Endokrynologia Polska最新文献

{"title":"Genetic and functional analysis of TUBB1 variants in congenital hypothyroidism.","authors":"Fang Wang, Chunhui Sun, Yangang Wang, Fengqi Wang, Shiguo Liu, Miaomiao Li","doi":"10.5603/ep.101416","DOIUrl":"10.5603/ep.101416","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most common neonatal disorder, primarily caused by thyroid dysgenesis (TD). While the genetic cause has been identified in less than 5% of TD cases, there is an urgent need to investigate additional gene mutations that may be responsible. In 2018, TUBB1 was identified as a novel candidate gene associated with TD. Nevertheless, further research is required to confirm the role of TUBB1 in TD pathogenesis and the association between TUBB1 mutations and TD in humans. Based on the previous genetic analysis of TUBB1 in 289 Chinese TD patients, this study aimed to further validate the association between TUBB1 and TD, and to explore the pathogenic mechanisms of TUBB1 c.952C>T at the cellular level.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>We performed real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blot, Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8), and wound healing assay to evaluate the effect of TUBB1 c.952C>T on gene expression, cell proliferation, and migration.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The c.952C>T mutant decreased the expression of TUBB1 in both mRNA and protein level, and inhibited the proliferation of thyroid cells significantly. Also, c.952C>T mutant showed restrain effects on the migration, although there was no stistical significance. Notably, pathogenic TUBB1 variants were not detected in patients with dyshormonogenesis (DH).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>TUBB1 variants confer genetic susceptibility to TD but not DH. The pathogenic variant in TUBB1 was identified in 1.38% (4/289) of our Chinese TD patient cohort, and burden test analysis revealed an association between TUBB1 variants and TD. Functional experimental results indicated that the c.952C>T mutant dominantly affects gene expression and proliferation of thyroid cells.</p>","PeriodicalId":93990,"journal":{"name":"Endokrynologia Polska","volume":"76 1","pages":"52-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143607380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vitamin D deficiency is common among Polish children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus.","authors":"Karolina Maria Klenczar-Kciuk, Sebastian Seget, Piotr Adamczyk, Przemysława Jarosz-Chobot","doi":"10.5603/ep.100801","DOIUrl":"10.5603/ep.100801","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In recent years, the prevalence of T1DM (type 1 diabetes mellitus) and other autoimmune diseases in the paediatric population has been increasing. The aim of this study was to evaluate vitamin D levels among children with newly diagnosed T1DM, taking into account the most common coexisting autoimmune conditions.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The database included 361 patients diagnosed with T1DM between 2020 and 2021, with a mean age of 9.27 ± 4.1 years, 189 boys. Auxological data and biochemical results of routinely performed tests were retrospectively analysed: blood pH and bicarbonate (HCO3-) on gasometry on admission, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), levels of antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), antibodies against tyrosine phosphatase (IA2), antibodies against zinc transporters (ZnT8), 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D), anti-IgA tissue transglutaminase antibodies (TTG-IgA), total IgA, levels of antibodies against thyroperoxidase (TPOAb), and antibodies against thyroglobulin (TgAb).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>35.5% of children (n = 128) with T1D presented 25(OH)D deficiency (< 20 ng/mL), 37% (n = 134) had suboptimal levels (20-30 ng/mL), and 25% (n = 90) had optimal vitamin D levels (30-50 ng/mL). 25(OH)D values were inversely proportional to the severity of diabetic ketoacidosis (p < 0.01) and negatively correlated with HbA1c values (p < 0.05). 25(OH)D levels were also found to be negatively correlated with children's age at diagnosis (p < 0.001). Statistical analysis showed no association between 25(OH)D value and body mass index (BMI) Z-score or type of antibodies typical of T1D. There was also no statistically significant difference in vitamin D levels among patients with additional autoimmune processes (antibodies to thyroperoxidase and/or thyroglobulin and antibodies to tissue transglutaminase).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>More than one-third of Polish children with newly diagnosed T1D have 25(OH)D deficiency, especially in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at the diagnosis of diabetes. Determination of vitamin D levels should be a routine procedure in children with newly diagnosed T1DM.</p>","PeriodicalId":93990,"journal":{"name":"Endokrynologia Polska","volume":"76 1","pages":"59-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143607402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Causal relationship between educational attainment and Hashimoto's thyroiditis: a two-sample mendelian randomization study.","authors":"Rongjia Zhang, Yulu Chen, Xian Deng, Xu Li, Dehui Qiao, Hui Yang","doi":"10.5603/ep.103833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/ep.103833","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The etiology of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is diverse. The correlation between educational attainment (EA) and health is also a research hotspot. This study explores the relationship between EA and HT from a genetic perspective.