European journal of sport science最新文献

{"title":"Device-Based Physical Activity and Low-Grade Inflammation in People With Multimorbidity: Cross-Sectional Baseline Analysis From the MOBILIZE Trial","authors":"Alessio Bricca,&nbsp;Grit Elster Legaard,&nbsp;Sofie Rath Mortensen,&nbsp;Jan Christian Brønd,&nbsp;Peter Gæde,&nbsp;Søren T. Skou","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Physical activity (PA) has anti-inflammatory effects, but its impact on individuals with multimorbidity (two or more chronic conditions) is unclear. We examined the association between device-measured (i.e., accelerometers) PA and inflammatory biomarkers in people with multimorbidity. In a, preplanned, cross-sectional analysis from the MOBILIZE trial, 214 participants with multimorbidity provided data on PA and inflammatory biomarkers including interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The primary outcome was minutes per day of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Adjusted robust regression models were used to evaluate associations, and BMI was explored as a mediator. Higher MVPA was associated with lower IL-1ra levels, with a 2% reduction in IL-1ra for each additional minute of MVPA per day. Participants with at least 10 min/day of MVPA had 33%–45% lower IL-1ra levels compared to those with less than 1 min/day. Similar results were observed for secondary outcomes. BMI did not mediate the MVPA–IL-1ra relationship. Even small increases in MVPA appear to be associated with low-grade inflammation in individuals with multimorbidity. These findings support the promotion of PA in line with WHO guidelines for physical activity even in people with multimorbidity.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.70005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144589862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Contact and Head Acceleration Characteristics of a Women's Rugby Union Team During an International Tournament","authors":"Fraser A. Menzies,&nbsp;Sean Scantlebury,&nbsp;Ben Jones,&nbsp;Andy J. Boyd,&nbsp;Lindsay T. Starling,&nbsp;David Pugh,&nbsp;James Robson,&nbsp;Carlos A. Ramírez-López","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.70012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.70012","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study aimed to describe the characteristics of contact and head acceleration event (HAE) exposure in an international women's rugby union team, across an international tournament, encompassing match and training contexts. Using a retrospective case study design, the contact and HAE exposure of 28 women's rugby union players were assessed using video analysis and instrumented mouthguards (iMGs). In a three-week tournament, three matches and 16 training sessions were coded using consensus operational definitions, and synchronized with iMG data. Exposure duration was recorded for each player, facilitating analysis of contact frequency, and HAE incidence per player hour. The probability of contact events to result in HAEs was reported. Training accounted for 71% (forwards) and 81% (backs) of weekly contact count. Forwards had a greater contact frequency than backs during matches (58.0 ± 10.5 vs. 21.3 ± 8.6 events per player hour). The probability for an HAE was greater in matches than training, with large inter-individual variability observed. During matches and training, the tackle event accounted for 82% and 71% of HAEs ≥ 25<i>g</i>, and 79% and 78% of HAEs ≥ 1.5 krad/s² respectively. Training contact exposure should be routinely monitored and managed for players who accumulate more HAEs, considering the substantial contribution of training to weekly cumulative exposure. Strategies to reduce HAEs should be focused on the tackle area, given that the majority of HAEs are attributed to the ball carrier and tackler.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.70012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144582002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kinematic Analysis of Synchronized Skaters During the Off-Ice Execution of Spiral and Spin Tasks","authors":"Johanna Szenczi,&nbsp;Dorottya Ágoston,&nbsp;Rita M. Kiss,&nbsp;János Négyesi","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12331","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12331","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The primary objective of the present study was to examine differences and associations in joint angles and segmental swings during the off-ice execution of one static (spiral) and one dynamic (spin) sport-specific balance task and to determine whether motor control strategies differ when participants perform the tasks on their dominant and nondominant legs. Junior synchronized skaters (<i>n</i> = 15, age = 16.3 ± 1.5 years, years of practice: 9.8 ± 2.8 years, 10 females) performed spiral and spin tasks three times with 60 s of rest allowed between each trial. Participants' movements were captured using an optical-based motion capture (MoCap) system that utilized 39 skin-attached retro-reflective markers. Our results indicate no differences in synchronized skaters' kinematic features when the spiral task is performed on their dominant versus nondominant leg (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05). However, the results of Spearman's correlation analyses suggest different motor control strategies between the various body segments during right- versus left-leg task execution. In addition, participants produced a larger swing with their left versus right arm, regardless of whether the spiral task was performed on the dominant (39.97 ± 10.32 vs. 30.22 ± 7.80, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) or the nondominant (52.88 ± 13.65 vs. 37.12 ± 9.59, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) leg. Lastly, the association between the knee angle of the supporting leg and the swing of the head (<i>ρ</i> = −0.54; <i>p</i> = 0.038) suggests that the greater the knee angle of the support leg during the spins, the less compensatory head swing was needed during the task.