analysis revealed a significant relationship between venous total oxidant status and growth hormone levels in semen.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The elevated levels of reactive oxygen radicals in individuals with acromegaly suggest a possible link between oxidative stress and its effects on semen quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":94001,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association","volume":" ","pages":"498-506"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141473885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diabetes and Road Traffic.","authors":"Oliver Ebert, Barbara Bohn, Bernd Bertram, Barbara Buchberger, Hermann Finck, Jürgen Hoß, Peter Hübner, Laura Krabbe, Bernhard Kulzer, Eva Küstner, Bernhard Lachenmayr, Klaus-Dieter Lemmen, Friedhelm Petry, Kurt Rinnert, Markus Salomon, Wolfgang Schütt, Reinhard W Holl, Stephan Maxeiner, Wolfgang Wagener","doi":"10.1055/a-2166-6928","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2166-6928","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94001,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association","volume":" ","pages":"481-496"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139941394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Evaluation of Retinochoroidal Microvascular Circulation Differences in Pregnant Women with Pregestational and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.","authors":"Çisil Erkan Pota, Mehmet E Doğan, Gül Alkan Bülbül, Cem Y Sanhal, Ali Pota","doi":"10.1055/a-2316-3903","DOIUrl":"10.1055/a-2316-3903","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>In this study, the changes in microvascular circulation caused by pregestational and gestational diabetes were observed, without focusing on retinal findings, to reveal the effect of diabetes regulation.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A total of 135 subjects were included: 30 with gestational diabetes (GDM), 30 pregestational diabetes (PGDM), 30 healthy pregnant normoglycemic subjects, and 45 healthy non-pregnant subjects. All subjects were examined by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and angiography. The retina, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), choroidal thickness (CT), superficial capillary plexus (SCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP), choriocapillaris (CC), vascular density (VD), and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) areas were measured.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The foveal VD of SCP and DCP was significantly lower in the PGDM and GDM groups compared to the control groups (p:0.006 and p:0.001, respectively). CC VD was significantly higher in all pregnant groups compared to non-pregnant controls (p<0.001). The choroidal thickness values were highest in the healthy pregnant group and lowest in the PGDM group. There was no significant difference in FAZ area, retina, RNFL and GCL thickness between the groups. In the PGDM group, a negative correlation was observed between the FAZ area and the HbA1c level (r:- 0.417, p:0.043).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>There was a decrease in vascular density in pregnant women with diabetes compared to healthy pregnant women and controls. In the pregnant group with PGDM, a narrowing of the FAZ area was observed with increasing worsening of diabetes control. Diabetes type and glycemic control could influence the microvascular changes even in the absence of clinical or retinal findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":94001,"journal":{"name":"Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association","volume":" ","pages":"522-530"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141285731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}