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Summary data on EA and HT were sourced from the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) Open Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) database. Utilizing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are strongly associated with EA as instrumental variables, we estimated the causal relationship between EA and HT through two-sample mendelian randomization (TSMR) analysis, including inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode approaches. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran's Q test. Pleiotropy was evaluated via the MR-Egger intercept and the global test value from MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO). Additionally, a leave-one-out method along with funnel plot analysis was employed to examine stability.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The IVW method revealed a significant correlation between EA and HT [odds ratio (OR): 0.933, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.898 to 0.970, p < 0.001], while similar evidence was observed using the weighted median method (OR: 0.938, 95% CI: 0.886 to 0.993, p = 0.029). Cochran's Q test indicated no heterogeneity (p > 0.05). Both the intercept value and global test result suggested an absence of pleiotropy (p > 0.05). The leave-one-out approach did not identify any individual SNP exerting a significant influence on the overall effect estimate. Furthermore, scatter points in the funnel plot exhibited near symmetry, indicating robust study stability.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>EA is associated with lower risk of HT.</p>","PeriodicalId":93990,"journal":{"name":"Endokrynologia Polska","volume":"76 2","pages":"165-171"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144035652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease - comparison of the diagnostic methods.","authors":"Dagmara Pluta, Maciej Migacz, Klaudia Kochman, Bartosz Krajewski, Michał Holecki, Paweł Madej","doi":"10.5603/ep.101924","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/ep.101924","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most prevalent endocrinopathy affecting women of reproductive age. Except for the typical symptoms of this syndrome, metabolic disorders are relatively common. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) diagnosis criteria include hepatic steatosis, excessive fat in the liver, and evidence of steatosis. Women with PCOS are more likely to have this kind of liver disease; thus, the diagnosis is essential. Early treatment is crucial in enhancing liver parameters, affecting the disease's overall course. Liver biopsy is the gold standard of MASLD diagnosis, but non-invasive screening methods are preferred due to possible health complications. Insulin resistance (IR), chronic inflammation, and hyperandrogenemia contribute to MASLD development in PCOS patients. Dysregulation of insulin signaling in the ovaries of PCOS women causes an increase in androgen production. Hyperandrogenism has been taken as the cofactor and independent indicator contributing to the mentioned disease. Excess of androgens in PCOS-affected women may be a guideline for running some MASLD tests to detect ongoing liver steatosis early. Calculators like FIB-4 (fibrosis index based on four factors), BAAT [body mass index (BMI), age, alanine transferase (ALT), triglycerides], and FLI (fatty liver index) are used to detect liver fibrosis or steatosis, making them the right tools for screening among PCOS patients if we aim to prevent further consequences of MASLD. The ultrasound evaluation of MASLD and liver fibrosis is an adequate tool due to its non-invasiveness, low cost, and high availability. Transient elastography makes it possible to find liver steatosis in PCOS patients with high sensitivity. Liver fibrosis interconnects frailly with PCOS; therefore, using FibroScan could be helpful as a screening tool, especially in young patients. If the aim is to rule out significant fibrosis, methods regarding fibrosis (FibroScan, FIB-4, BAAT) are preferable. Unfortunately, these methods are unsuitable for distinguishing between absent and initial fibrosis, and their usefulness is limited regarding fibrosis prevention. Methods regarding steatosis (emphasizing TE, FLI as a second-choice method) can detect liver steatosis, making them the right tool for screening among adult and teenage PCOS patients if the aim is to prevent further consequences of MASLD.</p>","PeriodicalId":93990,"journal":{"name":"Endokrynologia Polska","volume":"76 2","pages":"145-152"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144033083","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of intragastric balloons on metabolic and inflammatory parameters in obese patients.","authors":"Maciej Wiewiora, Andrzej Kozłowski, Elżbieta Świętochowska, Hanna Wiewiora, Jerzy Piecuch, Jerzy Piecuch","doi":"10.5603/ep.102955","DOIUrl":"10.5603/ep.102955","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The prevalence of obesity worldwide has rapidly increased. One of the methods for treating obesity is endoscopic intragastric balloon (IGB) implantation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of carbohydrate homeostasis and select cytokines in obese patients with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 40 kg/m².