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12331","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144582052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"‘We're All (Cauliflower) Ears’: A Delphi Study Including Staff and Players to Co-Construct Sports Science and Medicine (Performance and Wellbeing) Research Priorities for Premiership Rugby","authors":"Ben Jones,&nbsp;Omar Heyward,&nbsp;Matt Cross,&nbsp;Keith Stokes,&nbsp;Neil McCarthy,&nbsp;Simon Kemp,&nbsp;Emily Sheppy,&nbsp;Lottie Greenlees,&nbsp;Marc Beggs,&nbsp;Richard Bryan,&nbsp;Jamie Fulton,&nbsp;Rhys Griffiths,&nbsp;Joshua Harris,&nbsp;Rhys Hughes,&nbsp;Sharief Hendricks,&nbsp;Mark Lambert,&nbsp;Karen Jones,&nbsp;Mike Lancaster,&nbsp;Matt Lee,&nbsp;Adam Roberts,&nbsp;Nav Sandhu,&nbsp;Tom Sherriff,&nbsp;Mark Twiggs,&nbsp;Gregory Roe","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.70007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.70007","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sports invest in research to optimise performance and enhance athlete wellbeing. Involving stakeholders allows research priorities to be determined, maximising the adoption and relevance of research findings. A three-round modified Delphi process was used to establish wellbeing and performance research priorities for Premiership Rugby (Professional men's rugby union competition in England). Up to 10 research priorities were provided during Round 1 (grouped into higher-order categories and themes via content analysis). In Rounds 2 and 3, participants ranked higher-order categories on a one to five Likert scale. Consensus was defined as ≥ 70% agreement. Sixty-five participants responded in Round 1 (41 and 32 in Rounds 2 and 3). Staff and player experience of working or playing in the Premiership was 11.0 (4.5–16.5) and 7.0 (6.0–8.5) years. Following Round 1, 393 research priorities were provided and 53 higher-order research priorities and 26 categories were identified, within three themes: performance, wellbeing and injury. Following Round 3, 21 research priorities reached consensus within performance (<i>n</i> = 7), wellbeing (<i>n</i> = 6) and injury (<i>n</i> = 8). Research priorities for a professional sports league, were established by the application of a pragmatic research lens, to ensure priorities were practically minded and also developed with minimal resource requirements, minimal burden for participants and in a short amount of time, which can be applied in other leagues. Research priorities deemed feasible and lacking a relevant evidence base can be addressed in future studies to maximise impact and compliment the ongoing research programmes already established by the professional league and governing body.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.70007","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144524601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Real-Time Visual Feedback on Maximal Force Output and Reliability During Isometric MidThigh Pull Testing in Resistance-Trained Men","authors":"Nicolay Stien,&nbsp;Atle Hole Saeterbakken,&nbsp;Vidar Andersen,&nbsp;Tom Erik Jorung Solstad","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.70000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.70000","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accurate and valid assessment of the maximal force production is essential for athlete monitoring and training prescription in sports science. This study investigated the impact of visual feedback on force output and measurement reliability in isometric mid-thigh pull (IMTP). Twenty resistance-trained men completed three variations of the IMTP test (single, repeated, and 30 s all-out) across four sessions, with two sessions conducted with feedback and two without. Peak and mean force output was analyzed using peak and mean values. Data from the best testing day (i.e., highest force output in each variation) were used for comparisons between conditions, whereas test–retest reliability was assessed using data from the two sessions under the same condition. Visual feedback significantly enhanced most measures of peak and mean force outputs in all test variations (effect sizes ranging from 0.49 to 1.13 and <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001–0.006). Reliability analyses of the single and repeated repetitions revealed that feedback reduced coefficients of variation (range: 2.57%–5.17% vs. 3.11%–6.92%) and yielded higher intraclass correlation coefficients (range: 0.961–0.983 vs. 0.898–0.987), indicating improved consistency both within sessions and between testing days. However, in the 30 s all-out test, feedback did not significantly improve reliability, possibly due to pacing strategies influenced by the real-time display. These findings demonstrate that real-time visual feedback enhances both performance and reliability in strength testing, with important implications for research and applied sports science.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.70000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144519997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Principal Components for Practice-Oriented Measurement of Running Technique: A Proof-Of-Concept Study","authors":"Daniel Debertin,&nbsp;Julia Kiebacher,&nbsp;Martin Zhang,&nbsp;Peter Federolf","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.70004","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study aims to construct valid and practically applicable running technique measures using principal component analysis (PCA). We hypothesized that data-driven principal movements (PMs), derived from deliberately instructed opposite technique variations, would significantly distinguish these variations and could serve as quantitative measures of running technique as described by practitioners. 20 experienced runners were instructed to vary 14 distinct running technique elements into two opposing directions (e.g., forward and backward lean for a technique element representing horizontal movements). Elements and their variations were selected based on visual descriptions from practitioners found in running literature. Kinematic data were collected on a treadmill using optical motion capture and analyzed using a PCA-based approach to determine running-specific technique measures per technique element. By combining trials with opposing technique variations, variance in the data was purposefully produced, which in turn caused the resultant principal movements to align with the intended technique element. For all of the 14 technique elements, a valid measure—in the sense that the inputted opposite variations were significantly distinguishable within this measure—could be constructed. The measures could further be applied to the habitual running technique of the group of tested runners. The results of this study demonstrate the construct validity and applicability of the presented approach to measure running technique. This method can provide runners and coaches with valuable feedback and will enable future studies to investigate running technique, quantified through practice-informed measures, in the context of performance, injury risk, or adaptations to equipment.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.70004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144492718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute Effects of Traditional Versus Cluster Set Upper Body Resistance Training on Heart Rate Variability and Blood Pressure in Trained Men","authors":"Ali K. Güngör,&nbsp;Hüseyin Topçu,&nbsp;Andrew A. Flatt","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.70006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.70006","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Traditional (TRD) and cluster set (CLT) resistance training (RT) configurations differentially affect cardiovascular parameters, such as heart rate variability (HRV) and blood pressure (BP), but the cardiovascular effects of upper body TRD and CLT with multiple exercises remain unclear. To compare the acute effects of upper body TRD and CLT on postexercise HRV and BP variables. Sixteen men with ≥ 1 year of RT experience participated in this randomized crossover study. Subjects performed four upper-body exercises in both protocols, matched for volume, intensity, and rest periods. HRV and BP were measured pre-exercise, postexercise, and again every 10 min for 40 min postexercise. Heart rate was elevated in both conditions until 30 min for TRD, but recovered by 20 min for CLT, and was lower in CLT versus TRD at 20–40 min (<i>p</i> values &lt; 0.05). Root mean square of successive differences was reduced in both conditions until 30 min in TRD, but recovered by 20 min in CLT, with higher values in CLT versus TRD at 20–40 min (<i>p</i> values &lt; 0.05). Despite no interaction (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05), systolic BP (SBP) was higher overall in CLT (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Moreover, effect sizes revealed <i>moderate</i> SBP reductions from pre-exercise across all postexercise time points in TRD, with SBP lower in TRD versus CLT at 20–40 min (<i>small</i>-to-<i>moderate</i> effect sizes). CLT promoted faster cardiac-autonomic recovery, whereas TRD tended to promote greater postexercise hypotension. Thus, set configuration should be selected based on specific goals, such as accelerating parasympathetic reactivation or reducing SBP.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.70006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144492785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multidimensional Performance Assessments in U15 Female Soccer: The Predictive Validity for Different Selection Levels in U17 and Success in Adulthood","authors":"Daniel Leyhr,&nbsp;Fynn Bergmann,&nbsp;Johannes Raabe,&nbsp;Oliver Höner","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12335","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Female players have largely been neglected in soccer-specific talent research. Particularly, prospective studies examining the predictive validity of multidimensional performance factors for different selection levels—especially players' success in adulthood—remain scarce. This prospective cohort study investigated the predictive validity of multidimensional performance factors for the future success of U15 female players (<i>N</i> = 264) participating in the German Football Association's Talent Development program. All players' kicking, tactical, and psychosocial skills, as well as endurance capacity, were evaluated subjectively. They also completed five objective motor tests (sprint, agility [CODS], dribbling, ball control, and juggling). Players' future success was based on their selection for the U17 Bundesliga (43.6% selection rate), U17 Youth National Team (6.4%), and Women's Bundesliga (i.e., professional level in adulthood; 6.1%). Univariate analyses