</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>We analysed 68 obese subjects who underwent IGB. There were 19 females and 49 males in the study, their ages ranged from 23-65 years, their weights were 169.04 ± 33 kg, and their BMIs were 54.81 ± 7.8 kg/m². We measured carbohydrate parameters, including glucose, insulin and Homeostatic Model Assessment - Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), and cytokines, such as growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), human zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein (ZAGa2), tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and tumour necrosis factor weak inducer of apoptosis (TNFSF12/TWEAK). All parameters were measured before and at 6 months after the IGB was removed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Anthropometric parameters and carbohydrate homeostasis significantly changed 6 months after IGB implantation. We found significant decreases in body weight (p < 0.0001), BMI (p < 0.0001), glucose levels (p < 0.0001), insulin concentration (p < 0.0001), and HOMA-IR (p < 0.0001), regardless of sex. After 6 months, GDF15 (p < 0.0001), ZAGa2 (p < 0.0001) and TNFα (p < 0.0001) levels decreased. In contrast, the TNFSF12/TWEAK concentration increased (p < 0.0001). There was no difference between women and men in any of the parameters.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The results of this study indicate that IGB-induced weight loss leads to the normalization of metabolic parameters and inflammatory cytokines in obese individuals, regardless of sex.</p>","PeriodicalId":93990,"journal":{"name":"Endokrynologia Polska","volume":"76 1","pages":"100-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143607397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pseudothyrotoxicosis in multiple myeloma.","authors":"Wei Jin, Qingxia Zhang, Li Wei, Xinyi Wang","doi":"10.5603/ep.103378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/ep.103378","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Not required for Clinical Vignette.</p>","PeriodicalId":93990,"journal":{"name":"Endokrynologia Polska","volume":"76 2","pages":"224-225"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144046336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of fracture risk based on FRAX score and Polish guidelines in patients with newly diagnosed osteoporosis.","authors":"Wioletta Stępień-Kłos, Marta Michalska-Kasiczak, Katarzyna Płoszka, Michał Stuss, Ewa Sewerynek","doi":"10.5603/ep.102879","DOIUrl":"10.5603/ep.102879","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The authors of the latest recommendations state that osteoporosis diagnosis should not rely solely on densitometric (DXA) criteria. Fracture risk assessment is crucial for determining diagnosis and intervention thresholds. Comprehensive assessment of fracture risk requires consideration of bone mineral density (BMD) results, use of risk calculators like Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAXTM), and analysis of clinical and lifestyle factors. Experts highlight the need to identify patients at very high fracture risk to justify starting anabolic therapy. This retrospective study assessed fracture risk in newly diagnosed osteoporosis patients, identifying those at high and very high risk.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>The study included 159 postmenopausal women with newly diagnosed osteoporosis, identified by a T-score of ≤ -2.5 standard deviations (SD) from DXA scans of the femoral neck and/or lumbar spine. Demographic data and laboratory tests were collected, and the 10-year fracture risk for major osteoporotic fractures (FRAX MOF) and hip fractures (FRAX HF) was calculated using the FRAX-PL calculator, which included femoral neck BMD. Each patient was then classified into a risk group based on modified fracture risk assessment criteria.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study found that the most common risk factor for osteoporosis was a previous fracture (56.6%). Other common risk factors included smoking (21.38%), parental hip fracture (13.21%), and glucocorticoid use (10.70%). The FRAX calculator showed that 47.80% of patients were at very high risk for HF and 23.90% for MOF. A high HF risk was present in 10.06% of patients, and high MOF risk in 34.59%, whereas a medium and low MOF risk concerned 25.79% and 15.72% of the subjects, respectively. With expanded criteria, 72.33% of patients were classified at very high risk, compared to 23.90% for MOF and 47.80% for HF based solely on FRAX. Most patients met the T-score ≤ -3.0 SD criterion (52.20%) and FRAX > 15% for MOF or FRAX > 4.5% for HF (52.20%). Women aged 65-70 and 70-75 years are at the highest risk and qualify for anabolic therapy.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study highlights the importance of stratifying patients by fracture risk, showing that more individuals are identified at very high risk when using the expanded assessment criteria from the latest Polish guidelines.