examined performance differences in each predictor between selected and nonselected players. Multivariate analyses determined whether objective predictors, subjective predictors, or a combination thereof offered the best prediction. Univariate results indicate the predictive validity of both assessments, revealing a trend toward larger effect sizes for higher selection levels and differences in predictor relevance. Multivariate models showed that adding subjective to objective predictors led to an increase in explained variance for participation in the U17 Bundesliga (Nagelkerke's <i>R</i>² = 16%) and Women's Bundesliga (31%), but not U17 Youth National Team (18%). Sprint performance reached significance across models, whereas the sole significant subjective predictor was tactical skills regarding participation in the Women's Bundesliga. Overall, these findings support the practical value of both assessments, which can likely be increased further via more distinct coach ratings.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12335","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144492786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Breast-Related Issues in Community-Based Women's Rugby Union","authors":"Ruby Dang,&nbsp;Sharon Stay,&nbsp;Deirdre E. McGhee","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12334","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12334","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Breast injuries and breast pain have not been specifically investigated in women's community-based rugby union despite their high prevalence in football codes. This study investigated the prevalence and severity of breast injuries and pain and the use and perception of breast protective equipment and sports bras in community-based women's rugby union. Cross-sectional, retrospective data of 51 community-based players (age: 18–31 years; experience: 1–10 seasons) were collected using an anonymous online survey. Mann–Whitney U tests and binomial regressions were used to compare respondent characteristics with and without previous breast injuries and pain (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). The prevalence of breast injury was 40%, moderate mode pain intensity and pain duration of 1–7 days for 45% of respondents, and 65% had bruising and swelling that lasted 1–7 days. Life-long prevalence of breast injuries was associated with increased age and greater exposure (higher number of seasons played). Breast protective equipment was worn by 11%. The prevalence of breast pain was ∼85%; pain intensity was moderate for 49% and severe for 21% of respondents. Approximately, 50% of respondents reported to not know how to identify the design features of high-support sports bras or determine if their sports bras were correctly fitted. Breast injuries and pain were perceived to negatively affect athletic performance by 90% and 56% of respondents, respectively. Community-based rugby union players have a high prevalence of breast injuries and breast pain and insufficient knowledge of breast protection and breast support. Improved management is required to maximise breast health and performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12334","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144323740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Injury Mechanisms in Mountain Biking: A Systematic Video Analysis of 534 Cases","authors":"S. Bonte,&nbsp;C. Hartweg,&nbsp;A. Thouzé,&nbsp;E. Marcaggi,&nbsp;M. Dupuis,&nbsp;N. Graillon,&nbsp;P.-J. Arnoux,&nbsp;L. Thollon,&nbsp;N. Bailly","doi":"10.1002/ejsc.12327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsc.12327","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The growing popularity of mountain biking is associated with a rapid rise in injuries. Understanding the main crash scenarios is essential for improving preventive and protective measures. This study aimed to describe crash scenarios, fall kinematics, and injury mechanisms using a large video database of traumatic mountain bike crashes. A qualitative analysis was performed on 534 traumatic crash videos from a mountain biking social network. Data recorded included rider information, terrain description, cause of crashes, crash scenario, rider kinematics upon ground impact and injury. When possible, the rider's speed before the crash was measured. Among the 534 videos analysed, six specific crash scenarios were identified: forward over-the-bars (55.2%), forward on-the-bars (9.2%), sideways ejection (12.2%), sideways sliding (10.9%), collision (9.4%) and backward fall (3.2%). In the main scenario, ‘over-the-bars’, riders are thrown over the handlebars due to sudden deceleration, often occurring on moderate descents (53.2%) and following poor jump landings (64.4%) at speeds exceeding 30 km/h (75.3%). Tumbles were the most common impact type on the ground (64.7%), with shoulder girdle (39.7%) and upper limbs (35.6%) injuries predominating. An association between impact type on the ground and injury location was found. The mean recorded speed before the crash was 33.7 km/h, which is higher than previously reported MTB speeds. This study is the first to systematically analyse MTB accident videos, providing crucial insights to better understand full crash kinematics and help design effective protective equipment, optimize trail design, and enhance prevention campaigns on MTB slopes.</p>","PeriodicalId":93999,"journal":{"name":"European journal of sport science","volume":"25 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ejsc.12327","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144315171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}