</p>","PeriodicalId":93990,"journal":{"name":"Endokrynologia Polska","volume":"76 1","pages":"74-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143607362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Triglyceride-glucose index and remnant cholesterol in acute ischemic stroke - a cross-sectional study.","authors":"Chen Chen, Weichao Zhu, Tianshuo Sun, Haixu Zhao, Hui Liu, Cui Zhang, Mengyuan Hao, Qian Liang, Guodong Tian, Donglai Jing, Kangbo Li","doi":"10.5603/ep.104158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/ep.104158","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The association between insulin resistance and lipid metabolism in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) remains unclear. To explore their relationship and elucidate potential biomarkers for stroke management, we investigated the association between the triglyceride-glucose index (TyG index) and remnant cholesterol (RC) in patients with AIS.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>A total of 116 patients diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and admitted to the Xiong'an New District Rongcheng People's Hospital between December 2022 and June 2023 were randomly chosen for this study. Patients were categorized into three groups based on either the TyG index or RC tertiles. To assess the association between the TyG index and RC, Spearman's rank correlation analysis was conducted. Additionally, ANOVA was utilized to compare the levels of RC across different TyG index tertiles. To determine if RC could serve as a potential explanatory variable of the TyG index and vice versa, multiple linear regression analysis was employed. Furthermore, ordinal logistic regression analysis was carried out to explore the relationships among the TyG index, RC, and AIS severity.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Spearman's rank correlation analysis showed that the TyG index was positively correlated with RC (r = 0.645, p < 0.0001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that RC was associated with the TyG index (β = 0.695, p < 0.001) and vice versa (β = 0.212,p = 0.008). Ordinal logistic regression analysis indicated that RC was positively associated with AIS severity (estimate = 0.713, p = 0.038).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>There is a strong correlation between the TyG index and RC in patients with AIS. In addition, RC was positively associated with the severity of AIS. The results of this study may promote a more comprehensive understanding of the association between insulin resistance and lipid metabolism in AIS.</p>","PeriodicalId":93990,"journal":{"name":"Endokrynologia Polska","volume":"76 2","pages":"212-219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144063408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Paraganglioma-induced catecholamine cardiomyopathy.","authors":"Yujie Yang, Yunfei An, Yangjuan Bai, Lei Zhang, Yamei Li, Yuangao Zou, Xinhua Dai","doi":"10.5603/ep.102856","DOIUrl":"10.5603/ep.102856","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Not required for Clinical Vignette.</p>","PeriodicalId":93990,"journal":{"name":"Endokrynologia Polska","volume":"76 2","pages":"222-223"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144050375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The costs of acromegaly management in Poland - analysis from one centre.","authors":"Michał Elbaum, Marcin Kałużny, Aleksandra Jawiarczyk-Przybyłowska, Beata Wojtczak, Agnieszka Zembska, Marek Bolanowski","doi":"10.5603/ep.103200","DOIUrl":"10.5603/ep.103200","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The analysis of the costs associated with treating acromegaly and its complications is important in planning diagnostics and treatment for a single patient, as well as in establishing the standard of care for the entire population of acromegaly patients. Data on the actual costs of treating patients with acromegaly in Poland are limited.</p><p><strong>Aims of the study: </strong>To determine the direct cost (hospital stays, diagnostic imaging, surgical treatment, pharmacotherapy, tumour irradiation) of treating patients with acromegaly and its complications, assessing the relationship between acromegaly treatment costs and the radical nature of the treatment.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis of medical records was carried out in 124 patients with acromegaly who were hospitalised in the Department of Endocrinology in 2011-2016, including a group of 39 patients who were successfully operated on, 73 patients requiring treatment with a somatostatin analogue, and 12 patients with newly diagnosed disease. The costs of surgical procedures, hospitalisation, diagnostic tests, and the cost of pharmacological treatment of acromegaly and its complications were analysed and estimated based on the system of homogeneous groups of patients.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean total annual cost of acromegaly treatment was PLN 43,419 (EUR 9731). The mean annual cost of treating patients undergoing effective neurosurgical treatment was lower than in the other groups, and the costs of pharmacological and surgical treatment of complications of acromegaly were also lower. The costs of hospitalisation and additional diagnostic tests were highest in patients with newly diagnosed acromegaly.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Treatment with somatostatin analogues is the major cost factor in patients requiring chronic therapy. Effective radical neurosurgical treatment reduces the incidence of chronic complications of acromegaly and lowers the overall treatment costs.</p>","PeriodicalId":93990,"journal":{"name":"Endokrynologia Polska","volume":"76 1","pages":"86-93"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143607480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}